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Hu QR, Hong H, Zhang ZH, Feng H, Luo T, Li J, Deng ZY, Chen F. Methods on improvements of the poor oral bioavailability of ginsenosides: Pre-processing, structural modification, drug combination, and micro- or nano- delivery system. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:694-705. [PMID: 38107396 PMCID: PMC10721471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng Meyer is a traditional Chinese medicine that is widely used as tonic in Asia. The main pharmacologically active components of ginseng are the dammarane-type ginsenosides, which have been shown to have anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, neuroprotective, and metabolic regulatory activities. Moreover, some of ginsenosides (eg, Rh2 and Rg3) have been developed into nutraceuticals. However, the utilization of ginsenosides in clinic is restrictive due to poor permeability in cells and low bioavailability in human body. Obviously, the dammarane skeleton and glycosyls of ginsenosides are responsible for these limitations. Therefore, improving the oral bioavailability of ginsenosides has become a pressing issue. Here, based on the structures of ginsenosides, we summarized the understanding of the factors affecting the oral bioavailability of ginsenosides, introduced the methods to enhance the oral bioavailability and proposed the future perspectives on improving the oral bioavailability of ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-rui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, College of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huan Hong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhi-hong Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, College of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, College of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ze-yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, College of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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2
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da Silva FC, Brandão DC, Ferreira EA, Siqueira RP, Ferreira HSV, Da Silva Filho AA, Araújo TG. Tailoring Potential Natural Compounds for the Treatment of Luminal Breast Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1466. [PMID: 37895937 PMCID: PMC10610388 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most diagnosed cancer worldwide, mainly affecting the epithelial cells from the mammary glands. When it expresses the estrogen receptor (ER), the tumor is called luminal BC, which is eligible for endocrine therapy with hormone signaling blockade. Hormone therapy is essential for the survival of patients, but therapeutic resistance has been shown to be worrying, significantly compromising the prognosis. In this context, the need to explore new compounds emerges, especially compounds of plant origin, since they are biologically active and particularly promising. Natural products are being continuously screened for treating cancer due to their chemical diversity, reduced toxicity, lower side effects, and low price. This review summarizes natural compounds for the treatment of luminal BC, emphasizing the activities of these compounds in ER-positive cells. Moreover, their potential as an alternative to endocrine resistance is explored, opening new opportunities for the design of optimized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Cardoso da Silva
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Patos de Minas 38700-002, MG, Brazil; (F.C.d.S.); (D.C.B.); (R.P.S.); (H.S.V.F.)
| | - Douglas Cardoso Brandão
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Patos de Minas 38700-002, MG, Brazil; (F.C.d.S.); (D.C.B.); (R.P.S.); (H.S.V.F.)
| | - Everton Allan Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil; (E.A.F.); (A.A.D.S.F.)
| | - Raoni Pais Siqueira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Patos de Minas 38700-002, MG, Brazil; (F.C.d.S.); (D.C.B.); (R.P.S.); (H.S.V.F.)
| | - Helen Soares Valença Ferreira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Patos de Minas 38700-002, MG, Brazil; (F.C.d.S.); (D.C.B.); (R.P.S.); (H.S.V.F.)
| | - Ademar Alves Da Silva Filho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil; (E.A.F.); (A.A.D.S.F.)
| | - Thaise Gonçalves Araújo
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Patos de Minas 38700-002, MG, Brazil; (F.C.d.S.); (D.C.B.); (R.P.S.); (H.S.V.F.)
