1
|
Xie C, Tang W, Yang C. A review of the recent advances for the in ovo sexing of chicken embryos using optical sensing techniques. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102906. [PMID: 37480656 PMCID: PMC10393812 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The culling of day-old male chicks has caused ethical and economic concerns. Traditional approaches for detecting the in ovo sex of chicken embryos involve opening the eggshell and inner membrane, which are destructive, time-consuming, and inefficient. Therefore, noncontact optical sensing techniques have been examined for the in ovo sexing of chicken embryos. Compared with traditional methods, optical sensing can increase determination throughput and frequency for the rapid sexing of chicken embryos. This paper presented a comprehensive review of the different optical sensing techniques used for the in ovo sexing of chicken embryos, including visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and machine vision, discussing their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, the latest research regarding different detection algorithms and models for the in ovo sexing of chicken embryos was summarized. Therefore, this paper provides updated information regarding the optical sensing techniques that can be used in the poultry industry and related research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, The Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Wensheng Tang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Huangyan Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taizhou 318020, China
| | - Ce Yang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Corion M, Santos S, De Ketelaere B, Spasic D, Hertog M, Lammertyn J. Trends in in ovo sexing technologies: insights and interpretation from papers and patents. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:102. [PMID: 37452378 PMCID: PMC10347793 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous researchers and institutions have been developing in ovo sexing technologies to improve animal welfare by identifying male embryos in an early embryonic stage and disposing of them before pain perception. This review gives a complete overview of the technological approaches reported in papers and patents by performing a thorough search using Web of Science and Patstat/Espacenet databases for papers and patents, respectively. Based on a total of 49 papers and 115 patent families reported until May 2023 worldwide, 11 technology categories were defined: 6 non-optical and 5 optical techniques. Every category was described for its characteristics while assessing its potential for application. Next, the dynamics of the publications of in ovo sexing techniques in both paper and patent fields were described through growth curves, and the interest or actual status was visualized using the number of paper citations and the actual legal status of the patents. When comparing the reported technologies in papers to those in patents, scientific gaps were observed, as some of the patented technologies were not reported in the scientific literature, e.g., ion mobility and mass spectrometry approaches. Generally, more diverse approaches in all categories were found in patents, although they do require more scientific evidence through papers or industrial adoption to prove their robustness. Moreover, although there is a recent trend for non-invasive techniques, invasive methods like analyzing DNA through PCR or hormones through immunosensing are still being reported (and might continue to be) in papers and patents. It was also observed that none of the technologies complies with all the industry requirements, although 5 companies already entered the market. On the one hand, more research and harmony between consumers, industry, and governments is necessary. On the other hand, close monitoring of the market performance of the currently available techniques will offer valuable insights into the potential and expectations of in ovo sexing techniques in the poultry industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Corion
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioS Biosensors Group, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Simão Santos
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioS Biosensors Group, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Bart De Ketelaere
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioS Biostatistics Group, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium.
