1
|
Stevenson BJ, Waller CC, Ma P, Li K, Cawley AT, Ollis DL, McLeod MD. Pseudomonas aeruginosaarylsulfatase: a purified enzyme for the mild hydrolysis of steroid sulfates. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:903-11. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J. Stevenson
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Christopher C. Waller
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Paul Ma
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Kunkun Li
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Adam T. Cawley
- Racing New South Wales - Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory; Sydney NSW 1465 Australia
| | - David L. Ollis
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Monfort N, Martínez L, Bergés R, Segura J, Ventura R. Screening method for stimulants in urine by UHPLC-MS/MS: identification of isomeric compounds. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:819-30. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Núria Monfort
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisi i Serveis Analítics; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques); Barcelona Spain
| | - Laura Martínez
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisi i Serveis Analítics; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques); Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa Bergés
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisi i Serveis Analítics; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques); Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisi i Serveis Analítics; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques); Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, UPF; Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisi i Serveis Analítics; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques); Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, UPF; Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gómez C, Pozo OJ, Garrostas L, Segura J, Ventura R. A new sulphate metabolite as a long-term marker of metandienone misuse. Steroids 2013; 78:1245-53. [PMID: 24055830 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Metandienone is one of the most frequently detected anabolic androgenic steroids in sports drug testing. Metandienone misuse is commonly detected by monitoring different metabolites excreted free or conjugated with glucuronic acid using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase and liquid-liquid extraction. It is known that several metabolites are the result of the formation of sulphate conjugates in C17, which are converted to their 17-epimers in urine. Therefore, sulphation is an important phase II metabolic pathway of metandienone that has not been comprehensively studied. The aim of this work was to evaluate the sulphate fraction of metandienone metabolism by LC-MS/MS. Seven sulphate metabolites were detected after the analysis of excretion study samples by applying different neutral loss scan, precursor ion scan and SRM methods. One of the metabolites (M1) was identified and characterised by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS as 18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methylandrost-1,4,13-triene-3-one sulphate. M1 could be detected up to 26 days after the administration of a single dose of metandienone (5 mg), thus improving the period in which the misuse can be reported with respect to the last long-term metandienone metabolite described (18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methylandrost-1,4,13-triene-3-one excreted in the glucuronide fraction).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Gómez
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thevis M, Thomas A, Pop V, Schänzer W. Ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography–(tandem) mass spectrometry in human sports drug testing: Possibilities and limitations. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1292:38-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
5
|
Fabregat A, Pozo OJ, Marcos J, Segura J, Ventura R. Use of LC-MS/MS for the Open Detection of Steroid Metabolites Conjugated with Glucuronic Acid. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5005-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4001749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Fabregat
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar J. Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Marcos
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gómez C, Pozo OJ, Marcos J, Segura J, Ventura R. Alternative long-term markers for the detection of methyltestosterone misuse. Steroids 2013; 78:44-52. [PMID: 23127819 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Methyltestosterone (MT) is one of the most frequently detected anabolic androgenic steroids in doping control analysis. MT misuse is commonly detected by the identification of its two main metabolites excreted as glucuronide conjugates, 17α-methyl-5α-androstan-3α,17β-diol and 17α-methyl-5β-androstan-3α,17β-diol. The detection of these metabolites is normally performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, after previous hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase enzymes, extraction and derivatization steps. The aim of the present work was to study the sulphate fraction of MT and to evaluate their potential to improve the detection of the misuse of the drug in sports. MT was administered to healthy volunteers and urine samples were collected up to 30days after administration. After an extraction with ethyl acetate, urine extracts were analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using electrospray ionisation in negative mode by monitoring the transition m/z 385 to m/z 97. Three diol sulphate metabolites (S1, S2 and S3) were detected. Potential structures for these metabolites were proposed after solvolysis and mass spectrometric experiments: S1, 17α-methyl-5β-androstan-3α,17β-diol 3α-sulphate; S2, 17β-methyl-5α-androstan-3α,17α-diol 3α-sulphate; and S3, 17β-methyl-5β-androstan-3α,17α-diol 3α-sulphate. Synthesis of reference compounds will be required in order to confirm the structures. The retrospectivity of these sulphate metabolites in the detection of MT misuse was compared with the obtained with previously described metabolites. Metabolite S2 was detected up to 21days after MT administration, improving between 2 and 3 times the retrospectivity of the detection compared to the last long-term metabolite of MT previously described, 17α-hydroxy-17β-methylandrostan-4,6-dien-3-one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Gómez