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlandia 38405-302, MG, Brazil
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Liu J, An Y, Su J, Dong Q, Xie H, Liu J. The antitumor activity and pharmacokinetics research of PPD-Arg (Tos) using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5535. [PMID: 36289571 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new compound PPD-Arg (Tos) (PAT), an arginine derivative of 20(s)-PPD, was synthesized via Fmoc-Arg (Tos)-OH and 20(s)-PPD. The pharmacokinetic properties in rats, in vitro cytotoxicity, and cell apoptosis rates of protopanaxadiol (PPD) and PAT were determined. A sensitive bioanalytical method for pharmacokinetics using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry was developed and validated. The result showed that the Tmax and t1/2 of PAT were significantly enhanced, indicating a long-lasting effect in vivo. Compared to the PPD group, the PAT group showed higher bioavailability. PAT also exhibited higher antitumor efficacy than PPD against three cancer cells, especially the strongest inhibitory activity against Huh-7, even more potent than the positive control of paclitaxel. Therefore, the apoptosis assay based on annexin V/propidium iodide-combined staining against Huh-7 further demonstrated that PAT could induce apoptosis of Huh-7 cells. Better pharmacokinetic properties and antitumor efficacy of the arginine derivative of 20(s)-PPD were important. These findings could provide references for further clinical research on amino acid derivatives of PPD as antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Liu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang An
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Su
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qinghai Dong
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongliu Xie
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jihua Liu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Park JS, Kim SH, Han KM, Kim YS, Kwon E, Paek SH, Seo YK, Yun JW, Kang BC. Efficacy and safety evaluation of black ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) extract (CJ EnerG): broad spectrum cytotoxic activity in human cancer cell lines and 28-day repeated oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:44. [PMID: 35172794 PMCID: PMC8848956 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) has been used as a valuable ingredient in traditional medicine for thousands of years mostly in Asian countries due to its therapeutic effects in various diseases. Among the processed ginseng products, black ginseng is produced by a repeated steaming and drying process of ginseng roots and has been known for its superior efficacy based on high accumulation of minor ginsenosides as recently discovered. Despite its popularity and increasing use, the toxicity information on black ginseng still remained largely lacking, raising safety concerns. This study was therefore carried out to determine the repeated oral toxicity of black ginseng extract (BGE; CJ EnerG) with evaluation of cytotoxic activity as validation of its pharmacological activity for toxicity testing. METHODS Prior to the toxicity test, we examined the cytotoxicity of BGE in six cancer cell lines derived from distinct human tissues in comparison with red ginseng extract (RGE), ginsenosides Rg5 and 20(S)-Rg3, and then assessed 28-day repeated oral toxicity in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats using daily administration of up to 2000 mg/kg BGE. RESULTS BGE showed higher cytotoxicity than RGE in all the cell lines used in this study. Interestingly, the efficacy of BGE closely resembled the cytotoxic pattern of Rg5, suggesting Rg5 as the main effector in the cytotoxic activity of BGE. During the toxicity study, BGE-treated groups showed no noticeable abnormality in clinical signs, body weight gain, food and water consumption and urinalysis. Furthermore, hematological, serum biochemical and histopathological analyses did not find any BGE-related toxicity. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that BGE has broad-spectrum in vitro cytotoxic activity, and that NOAEL of BGE in SD rats is > 2000 mg/kg, providing the essential safety information for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Min Han
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pathology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Yun-Soon Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Euna Kwon
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hee Paek
- Food R&D Institute, CJ CheilJedang Corp., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ki Seo
- Food R&D Institute, CJ CheilJedang Corp., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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Tong Y, Song X, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Liu Q. Insight on structural modification, biological activity, structure-activity relationship of PPD-type ginsenoside derivatives. Fitoterapia 2022; 158:105135. [PMID: 35101587 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, characterized by triterpenoid, are one of the active components of ginseng. Among them, PPD-type ginsenosides have potent and diverse pharmacological activities, while the effective applications and clinical studies are limited by the poor stability, water solubility and oral bioavailability. In this review, we have attempted to demonstrate the structural-activity relationship of chemical modifications on the dammarane-type skeleton and the C-17 side chain, noting that certain structurally modified derivatives exhibit satisfactory pharmacological activity. This review will provide ideas for the design and synthesis of novel PPD derivatives, and valuable help for the further study of PPD derivatives to make it realize clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangliu Tong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoping Song
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Yanxin Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Qingchao Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