| | - Dragana Spasic
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioS Biosensors Group, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Maarten Hertog
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioS Postharvest Group, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lammertyn
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioS Biosensors Group, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Delrue C, De Bruyne S, Speeckaert MM. Unlocking the Diagnostic Potential of Saliva: A Comprehensive Review of Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Applications in Salivary Analysis. J Pers Med 2023; 13:907. [PMID: 37373896 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13060907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a noninvasive and rapid analytical technique that provides information on the chemical composition, structure, and conformation of biomolecules in saliva. This technique has been widely used to analyze salivary biomolecules, owing to its label-free advantages. Saliva contains a complex mixture of biomolecules including water, electrolytes, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids which are potential biomarkers for several diseases. IR spectroscopy has shown great promise for the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases such as dental caries, periodontitis, infectious diseases, cancer, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease, as well as for drug monitoring. Recent advancements in IR spectroscopy, such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy, have further enhanced its utility in salivary analysis. FTIR spectroscopy enables the collection of a complete IR spectrum of the sample, whereas ATR spectroscopy enables the analysis of samples in their native form, without the need for sample preparation. With the development of standardized protocols for sample collection and analysis and further advancements in IR spectroscopy, the potential for salivary diagnostics using IR spectroscopy is vast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Delrue
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sander De Bruyne
- Department of Clinical Biology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijn M Speeckaert
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang X, Li J, Chen S, Yang N, Zheng J. Overview of Avian Sex Reversal. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098284. [PMID: 37175998 PMCID: PMC10179413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex determination and differentiation are processes by which a bipotential gonad adopts either a testicular or ovarian cell fate, and secondary sexual characteristics adopt either male or female developmental patterns. In birds, although genetic factors control the sex determination program, sex differentiation is sensitive to hormones, which can induce sex reversal when disturbed. Although these sex-reversed birds can form phenotypes opposite to their genotypes, none can experience complete sex reversal or produce offspring under natural conditions. Promising evidence indicates that the incomplete sex reversal is associated with cell autonomous sex identity (CASI) of avian cells, which is controlled by genetic factors. However, studies cannot clearly describe the regulatory mechanism of avian CASI and sex development at present, and these factors require further exploration. In spite of this, the abundant findings of avian sex research have provided theoretical bases for the progress of gender control technologies, which are being improved through interdisciplinary co-operation and will ultimately be employed in poultry production. In this review, we provide an overview of avian sex determination and differentiation and comprehensively summarize the research progress on sex reversal in birds, especially chickens. Importantly, we describe key issues faced by applying gender control systems in poultry production and chronologically summarize the development of avian sex control methods. In conclusion, this review provides unique perspectives for avian sex studies and helps scientists develop more advanced systems for sex regulation in birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuan Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianbo Li
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sirui Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiangxia Zheng
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Preuße G, Porstmann V, Bartels T, Schnabel C, Galli R, Koch E, Oelschlägel M, Uckermann O, Steiner G. Highly sensitive and quick in ovo sexing of domestic chicken eggs by two-wavelength fluorescence spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:603-613. [PMID: 36462048 PMCID: PMC9839792 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The in ovo sexing of chicken eggs is a current task and a prerequisite to overcome the mass killing of male day-old chicks from laying lines. Although various methods have been developed and tested in recent years, practicable methods for sex determination are still missing which can be applicated in poultry hatcheries before the chicken embryo is capable of nociception and pain sensation. Optical spectroscopic methods enable an early determination of the sex. In this study, a novel method based on two-wavelength in ovo fluorescence excitation is described. More than 1600 eggs were examined. In ovo fluorescence was sequentially excited at 532 nm and 785 nm. The fluorescence intensities of the spectral regions behave inversely with respect to sex. It is shown that the observed sex-related differences in the fluorescence intensities are based on the embryonic hemoglobin synthesis. The accuracy of sex determination is 96% for both sexes. The hatching rate is not reduced compared to an equivalent reference group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grit Preuße