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gómez C, Pozo OJ, Geyer H, Marcos J, Thevis M, Schänzer W, Segura J, Ventura R. New potential markers for the detection of boldenone misuse. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 132:239-46. [PMID: 22664392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Boldenone is one of the most frequently detected anabolic androgenic steroids in doping control analysis. Boldenone misuse is commonly detected by the identification of the active drug and its main metabolite, 5β-androst-1-en-17β-ol-3-one (BM1), by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), after previous hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase enzymes, extraction and derivatization steps. However, some cases of endogenous boldenone and BM1 have been reported. Nowadays, when these compounds are detected in urine at low concentrations, isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) analysis is needed to confirm their exogenous origin. The aim of the present study was to identify boldenone metabolites conjugated with sulphate and to evaluate their potential to improve the detection of boldenone misuse in sports. Boldenone was administered to a healthy volunteer and urine samples were collected up to 56h after administration. After a liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, urine extracts were analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using electrospray ionisation in negative mode by monitoring the transition of m/z 365-350, specific for boldenone sulphate. Boldenone sulphate was identified in the excretion study urine samples and, moreover, another peak with the same transition was observed. Based on the MS/MS behaviour the metabolite was identified as epiboldenone sulphate. The identity was confirmed by isolation of the LC peak, solvolysis and comparison of the retention time and MS/MS spectra with an epiboldenone standard. These sulphated metabolites have not been previously reported in humans and although they account for less than 1% of the administered dose, they were still present in urine when the concentrations of the major metabolites, boldenone and BM1, were at the level of endogenous origin. The sulphated metabolites were also detected in 10 urine samples tested positive to boldenone and BM1 by GC-MS. In order to verify the usefulness of these new metabolites to discriminate between endogenous and exogenous origin of boldenone, four samples containing endogenous boldenone and BM1, confirmed by IRMS, were analysed. In 3 of the 4 samples, neither boldenone sulphate nor epiboldenone sulphate were detected, confirming that these metabolites were mainly detected after exogenous administration of boldenone. In contrast, boldenone sulphate and, in some cases, epiboldenone sulphate were present in samples with low concentrations of exogenous boldenone and BM1. Thus, boldenone and epiboldenone sulphates are additional markers for the exogenous origin of boldenone and they can be used to reduce the number of samples to be analysed by IRMS. In samples with boldenone and BM1 at the concentrations suspicion for endogenous origin, only if boldenone and epiboldenone sulphates are present, further analysis by IRMS will be needed to confirm exogenous origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Gómez
- Bioanalysis and Analytical Services Research Group, Neurosciences Program, IMIM, Institut de Recerca Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zedda M, Zwiener C. Is nontarget screening of emerging contaminants by LC-HRMS successful? A plea for compound libraries and computer tools. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2493-502. [PMID: 22476785 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the possibilities and limits of nontarget screening of emerging contaminants, with emphasis on recent applications and developments in data evaluation and compound identification by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The general workflow includes determination of the elemental composition from accurate mass, a further search for the molecular formula in compound libraries or general chemical databases, and a ranking of the proposed structures using further information, e.g., from mass spectrometry (MS) fragmentation and retention times. The success of nontarget screening is in some way limited to the preselection of relevant compounds from a large data set. Recently developed approaches show that statistical analysis in combination with suspect and nontarget screening are useful methods to preselect relevant compounds. Currently, the unequivocal identification of unknowns still requires information from an authentic standard which has to be measured or is already available in user-defined MS/MS reference databases or libraries containing HRMS spectral information and retention times. In this context, we discuss the advantages and future needs of publicly available MS and MS/MS reference databases and libraries which have mostly been created for the metabolomic field. A big step forward has been achieved with computer-based tools when no MS library or MS database entry is found for a compound. The numerous search results from a large chemical database can be condensed to only a few by in silico fragmentation. This has been demonstrated for selected compounds and metabolites in recent publications. Still, only very few compounds have been identified or tentatively identified in environmental samples by nontarget screening. The availability of comprehensive MS libraries with a focus on environmental contaminants would tremendously improve the situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zedda
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience (ZAG), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Recent developments in MS for small molecules: application to human doping control analysis. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:197-212. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in MS for the detection of small molecules in the context of doping control analysis are reviewed. Doping control analysis is evolving together with MS, which is the technique of choice in order to accomplish the analytical requirements in this field. Since these analytical requirements for the detection of a doping agent depend on the substance, in the first section we review the different scenarios. The commonly established approaches, together with their achievements and drawbacks are described. New developments in hyphenated MS techniques (both GC–MS/MS and LC–MS/MS) concerning interfaces and analyzers are mentioned. The use (or potential use) of these developments in order to minimize the limitations of the commonly established approaches in the doping control field is discussed. Finally, a brief discussion about trends and remaining limitations is presented.
Collapse
|
10
|
Appolonova SA, Baranov PA, Mesonzhnik NV, Brazhnikova DO, Rodchenkov GM. Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the detection of mesocarb abuse in horse doping. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:717-23. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A. Appolonova
- Moscow Antidoping Center. Department of Horsedoping and New Methods of Analysis; Elizavetinsky per. 10, Moscow; Russian Federation; 105005
| | - Pavel A. Baranov
- Moscow Antidoping Center. Department of Horsedoping and New Methods of Analysis; Elizavetinsky per. 10, Moscow; Russian Federation; 105005
| | - Natalia V. Mesonzhnik
- Moscow Antidoping Center. Department of Horsedoping and New Methods of Analysis; Elizavetinsky per. 10, Moscow; Russian Federation; 105005
| | - Daria O. Brazhnikova
- Moscow Antidoping Center. Department of Horsedoping and New Methods of Analysis; Elizavetinsky per. 10, Moscow; Russian Federation; 105005
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mass spectrometric characterization of urinary toremifene metabolites for doping control analyses. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4727-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
12
|
Deventer K, Roels K, Delbeke FT, Van Eenoo P. Prevalence of legal and illegal stimulating agents in sports. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:421-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|