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Zhou L, Li ZK, Li CY, Liang YQ, Yang F. Anticancer properties and pharmaceutical applications of ginsenoside compound K: A review. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:286-300. [PMID: 34793617 PMCID: PMC9541358 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside compound K (CK) is the major intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginsenosides that exhibits anticancer potential in various cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. The anticancer types, mechanisms, and effects of CK in the past decade have been summarized in this review. Briefly, CK exerts anticancer effects via multiple molecular mechanisms, including the inhibition of proliferation, invasion, and migration, the induction of apoptosis and autophagy, and anti‐angiogenesis. Some signaling pathways play a significant role in related processes, such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, JNK/MAPK pathway, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, the effects of CK combined with nanocarriers for anticancer efficiency are discussed in this review. Furthermore, we aimed to review the research progress of CK against cancer in the past decade, which might provide theoretical support and effective reference for further research on the medicinal value of small molecules, such as CK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhong-Kun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Cong-Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yue-Qin Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Joint Surgery, General Hospital of Tibetan Military Command Lhasa, Lhasa, China
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Zheng SW, Xiao SY, Wang J, Hou W, Wang YP. Inhibitory Effects of Ginsenoside Ro on the Growth of B16F10 Melanoma via Its Metabolites. Molecules 2019; 24:E2985. [PMID: 31426477 PMCID: PMC6721120 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Ro (Ro), a major saponin derived and isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, exerts multiple biological activities. However, the anti-tumour efficacy of Ro remains unclear because of its poor in vitro effects. In this study, we confirmed that Ro has no anti-tumour activity in vitro. We explored the anti-tumour activity of Ro in vivo in B16F10 tumour-bearing mice. The results revealed that Ro considerably suppressed tumour growth with no significant side effects on immune organs and body weight. Zingibroside R1, chikusetsusaponin IVa, and calenduloside E, three metabolites of Ro, were detected in the plasma of Ro-treated tumour-bearing mice and showed excellent anti-tumour effects as well as anti-angiogenic activity. The results suggest that the metabolites play important roles in the anti-tumour efficacy of Ro in vivo. Additionally, the haemolysis test demonstrated that Ro has good biocompatibility. Taken together, the findings of this study demonstrate that Ro markedly suppresses the tumour growth of B16F10-transplanted tumours in vivo, and its anti-tumour effects are based on the biological activity of its metabolites. The anti-tumour efficacy of these metabolites is due, at least in part, to its anti-angiogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Wen Zheng
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Sheng-Yuan Xiao
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jia Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Wei Hou
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, China.
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Wu T, Kwaku OR, Li HZ, Yang CR, Ge LJ, Xu M. Sense Ginsenosides From Ginsengs: Structure-Activity Relationship in Autophagy. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19858223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The term ginseng refers to the dried roots of several plants belonging to the genus Panax of the Araliaceae family. The 3 major commercial ginsengs are Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen (Notoginseng), P. ginseng C.A. Meyer (Ginseng), and P. quinquefolius L. (American ginseng), which have been used as herbal medicines. Over 18,000 papers on ginsengs have been published on the basis of their structural diversity and biological activities. Many reviews have summarized the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical use of ginsengs, but the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of ginsenosides from ginsengs in autophagy is unavailable. Herein, we review the structural diversity of ginsenosides, especially the ones in notoginseng, and the SAR in autophagic activity is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, P.R. China
| | - Osafo Raymond Kwaku
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Zhou Li
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, P.R. China
| | - Chong-Ren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources of West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.R. China
| | - Long-Jiao Ge
- Translational Lab of Primate Brain Research, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.R. China
| | - Min Xu
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, P.R. China
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Microbial deglycosylation and ketonization of ginsenoside by Cladosporium cladosporioide and their anticancer activity. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2015; 109:179-85. [PMID: 26558793 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng has been used for thousands of years in Asian countries as a traditional medicinal herb and has gained great popularity in the past decade. Ginsenosides are the major pharmacological components in ginseng. We here show that Cladosporium cladosporioide is able to convert the major ginsenoside Rb1 into four known metabolites (ginsenosides Rd, F2, CK and PPD) and two new metabolites [12β-hydroxydammar-3-one-20(S)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3-oxo-CK) and dammar-24-en-12β,20(S)-diol-3-one (3-oxo-PPD)]. CK, PPD and 3-oxo-PPD were shown to have a potent antiproliferative activity against A549 lung cancer cells. We found that Rb1 → Rd → F2 → CK → PPD or 3-oxo-CK → 3-oxo-PPD represents the ginsenoside metabolic pathway.