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vincenz Porstmann
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Bartels
- grid.417834.dInstitute for Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Dörnbergstr. 25/27, 29223 Celle, Germany
| | - Christian Schnabel
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Roberta Galli
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Edmund Koch
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Oelschlägel
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ortrud Uckermann
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Division of Medical Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerald Steiner
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xiang X, Yu Z, Liu Y, Huang Y, Wang J, Chen L, Ma M. Differential proteomics between unhatched male and female egg yolks reveal the molecular mechanisms of sex-allocation and sex-determination in chicken. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101906. [PMID: 35696754 PMCID: PMC9198474 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a huge demand to identify the sex of unhatched fertilized eggs for laying industry and to understand the differences between male and female eggs as early as possible. Then the molecular mechanisms of sex determination and sex allocation in chicken were revealed. Therefore, TMT proteomic was applied to characterize the variation of molecular matrix between unhatched male and female egg yolks. A total of 411 proteins were identified and 35 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 375332005, 015809562, 763550308 (upregulated, UPs) and 1337178851, 89000557, 89000581 (downregulated, DPs), etc. were confirmed between them. Gene ontology analyses showed that DEPs were mainly involved in response to stimulus, distributed in the extracellular region and participated in binding; KEGG analyses showed that few DPs were participated in cell growth and death, transport and catabolism, signaling molecules, interaction and were enriched in ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, endocytosis, ferroptosis, etc. metabolic pathways. Moreover, most of the DEPs and related metabolic pathways were associated with sex hormones. More importantly, this study supports maternal sex-allocation theory and extends our understanding of the molecular mechanism of sex determination and differentiation in avian. Which also provides a powerful evidence for ovo sexing of unhatched fertilized domestic chicken eggs by nondestructive approach and will be of great significance to eggs processing and production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Xiang
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuosi Yu
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongle Liu
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yiqun Huang
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Food Science, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Meihu Ma
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Das R, Mishra P, Jha R. In ovo Feeding as a Tool for Improving Performance and Gut Health of Poultry: A Review. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:754246. [PMID: 34859087 PMCID: PMC8632539 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.754246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Early growth and development of the gastrointestinal tract are of critical importance to enhance nutrients' utilization and optimize the growth of poultry. In the current production system, chicks do not have access to feed for about 48-72 h during transportation between hatchery and production farms. This lag time affects early nutrient intake, natural exposure to the microbiome, and the initiation of beneficial stimulation of the immune system of chicks. In ovo feeding can provide early nutrients and additives to embryos, stimulate gut microflora, and mitigate the adverse effects of starvation during pre-and post-hatch periods. Depending on the interests, the compounds are delivered to the embryo either around day 12 or 17 to 18 of incubation and via air sac or amnion. In ovo applications of bioactive compounds like vaccines, nutrients, antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, creatine, follistatin, L-carnitine, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, growth hormone, polyclonal antimyostatin antibody, peptide YY, and insulin-like growth factor-1 have been studied. These compounds affect hatchability, body weight at hatch, physiological functions, immune responses, gut morphology, gut microbiome, production performance, and overall health of birds. However, the route, dose, method, and time of in ovo injection and host factors can cause variation, and thereby inconsistencies in results. Studies using this method have manifested the benefits of injection of different single bioactive compounds. But for excelling in poultry production, researchers should precisely know the proper route and time of injection, optimum dose, and effective combination of different compounds. This review paper will provide an insight into current practices and available findings related to in ovo feeding on performance and health parameters of poultry, along with challenges and future perspectives of this technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Razib Das
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Pravin Mishra
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Rajesh Jha
