1
|
WANG SL, ZHU RY, ZHANG XL, SHEN WX, ZHANG H, FANG XW, YANG SP. Rapid screening of low-quality cooking oil by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
2
|
Rankin-Turner S, Turner MA, Kelly PF, King RSP, Reynolds JC. Transforming presumptive forensic testing: in situ identification and age estimation of human bodily fluids. Chem Sci 2018; 10:1064-1069. [PMID: 30774902 PMCID: PMC6346410 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04133d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A new method utilising an in situ sampling probe coupled with mass spectrometry for rapid identification and age estimation of biofluids.
The ability to achieve rapid, in situ identification and age estimation of human bodily fluids can provide valuable information during the investigation of a crime. A novel direct analysis method now permits the rapid in situ identification and age estimation of human bodily fluids for forensic analysis at crime scenes. A thermal desorption surface sampling probe was developed and coupled with a compact mass spectrometer for the direct analysis of volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of human bodily fluids within two months and in different environmental conditions, without the need for prior sample preparation. The method is not only capable of identifying bodily fluids and discriminating against common interferent species, but also differentiating between bodily fluid stains of different ages over a time period of two months. This demonstrates the potential for rapid in situ identification and age estimation of bodily fluids without the need for contaminative presumptive tests or time-consuming sample preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew A Turner
- Department of Chemistry , Loughborough University , Loughborough , LE11 3TU , UK .
| | - Paul F Kelly
- Department of Chemistry , Loughborough University , Loughborough , LE11 3TU , UK .
| | - Roberto S P King
- Foster + Freeman Ltd , Vale Park, Evesham , Worcestershire WR11 1TD , UK
| | - James C Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry , Loughborough University , Loughborough , LE11 3TU , UK .
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu H, Zhang H, Chingin K, Xiong J, Fang X, Chen H. Ambient mass spectrometry for food science and industry. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
4
|
Li H, Zhu J. Differentiating Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Using Secondary Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12108-12115. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haorong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University 651 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University 651 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kumbhani S, Longin T, Wingen LM, Kidd C, Perraud V, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. New Mechanism of Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Heterogeneous Solid Particles. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2055-2062. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kumbhani
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - T. Longin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Redlands, Redlands, California 92373, United States
| | - L. M. Wingen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - C. Kidd
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - V. Perraud
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - B. J. Finlayson-Pitts
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo T, Yong W, Jin Y, Zhang L, Liu J, Wang S, Chen Q, Dong Y, Su H, Tan T. Applications of DART-MS for food quality and safety assurance in food supply chain. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:161-187. [PMID: 25975720 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time (DART) represents a new generation of ion source which is used for rapid ionization of small molecules under ambient conditions. The combination of DART and various mass spectrometers allows analyzing multiple food samples with simple or no sample treatment, or in conjunction with prevailing protocolized sample preparation methods. Abundant applications by DART-MS have been reviewed in this paper. The DART-MS strategy applied to food supply chain (FSC), including production, processing, and storage and transportation, provides a comprehensive solution to various food components, contaminants, authenticity, and traceability. Additionally, typical applications available in food analysis by other ambient ionization mass spectrometers were summarized, and fundamentals mainly including mechanisms, devices, and parameters were discussed as well. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev. 36:161-187, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yong
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, P.R. China
| | - Yong Jin
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, P.R. China
| | - Liya Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Sai Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Qilong Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yiyang Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Haijia Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tian Y, Yu M, Chen J, Liu C, Shi J, Chen H, Jiang G. Real Time Online Correction of Mass Shifts and Intensity Fluctuations in Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11962-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tian
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Miao Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Jiangxi
Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, College
of Chemistry, Biology and Material Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi
Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, College