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Mathiyalagan R, Kim YJ, Wang C, Jin Y, Subramaniyam S, Singh P, Wang D, Yang DC. Protopanaxadiol aglycone ginsenoside-polyethylene glycol conjugates: synthesis, physicochemical characterizations, and in vitro studies. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:1803-1809. [PMID: 26539976 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1105236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are triterpenoid saponins, which is an active compound responsible for most of the pharmacological effects of ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer). It is known to have numerous structural and pharmacological properties. However, aqueous solubility and delivery of ginsenosides in targeted region by avoiding undesirable toxicity to normal cell is also of prime importance. The aim of this study was to obtain amphiphilic ginsenoside derivatives in which hydrophilic polymers were conjugated to ginsenosides to enhance the water solubility and targeted delivery. To this end, the hydrophobic protopanaxadiol ginsenoside aglycone (aPPD) was covalently conjugated to the backbone of hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) through a pH sensitive ester linkage, which was confirmed by 1H NMR and FTIR. The resultant PPD is covalently conjugated to hydrophilic PEG through esterification (PEG-PPD) forming self-assembled spherical nanoparticles, whose average particle diameter was 189 nm as observed by FE-TEM and particle size analyzer respectively. In vitro release experiments revealed that the release rate of PPD was rapidly increased from the self-assembled nanoparticles under acidic conditions (pH 5.0) than in a physiological buffer (pH 7.4) condition. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed that PEG-PPD conjugates exhibited lower cytotoxicity in HT-29 cancer cells compared with PPD alone. Since the slow release of PPD from conjugates is triggered only by acidic environmental conditions, such as those found in extracellular solid tumor tissues, intracellular endosomes, and intracellular lysosomes, the conjugation of PPD may aid its selective delivery to these targets. Overall, results suggest that pH-dependent release of PPD, which expected in reduced cytotoxicity to non-targeted regions, may enhance the overall efficacy of PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Mathiyalagan
- a Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank , College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ju Kim
- b Deparment of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences , Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Chao Wang
- b Deparment of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences , Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Jin
- b Deparment of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences , Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Sathiyamoorthy Subramaniyam
- b Deparment of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences , Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Priyanka Singh
- b Deparment of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences , Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Dandan Wang
- b Deparment of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences , Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- a Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank , College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea.,b Deparment of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences , Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
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11
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Yin T, Yang G, Ma Y, Xu B, Hu M, You M, Gao S. Developing an activity and absorption-based quality control platform for Chinese traditional medicine: Application to Zeng-Sheng-Ping(Antitumor B). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 172:195-201. [PMID: 26099633 PMCID: PMC4541799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Zeng-Sheng-Ping (ZSP), also called antitumor B, is a marketed Chinese traditional medicine used for cancer prevention. AIM OF THE STUDY Currently, for the quality control of Chinese traditional medicines, marker compounds are not selected based on bioactivities and pharmaceutical behaviors in most of the cases. Therefore, even if the "quality" of the medicine is controlled, the pharmacological effect could still be inconsistent. The aim of this study is to establish an activity and absorption-based platform to select marker compound(s) for the quality control of Chinese traditional medicines. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used ZSP as a reference Chinese traditional medicine to establish the platform. Activity guided fractionation approach was used to purify the major components from ZSP. NMR and MS spectra were used to elucidate the structure of the isolated compounds. MTT assay against oral carcinoma cell line (SCC2095) was performed to evaluate the activities. UPLC-MS/MS was used to quantify the pure compounds in ZSP and the active fraction. The permeabilities of the identified compounds were evaluated in the Caco-2 cell culture model. The intracellular accumulation of the isolated compounds was evaluated in the SCC2095 cells. RESULTS The major compounds were identified from ZSP. The contents, anti-proliferation activities, permeabilities, and intracellular accumulations of these compounds were also evaluated. The structure of these purified compounds were identified by comparing the NMR and MS data with those of references as rutaevine (1), limonin (2), evodol (3), obacunone (4), fraxinellone (5), dictamnine (6), maackiain (7), trifolirhizin (8), and matrine (9). The IC50 of compounds 5, 6, and 7 against SCC2095 cells were significantly lower than that of ZSP. The uptake permeability of compounds 5, 6, and 7 were 2.58 ± 0.3 × 10(-5), 4.33 ± 0.5 × 10(-5), and 4.27 ± 0.8 × 10(-5) respectively in the Caco-2 cell culture model. The intracellular concentrations of these compounds showed that compounds 5, 6, and 7 were significantly accumulated inside the cells. CONCLUSION Based on the activity against oral carcinoma cell line as well as the absorption permeability, compound 5, 6, and 7 are selected as quality control markers for ZSP. An activity and absorption-based platform was established and successfully used for the quality control of ZSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taijun Yin
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guanyi Yang
- Hubei University of University affiliated Taihe Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Beibei Xu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Hubei University of University affiliated Taihe Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ming You
- Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Hubei University of University affiliated Taihe Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, Hubei, China.