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xiang XL, Hu G, Jin YG, Jin GF, Ma MH. Nondestructive characterization gender of chicken eggs by odor using SPME/GC-MS coupled with chemometrics. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101619. [PMID: 34995877 PMCID: PMC8741610 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It's a difficult task for researchers to identify the gender of chicken eggs by nondestructive approach in the early of incubation, which not only could reduce the cost of incubation, but also could improve the welfare of chicks. Therefore, SPME/GC-MS has been applied to investigate its potential as a nondestructive tool for characterizing the differences of odor between male and female chicken eggs during early of incubation and even before hatch. The results showed that more volatiles were found in female White leghorn eggs during early of incubation and 6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, nonanal, decanal, octanal, 2-nonen-1-ol, etc. were important for the distinction of male and female White leghorn eggs during E1-E9 of incubation. 2-ethyl-1-hexanol; octanal, nonanal, 2,2,4-trimethyl-3-carboxyisopropyl pentanoic acid isobutyl ester; 2-nonen-1-ol, cyclopropanecarboxamide, heptadecane were correlated with gender of unhatched White leghorn, Hy-line brown and Jing fen eggs, respectively. Moreover, sex-related volatiles have been strongly influenced by incubation process and egg breed, and to be related to steroid hormone biosynthesis. What's more, this study enables us to develop a new visual for ovo sexing of chicken eggs and advances our understanding of the biological significance behind volatiles emitted from chicken eggs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-le Xiang
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Gan Hu
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Yong-Guo Jin
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Guo-Feng Jin
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Mei-Hu Ma
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gautron J, Réhault-Godbert S, Van de Braak TGH, Dunn IC. Review: What are the challenges facing the table egg industry in the next decades and what can be done to address them? Animal 2021; 15 Suppl 1:100282. [PMID: 34246597 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a strong consumer demand to take welfare into account in animal production, including table eggs. This is particularly true in Europe and North America but increasingly around the world. We review the main demands that are facing the egg industry driven by economic, societal and sustainability goals. We describe solutions already delivered by research and those that will be needed for the future. Already table egg consumption patterns have seen a major shift from cage to non-cage production systems because of societal pressures. These often feature free-range and organic production. These changes likely signal the future direction for the layer sector with the acceleration of the conversion of cage to barn and aviary systems with outdoor access. This can come with unintended consequences from bone fracture to increased disease exposure, all requiring solutions. In the near future, the laying period of hens will be routinely extended to improve the economics and environmental footprint of production. Many flocks already produce close to 500 eggs per hens in a lifetime, reducing the number of replacement layers and improving the economics and sustainability. It will be a challenge for scientists to optimize the genetics and the production systems to maintain the health of these hens. A major ethical issue for the egg industry is the culling of male day-old chicks of layer breeds as the meat of the males cannot be easily marketed. Much research has and will be devoted to alternatives. Another solution is elimination of male embryos prior to hatching by in ovo sexing approaches. The race to find a sustainable solution to early stage sex determination is on. Methods based on sex chromosomes, sexually dimorphic compounds and spectral properties of eggs containing male or female embryos, are being researched and are reviewed in this article. Other proposed solutions include the use of dual-purpose strains, where the males are bred to produce meat and the females to produce eggs. The dual-purpose strains are less efficient and do not compete economically in the meat or egg market; however, as consumer awareness increases viable markets are emerging. These priorities are the response to economic, environmental, ethical and consumer pressures that are already having a strong impact on the egg industry. They will continue to evolve in the next decade and if supported by a strong research and development effort, a more efficient and ethical egg-laying industry should emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Gautron
- INRAE, University of Tours, BOA, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | | | - T G H Van de Braak
- Institut de Sélection Animale B.V, A Hendrix Genetics Company, 5831CK Boxmeer, the Netherlands
| | - I C Dunn
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
de Haas EN, Oliemans E, van Gerwen MAAM. The Need for an Alternative to Culling Day-Old Male Layer Chicks: A Survey on Awareness, Alternatives, and the Willingness to Pay for Alternatives in a Selected Population of Dutch Citizens. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:662197. [PMID: 34222395 PMCID: PMC8248538 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.662197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A concerning by-product of producing laying hen chicks are the hatched male layer chicks. As a consequence of their inability to lay eggs, these male chicks are culled as day-old chicks in the hatchery. To find an alternative for this ethical dilemma (generally), three alternatives are under study, namely, in ovo sex determination, using dual-purpose breeds, and the rearing of layer cockerels. In order to assess the awareness of this practice and preference for one of the alternatives, we conducted an online survey of the Dutch public. Most of the 259 respondents completing the survey were highly educated woman (HEW, n = 143) versus others (REST, n = 86). The questionnaire was divided into six topics: (1) general knowledge of the poultry