of Chemistry, Biology and Material Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bean HD, Mellors TR, Zhu J, Hill JE. Profiling aged artisanal Cheddar cheese using secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4386-4392. [PMID: 25865575 DOI: 10.1021/jf5063759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A number of direct injection mass spectrometry methods that can sample foods nondestructively and without sample preparation are being developed with applications ranging from the rapid assessment of food safety to the verification of protected designations of origin. In this pilot study, secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) in positive- and negative-ion modes was used to collect volatile fingerprints of artisanal Cheddar cheeses aged for one to three years. SESI-MS fingerprints were found to change in an aging-dependent manner and can be used to descriptively and predictively categorize Cheddars by their aging period, identify volatile components that increase or decrease with aging, and robustly discriminate individual batches of artisanal cheese. From these results, it was concluded that SESI-MS volatile fingerprinting could be used by artisanal food producers to characterize their products during production and aging, providing useful data to help them maximize the value of each batch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Bean
- †Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College,14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Theodore R Mellors
- †Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College,14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- ‡Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, 850 Republican Street, Room S140, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Jane E Hill
- †Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College,14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li L, Schug KA. Continuous-flow extractive desorption electrospray ionization coupled to normal phase separations and for direct lipid analysis from cell extracts. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2357-63. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Monge ME, Harris GA, Dwivedi P, Fernández FM. Mass Spectrometry: Recent Advances in Direct Open Air Surface Sampling/Ionization. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2269-308. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300309q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Monge
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| | - Glenn A. Harris
- Department
of Biochemistry and
the Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Prabha Dwivedi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| | - Facundo M. Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Direct analysis of biological samples using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2145-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
12
|
An electronic nose based on coated piezoelectric quartz crystals to certify ewes' cheese and to discriminate between cheese varieties. SENSORS 2012; 12:1422-36. [PMID: 22438717 PMCID: PMC3304119 DOI: 10.3390/s120201422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An electronic nose based on coated piezoelectric quartz crystals was used to distinguish cheese made from ewes’ milk, and to distinguish cheese varieties. Two sensors coated with Nafion and Carbowax could certify half the ewes’ cheese samples, exclude 32 cheeses made from cow’s milk and to classify half of the ewes’ cheese samples as possibly authentic. Two other sensors, coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone and triethanolamine clearly distinguished between Flamengo, Brie, Gruyère and Mozzarella cheeses. Brie cheeses were further separated according to their origin, and Mozzarella grated cheese also appeared clearly separated from non-grated Mozzarella.
Collapse
|
13
|
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Assessment of Benzoic Acid in Yogurt, Ayran, and Cheese in Turkey. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-011-9288-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
14
|
Liu Y, Zhang X, Ouyang Y, Hu Z, Ma L, Zhang J, Lin J, Chen H. Trace detection of hormones and sulfonamides in viscous cosmetic products by neutral desorption extractive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:794-803. [PMID: 21834018 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive method based on a geometry-independent neutral desorption (GIND) in combination with extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) has been developed for fast detection of illicit additives such as sulfonamides and hormones in highly viscous cosmetic products. The method gave a low limit of detection (LOD) (in the range of 0.001-1 ng/g), acceptable relative standard deviation (RSD=6.8-11.4%) and reasonable recovery (87-116%) for direct measuring of nine types of hormones and sulfonamides in the cosmetic products. The average measurement time for two types of samples was less than 1 min. Trace amounts of analytes in commercial cosmetic products have been quantitatively detected, without any sample pretreatment. The experimental results showed that non-volatile illicit additives such as sulfonamides and hormones could be sensitively liberated using the GIND device for quantitative detection from the highly viscous cosmetic products, demonstrating that GIND-EESI-MS is a promising tool for high throughput, sensitive and quantitative analysis of highly complex viscous samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing 100089, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhang J, Hu Z, Hu B, Ding L, Jia L, Chen H. Neutral desorption extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for fast screening sunscreen agents in cream cosmetic products. Talanta 2011; 85:1665-71. [PMID: 21807237 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