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Oh J, Jeon SB, Lee Y, Lee H, Kim J, Kwon BR, Yu KY, Cha JD, Hwang SM, Choi KM, Jeong YS. Fermented Red Ginseng Extract Inhibits Cancer Cell Proliferation and Viability. J Med Food 2015; 18:421-8. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Oh
- Research Center for Industrial Development of Biofood Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Seong Bin Jeon
- Research Center for Industrial Development of Biofood Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Yuri Lee
- Research Center for Industrial Development of Biofood Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Hyeji Lee
- Research Center for Industrial Development of Biofood Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ju Kim
- Jeonju Biomaterials Institute, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Bo Ra Kwon
- Jeonju Biomaterials Institute, Jeonju, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Yong-Seob Jeong
- Research Center for Industrial Development of Biofood Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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13
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Park SJ, Choi JM, Kyeong HH, Kim SG, Kim HS. Rational Design of a β-Glycosidase with High Regiospecificity for Triterpenoid Tailoring. Chembiochem 2015; 16:854-60. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shin HS, Yu M, Kim M, Choi HS, Kang DH. Renoprotective effect of red ginseng in gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury. J Transl Med 2014; 94:1147-60. [PMID: 25111692 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity is one of the prevalent causes of acute kidney injury (AKI). Oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis of renal tubular cells is known to be a major mechanism of renal injury. Red ginseng extract (RGE) has been reported to possess antioxidant and immune-modulatory activities. We investigated the effect of RGE on gentamicin (GM)-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in cultured renal tubular cells and animal model of GM-induced AKI. GM induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with an increase in NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity and mitochondrial oxidation in NRK-52E cells that were ameliorated with RGE. GM-induced apoptosis of NRK-52E cells, which was associated with an increased expression of mitochondrial Bax, cytosolic cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase-9 and -3, along with a decrease in bcl-2 expression, was also blocked by RGE. In an animal model of GM-induced AKI, RGE treatment significantly attenuated renal dysfunction, cell apoptosis, and tubular damage. RGE ameliorated ROS production in rats with GM-induced AKI, as demonstrated by an increase in the reduced form of glutathione in renal cortex and a decrease in urinary excretion of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. Our results suggest that RGE protects the kidney from GM-induced AKI via the mechanism of modulation of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Soo Shin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mina Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mijin Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hack Sun Choi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk-Hee Kang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Kang S, Kim JE, Song NR, Jung SK, Lee MH, Park JS, Yeom MH, Bode AM, Dong Z, Lee KW. The ginsenoside 20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol induces autophagy and apoptosis in human melanoma via AMPK/JNK phosphorylation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104305. [PMID: 25137374 PMCID: PMC4138097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that a major metabolite of the red ginseng ginsenoside Rb1, called 20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (GPD), exhibits anticancer properties. However, the chemotherapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms behind GPD action in human melanoma have not been previously investigated. Here we report the anticancer activity of GPD and its mechanism of action in melanoma cells. GPD, but not its parent compound Rb1, inhibited melanoma cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Further investigation revealed that GPD treatment achieved this inhibition through the induction of autophagy and apoptosis, while Rb1 failed to show significant effect at the same concentrations. The inhibitory effect of GPD appears to be mediated through the induction of AMPK and the subsequent attenuation of mTOR phosphorylation. In addition, GPD activated c-Jun by inducing JNK phosphorylation. Our findings suggest that GPD suppresses melanoma growth by inducing autophagic cell death and apoptosis via AMPK/JNK pathway activation. GPD therefore has the potential to be developed as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soouk Kang
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Nu Ry Song
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Keun Jung
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America; Functional Food Resources Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Hyun Lee