industry, (2) awareness of culling male layer chicks (CMC), and (3) its acceptability, (4) alternatives to CMC, (5) willingness to pay (WTP) for eggs without CMC, and (6) WTP for cockerel meat. Awareness about CMC was 52%, and its acceptability was rejected by 78% (HEW) and 67% (REST). The level of acceptability increased when more salient facts were given, and almost all respondents agreed that an alternative was needed (90% HEW, 84% REST). For both groups of respondents, more than 50% preferred in ovo sex determination over keeping the current practice or using dual-purpose breeds or male layers. Furthermore, the majority of respondents were willing to pay more than double the price for eggs without CMC being involved. Roughly 40% would not buy processed cockerel meat burgers, most likely due to their vegan or vegetarian diet. Of the remaining respondents, half were willing to pay the current price or 1 euro more for processed cockerel meat burgers. The most important factors when buying poultry meat or eggs without CMC were food safety, animal friendliness (welfare), and the environment; price was the least important factor. Despite the skewed respondents' background, the results of our survey show that consumers are willing to pay more for poultry products that do not require culling day-old male chicks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elske N de Haas
- Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Animal Welfare, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Melle, Belgium
| | - Eva Oliemans
- Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maite A A M van Gerwen
- Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Centre for Sustainable Animal Stewardship (CenSAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Adegbenjo AO, Liu L, Ngadi MO. Non-Destructive Assessment of Chicken Egg Fertility. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5546. [PMID: 32998290 PMCID: PMC7582499 DOI: 10.3390/s20195546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Total hatching egg set (for both egg production chicks and broilers) in the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada report 2017 was over 1.0 billion. With the fertility rate for this year observed to be around 82%, there were about 180 million unhatched eggs (worth over 300 million Canadian dollars) incubated in Canada for the year 2017 alone. These non-hatching (non-fertile) eggs can find useful applications as commercial table eggs or low-grade food stock if they can be detected early and isolated accordingly preferably prior to incubation. The conventional method of chicken egg fertility assessment termed candling, is subjective, cumbersome, slow, and eventually inefficient, leading to huge economic losses. Hence, there is a need for a non-destructive, fast and online prediction technology to assist with early chicken egg fertility identification problem. This paper reviewed existing non-destructive approaches including ultrasound and dielectric measurements, thermal imaging, machine vision, spectroscopy, and hyperspectral imaging. Hyperspectral imaging was extensively discussed, being an emerging new technology with great potential. Suggestions were finally proffered towards building futuristic robust model(s) for early detection of chicken egg fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi O. Adegbenjo
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (A.O.A.); (L.L.)
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (A.O.A.); (L.L.)
| | - Michael O. Ngadi
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (A.O.A.); (L.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Douglas C, Turner JMA. Advances and challenges in genetic technologies to produce single-sex litters. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008898. [PMID: 32701961 PMCID: PMC7377362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is currently a requirement for single-sex litters for many applications, including agriculture, pest control, and reducing animal culling in line with the 3Rs principles: Reduction, Replacement, and Refinement. The advent of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing presents a new opportunity with which to potentially generate all-female or all-male litters. We review some of the historical nongenetic strategies employed to generate single-sex litters and investigate how genetic and genome editing techniques are currently being used to produce all-male or all-female progeny. Lastly, we speculate on future technologies for generating single-sex litters and the possible associated challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Douglas
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - James M A Turner
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Syduzzaman M, Rahman A, Alin K, Fujitani S, Kashimori A, Suzuki T, Ogawa Y, Kondo N. Noninvasive quantification of yolk content using Vis-NIR spectroscopy and its effect on hatching time and gender of broiler chicken. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eaef.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
14
|