High throughput analysis of sunscreen agents present in cream cosmetic has been demonstrated, typically 2 samples per minute, using neutral desorption extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ND-EESI-MS) without sample pretreatment. For the targeted compounds such as 4-Aminobenzoic acid and oxybenzone, ND-EESI-MS method provided linear signal responses in the range of 1-100 ppb. Limits of detection (LOD) of the method were estimated at sub-ppb levels for the analytes tested. Reasonable relative standard deviation (RSD=8.4-16.0%) was obtained as a result of 10 independent measurements for commercial cosmetics samples spiked with each individual sunscreen agents at 1-10 ppb. Acceptable recoveries were achieved in the range of 87-116% for direct analysis of commercial cream cosmetic samples. The experimental data demonstrate that ND-EESI-MS is a useful tool for high throughput screening of sunscreen agents in highly viscous cream cosmetic products, with the capability to obtain quantitative information of the analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinglei Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li X, Hu B, Ding J, Chen H. Rapid characterization of complex viscous samples at molecular levels by neutral desorption extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Nat Protoc 2011; 6:1010-25. [PMID: 21720314 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this protocol, the sample (which could be a bulk or heterogeneous fluid, or a greasy surface) is treated with a neutral desorption (ND) sampling gas beam, and the resulting analyte mixtures are directly characterized by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS). The ND device can be specifically constructed such that the sampling gas beam is bubbled through the liquid sample (microjet sampling) or directed to impact the sample surface (e.g., for the analysis of a material like cheese). The ND-EESI-MS analysis process requires no sample pretreatment because it can tolerate an extremely complex matrix. ND-EESI-MS allows real-time, online chemical profiling of highly viscous samples under ambient conditions. Both volatile and nonvolatile analytes from viscous samples can easily be detected and quantified by ND-EESI-MS, thereby providing an MS-based analytical platform for multiple disciplines (e.g., for the food industry, for drug discovery, and for the biological and life sciences). Here we describe the ND-EESI-MS protocol for viscous sample analysis, including the experimental design, equipment setup, reagent preparation, data acquisition and analysis steps. The data collection process takes <1 min per sample, although the time required for the whole procedure, which largely depends on the experimental preparation processes, might be considerably longer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bean HD, Zhu J, Hill JE. Characterizing bacterial volatiles using secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (SESI-MS). J Vis Exp 2011:2664. [PMID: 21694687 PMCID: PMC3197037 DOI: 10.3791/2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) is a method developed for the rapid detection of volatile compounds, without the need for sample pretreatment. The method was first described by Fenn and colleagues1 and has been applied to the detection of illicit drugs2 and explosives3-4, the characterization of skin volatiles5, and the analysis of breath6-7. SESI ionization occurs by proton transfer reactions between the electrospray solution and the volatile analyte, and is therefore suitable for the analysis of hetero-organic molecules, just as in traditional electrospray ionization (ESI). However, unlike standard ESI, the proton transfer process of SESI occurs in the vapor phase rather than in solution (Fig. 1), and therefore SESI is best suited for detecting organic volatiles and aerosols. We are expanding the use of SESI-MS to the detection of bacterial volatiles as a method for bacterial identification and characterization8. We have demonstrated that SESI-MS volatile fingerprinting, combined with a statistical analysis method, can be used to differentiate bacterial genera, species, and mixed cultures in a variety of growth media.8 Here we provide the steps for obtaining bacterial volatile fingerprints using SESI-MS, including the instrumental parameters that should be optimized to ensure robust bacterial identification and characterization.
Collapse
|
18
|
Harris GA, Galhena AS, Fernández FM. Ambient sampling/ionization mass spectrometry: applications and current trends. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4508-38. [PMID: 21495690 DOI: 10.1021/ac200918u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn A Harris
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Harper WJ, Kocaoglu-Vurma NA, Wick C, Elekes K, Langford V. Analysis of Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Swiss Cheese Using Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry (SIFT-MS). ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2011-1068.ch008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. James Harper
- The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science and Technology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Syft Technologies, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nurdan A. Kocaoglu-Vurma
- The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science and Technology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Syft Technologies, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Cheryl Wick
- The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science and Technology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Syft Technologies, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Karen Elekes
- The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science and Technology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Syft Technologies, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Vaughan Langford
- The Ohio State University, Department of Food Science and Technology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Syft Technologies, Christchurch, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|