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jun Seong Park
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Hun Yeom
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ki Won Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Bio Food Industry, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
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Li Z, Zhang R, Wang X, Hu X, Chen Y, Liu Q. Simultaneous determination of seven ginsenosides in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry: application to pharmacokinetics of Shenfu injection. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:167-75. [PMID: 24935437 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengguang Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital; Shandong University; Qingdao Shandong 250012 China
- Qingdao Hiser Medical Center; Qingdao Shandong 250012 China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Qingdao Hiser Medical Center; Qingdao Shandong 250012 China
| | - Xiuping Wang
- Qingdao Hiser Medical Center; Qingdao Shandong 250012 China
| | - Xiaofei Hu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong 250012 China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital; Shandong University; Qingdao Shandong 250012 China
| | - Qingfei Liu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
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17
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Chen Y, Xu Y, Zhu Y, Li X. Anti-cancer effects of ginsenoside compound k on pediatric acute myeloid leukemia cells. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:24. [PMID: 23497352 PMCID: PMC3602037 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease and remains clinically challenging. Currently chemotherapies are frequently associated with treatment-related death and long-term side effects. Therefore, alternative approaches with lower toxicity are highly desired. Ginsenosides and metabolites are the main ingredients responsible for the multiple pharmaceutical functions of ginseng, which is one of the most commonly consumed herbal medicines world widely. In the present study, we demonstrated that compound K, a major ginsenoside metabolite, inhibited the growth of the clinically relevant pediatric AML cell lines in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This growth inhibitory effect was attributable to suppression of DNA synthesis during cell proliferation. Furthermore, we observed significant G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by compound K. The induction of apoptosis was accompanied by DNA double strand breaks. Our findings suggest that as a low toxic natural reagent, compound K could be a potential drug for pediatric AML intervention and to improve the outcome of pediatric AML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P,R, China.
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18
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Nag SA, Qin JJ, Wang W, Wang MH, Wang H, Zhang R. Ginsenosides as Anticancer Agents: In vitro and in vivo Activities, Structure-Activity Relationships, and Molecular Mechanisms of Action. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:25. [PMID: 22403544 PMCID: PMC3289390 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapeutic agents are often toxic not only to tumor cells but also to normal cells, limiting their therapeutic use in the clinic. Novel natural product anticancer compounds present an attractive alternative to synthetic compounds, based on their favorable safety and efficacy profiles. Several pre-clinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the anticancer potential of Panax ginseng, a widely used traditional Chinese medicine. The anti-tumor efficacy of ginseng is attributed mainly to the presence of saponins, known as ginsenosides. In this review, we focus on how ginsenosides exert their anticancer effects by modulation of diverse signaling pathways, including regulation of cell proliferation mediators (CDKs and cyclins), growth factors (c-myc, EGFR, and vascular endothelial growth factor), tumor suppressors (p53 and p21), oncogenes (MDM2), cell death mediators (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, XIAP, caspases, and death receptors), inflammatory response molecules (NF-κB and COX-2), and protein kinases (JNK, Akt, and AMP-activated protein kinase). We also discuss the structure–activity relationship of various ginsenosides and their potentials in the treatment of various human cancers. In summary, recent advances in the discovery and evaluation of ginsenosides as cancer therapeutic agents support further pre-clinical and clinical development of these agents for the treatment of primary and metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasree Ashok Nag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Amarillo, TX, USA
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19
