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Dufayet L, Bargel S, Bonnet A, Boukerma AK, Chevallier C, Evrard M, Guillotin S, Loeuillet E, Paradis C, Pouget AM, Reynoard J, Vaucel JA. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), 1,4-butanediol (1,4BD), and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) intoxication: A state-of-the-art review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 142:105435. [PMID: 37343712 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is synthesized endogenously from γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or exogenously from 1,4-butanediol (butane-1,4-diol; 1,4-BD) or γ-butyrolactone (GBL). GBL, and 1,4-BD are rapidly converted to GHB. The gastric absorption time, volume of distribution, and half-life of GHB are between 5 and 45 min, 0.49 ± 0.9 L/kg, and between 20 and 60 min, respectively. GHB and its analogues have a dose-dependent effect on the activation of GHB receptor, GABA-B, and GABA localized to the central nervous system. After ingestion, most patients present transient neurological disorders (lethal dose: 60 mg/kg). Chronic GHB consumption is associated with disorders of use and a withdrawal syndrome when the consumption is discontinued. GHB, GBL, and 1,4-BD are classified as narcotics but only the use of GHB is controlled internationally. They are used for drug facilitated (sexual) assault, recreational purposes, slamsex, and chemsex. To confirm an exogenous intake or administration of GHB, GBL, or 1-4-BD, the pre-analytical conservation is crucial. The antemortem cutoff doses for detection are 5 and 5-15 mg/L, with detection windows of 6 and 10 h in the blood and urine, respectively Control of GHB is essential to limit the number of users, abuse, associated risks, and death related to their consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurene Dufayet
- Unité Médico-judiciaire, Hôtel-Dieu, APHP, 75001, Paris, France; Centre Antipoison de Paris - Fédération de Toxicologie (FeTox), Hôpital Fernand-Widal, APHP, 75010, Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS-1144, Faculté de Pharmacie, 75006, Paris, France; UFR de Médecine, Université de Paris, 75010, Paris, France.
| | - Sophie Bargel
- Section Toxicologie - Sécurité Routière, Laboratoire de Police Scientifique de Lille, SNPS, France
| | - Anastasia Bonnet
- Centre Antipoison de Toulouse, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Marion Evrard
- Centre Antipoison de Nancy, CHRU de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Sophie Guillotin
- Centre Antipoison de Toulouse, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Camille Paradis
- Centre Antipoison de Bordeaux CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Julien Reynoard
- Pharmacologie Clinique CAP-TV, APHM, Hôpitaux Sud, Marseille, France
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Acide γ-Hydroxybutyrique (GHB), γ-butyrolactone (GBL) et 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) : revue de la littérature des aspects pharmacologiques, cliniques, analytiques et médico-légaux. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lee DH, Kim H, Yun HY, Park M, Choe S, In S, Kim E, Han E, Shin KH. Complementary approach for accurate determination of carbon isotopic compositions in γ-hydroxybutyric acid using gas chromatography/combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1434-1439. [PMID: 31070267 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a naturally endogenous neurotransmitter that is popular as a recreational drug due to its sedative, hypnotic, and euphoric effects. GHB derived from endogenous production or exogenous ingestion has been effectively discriminated by carbon isotopic compositions (δ13 C values) through gas chromatography/combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C-IRMS). However, an unintended uncertainty of isotopic signatures caused by a wide range of GHB quantities remains unsolved when using only single-isotope corrections of the di-TMS derivative. METHODS The δ13 C values of the original GHB standard were first determined by elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS). The δ13 C values of silylated GHB in concentrations from 10 to 500 ppm were determined by GC/C-IRMS. With respect to the silylated reaction products, the correction of δ13 C values for the introduced carbons was calculated from a stoichiometric mass balance equation. RESULTS The results showed a significant quantity-dependent trend in δ13 C values of introduced carbon (δ13 Cdi-TMS values) with increased GHB standard concentrations (r2 = 0.70, p <0.05). We applied a logarithmic equation to determine isotopic data in low-GHB urine specimens from five healthy female volunteers. The δ13 CGHB values in urine samples corrected with quantity-dependent δ13 Cdi-TMS values were different by an average of 2.7‰ from those corrected with single δ13 Cdi-TMS values (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the overall residual amount-dependent isotope fractionation should be mathematically corrected by the logarithmic function and this may improve the reliability of isotopic analysis to evaluate the origin of GHB before applying the approach to routine toxicological and forensic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Lee
- Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, 144 Samyang-ro, Dobong-gu, Seoul, 01369, Republic of Korea
- Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Young Yun
- Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Sanghwan In
- National Forensic Service, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunmi Kim
- National Forensic Service, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Han
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, 144 Samyang-ro, Dobong-gu, Seoul, 01369, Republic of Korea
- Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
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Kim H, Lee DH, Go A, Park M, Choe S, In S, Kim E, Lee H, Shin KH, Han E. Differentiation of endogenous and exogenous γ-Hydroxybutyrate in rat and human urine by GC/C/IRMS. Int J Legal Med 2019; 133:1785-1794. [PMID: 30937594 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Gamma (γ)-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) has been reported to be an endogenous compound in the mammalian brain. It used to treat symptoms of alcohol, opioid, and drug withdrawal and cataplexy of narcolepsy. However, it is often used for criminal purposes because it is colorless, tasteless, and has short half-life. For this reason, there is a need for a method of distinguishing between endogenous and exogenous GHB administration. Therefore, urine from rat before administration of GHB and GHB urine after the single intraperitoneal injection of GHB as 30 mg/100 g were collected from Sprague-Dawley rats (7 weeks old, 10 males and females). Negative control urine, urine from individuals suspected of taking GHB, and urine from victims who were GHB-involved crime were collected. In urine samples, GHB was extracted with two-step SPE and collected fraction was derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS and GC/C/IRMS. In GC/MS and GC/C/IRMS analysis of rat urine, there was a statistically significant difference between urine from rat before administration of GHB and GHB rat urine (p < 0.05). In GC/MS analysis of human urine samples, there was no significant difference among human urine groups (negative control, suspects' urine, and victims' urine), but in GC/C/IRMS analysis of human urine samples, there was a statistically significant difference among human urine groups (p = 0.0001). Through these results, GC/C/IRMS can be more effective tool to identify endogenous and exogenous GHB in urine than GC/MS. This study can build a drug management system in forensic investigation agency and offer interpretation method to forensic science and court.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, 01369, South Korea.,Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Ahra Go
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, 01369, South Korea
| | | | | | - Sanghwan In
- National Forensic Service, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Eunmi Kim
- National Forensic Service, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Hunjoo Lee
- CHEM.I.NET,Ltd, Room 302, 773-3, Mok-dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Science and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea.
| | - Eunyoung Han
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, 01369, South Korea. .,Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Peters FT, Steuer AE. Antemortem and postmortem influences on drug concentrations and metabolite patterns in postmortem specimens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/wfs2.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank T. Peters
- Institute of Forensic Medicine Jena University Hospital Jena Germany
| | - Andrea E. Steuer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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Trobbiani S, Stockham P, Scott T. Increasing the linear dynamic range in LC-MS: is it valid to use a less abundant isotopologue? Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1630-1636. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Trobbiani
- Forensic Science SA, GPO Box 2790; Adelaide South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Peter Stockham
- Forensic Science SA, GPO Box 2790; Adelaide South Australia 5000 Australia
- Flinders University, Sturt Road; Bedford Park South Australia 5042 Australia
| | - Timothy Scott
- Forensic Science SA, GPO Box 2790; Adelaide South Australia 5000 Australia
- Flinders University, Sturt Road; Bedford Park South Australia 5042 Australia
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Postmortem concentrations of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in peripheral blood and brain tissue — Differentiating between postmortem formation and antemortem intake. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 272:154-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Isotope ratio mass spectrometry as a tool for source inference in forensic science: A critical review. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 251:139-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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