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Zhao J, Su C, Yang C, Liu M, Tang L, Su W, Liu Z. Determination of ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3 in rat plasma by a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method: Application in a pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 64-65:94-7. [PMID: 22421407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive rapid resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to determine the pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rb(1), Rb(2), and Rb(3) in rats, after oral administration (50mg/kg) and intravenous administration (10mg/kg) of Rb(1), Rb(2), and Rb(3), respectively. The plasma samples were extracted by saturated N-butanol with Rg(2) as internal standard. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Zorbax SB-C18 column (50 mm × 4.6 mm, 1.8 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of methanol and 1mM ammonium formate (74:26, v/v). Multiple reaction monitoring mode was performed using the fragmentation transitions of m/z 1107.7→m/z 178.9, m/z 1077.7→m/z 148.6, and m/z 1077.7→m/z 783.4 for Rb(1), Rb(2), and Rb(3), respectively. Calibration curves were recovered over a concentration range of 20-1000 ng/ml for Rb(1) and Rb(2), and 50-2500 ng/ml for Rb(3). The limits of detection were 3.0 ng/ml, 4.0 ng/ml, and 6.5 ng/ml. Both intra-day and inter-day variances were less than 15% and the accuracy was within 86-114% for the three ginsenosides. All three ginsenosides had poor oral bioavailability (0.78%, 0.08%, and 0.52% for Rb(1), Rb(2), and Rb(3), respectively). The value of Rb(1) is higher than that of Rb(2) or Rb(3), indicating that ginsenosides with hexose and hydroxyl groups (Rb(1)) could present better pharmacokinetic behaviors than those with pentose groups in the same glycosylation site by oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
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Qi LW, Wang CZ, Yuan CS. Ginsenosides from American ginseng: chemical and pharmacological diversity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:689-99. [PMID: 21396670 PMCID: PMC3103855 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng occupies a prominent position in the list of best-selling natural products in the world. Compared to the long history of use and widespread research on Asian ginseng, the study of American ginseng is relatively limited. In the past decade, some promising advances have been achieved in understanding the chemistry, pharmacology and structure-function relationship of American ginseng. To date, there is no systematic review of American ginseng. In this review, the different structures of the ginsenosides in American ginseng are described, including naturally occurring compounds and those resulting from steaming or biotransformation. Preclinical and clinical studies published in the past decade are also discussed. Highlighted are the chemical and pharmacological diversity and potential structural-activity relationship of ginsenosides. The goal is that this article is a useful reference to chemists and biologists researching American ginseng, and will open the door to agents in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Wen Qi
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Abstract
Ginseng occupies a prominent position in the list of best-selling natural products in the world. Because of its complex constituents, multidisciplinary techniques are needed to validate the analytical methods that support ginseng's use worldwide. In the past decade, rapid development of technology has advanced many aspects of ginseng research. The aim of this review is to illustrate the recent advances in the isolation and analysis of ginseng, and to highlight new applications and challenges. Emphasis is placed on recent trends and emerging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Wen Qi
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
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Qi LW, Wang CZ, Yuan CS. American ginseng: potential structure-function relationship in cancer chemoprevention. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:947-54. [PMID: 20599804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng has a prominent position on the list of best-selling herbal products in the world, and its main active constituents are thought to be ginsenosides. Compared with the long history of use and widespread research on Asian ginseng, studies of American ginseng are relatively limited, especially regarding cancer chemoprevention. In recent studies of American ginseng, steaming or heating altered the ginsenoside profile and thereby increased anticancer effects. Yet the ginsenoside structures and their activities have not been systematically elucidated. In this commentary, we introduce the different ginsenosides in American ginseng, both the naturally occurring compounds and those resulting from steaming or biotransformation. We briefly review American ginseng's reported anticancer effects and their mechanisms of action, and explore the possible structural-function relationship with a focus on sugar molecules, hydroxyl groups and stereoselectivity in ginsenosides. Understanding these relationships may produce insights into chemical and pharmacological approaches for enhancing the chemopreventive effects of ginsenoside and for developing novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Wen Qi
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4028, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
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