Takamura A, Halamkova L, Ozawa T, Lednev IK. Phenotype Profiling for Forensic Purposes: Determining Donor Sex Based on Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Urine Traces. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6288-6295. [PMID: 30986037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Forensic science is an important field of analytical chemistry where vibrational spectroscopy, in particular Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, present advantages as they have a nondestructive nature, high selectivity, and no need for sample preparation. Herein, we demonstrate a method for determination of donor sex, based on attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy of dry urine traces. Trace body fluid evidence is of special importance to the modern criminal investigation as a source of individualizing DNA evidence. However, individual identification of a urine donor is generally difficult because of the small amount of DNA. Therefore, the development of an innovative method to provide phenotype information about the urine donor-including sex-is highly desirable. In this study, we developed a multivariate discriminant model for the ATR FT-IR spectra of dry urine to identify the donor sex. Rigorous selection of significant wavenumbers on the spectrum using a genetic algorithm enabled superb discrimination performance for the model and conclusively indicated a chemical origin for donor sex differences, which was supported by physiological knowledge. Although further investigations need to be conducted, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates the great potential of the developed methodology for phenotype profiling based on the analysis of urine traces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayari Takamura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1, Hongo , Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan.,First Department of Forensic Science , National Research Institute of Police Science , 6-3-1, Kashiwanoha , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-0882 , Japan
| | - Lenka Halamkova
- Department of Chemistry , University at Albany, SUNY , 1400 Washington Avenue , Albany , New York 12222 , United States
| | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1, Hongo , Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Igor K Lednev
- Department of Chemistry , University at Albany, SUNY , 1400 Washington Avenue , Albany , New York 12222 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
He L, Martins P, Huguenin J, Van TNN, Manso T, Galindo T, Gregoire F, Catherinot L, Molina F, Espeut J. Simple, sensitive and robust chicken specific sexing assays, compliant with large scale analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213033. [PMID: 30822330 PMCID: PMC6396912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken meat and eggs are important sources of food for the world population. The significant increase in food demand has pushed the food industry toward a rapid non-expensive production which in turn raises ethical issues. How chicken are cultivated and processed in food industry is no longer acceptable. Ethical and economical concerns emerging from chicken culling need to be solved in the near future. Indeed, in egg production industry, male chicken are killed at the age of 1-day post-hatching since they are not egg producers. A number of laboratory all over the world are looking for innovative non-invasive sexing methods to determine the sex of chicken in the early stages of the development before hatching. It will allow males' chicken elimination before the pain-feeling stages. In order to evaluate the efficiency of these methods, the scientific community need a reliable, easy to use and cost-effective in-ovo invasive sexing method. In this report, we developed two new invasive assays based on PCR and Q-PCR techniques respectively, which fulfil the above mentioned requirements. In the same line with other groups, we exploited the differences betweed males (ZZ) and females (ZW) chicken sexual chromosomes. We identified two genes, SWIM and Xho-I, on chromosome W and DMRT gene on chromosome Z allowing a clear discrimination between the two sexes using PCR and qPCR respectively. These two new genomic markers and their corresponding methods not only increase the accuracy but also reduce time and cost of the test compared to previously developed sexing methods. Depending on the technology available in the lab, one can choose between the two techniques requiring different machines and expertise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyan He
- Sys2diag, UMR9005 CNRS/Alcediag, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Taciana Manso
- Sys2diag, UMR9005 CNRS/Alcediag, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Franck Molina
- Sys2diag, UMR9005 CNRS/Alcediag, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (JE); (FM)
| | - Julien Espeut
- Sys2diag, UMR9005 CNRS/Alcediag, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (JE); (FM)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Derruau S, Gobinet C, Mateu A, Untereiner V, Lorimier S, Piot O. Shedding light on confounding factors likely to affect salivary infrared biosignatures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:2283-2290. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
17
|
Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Cramer K, Fischer B, Förster A, Galli R, Kremer F, Mapesa EU, Meissner S, Preisinger R, Preusse G, Schnabel C, Steiner G, Bartels T. Current approaches to avoid the culling of day-old male chicks in the layer industry, with special reference to spectroscopic methods. Poult Sci 2018; 97:749-757. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
18
|
Galli R, Preusse G, Schnabel C, Bartels T, Cramer K, Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Koch E, Steiner G. Sexing of chicken eggs by fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy through the shell membrane. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192554. [PMID: 29474445 PMCID: PMC5824995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to provide an alternative to day-old chick culling in the layer hatcheries, a noninvasive method for egg sexing is required at an early stage of incubation before onset of embryo sensitivity. Fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy of blood offers the potential for precise and contactless in ovo sex determination of the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus f. dom.) eggs already during the fourth incubation day. However, such kind of optical spectroscopy requires a window in the egg shell, is thus invasive to the embryo and leads to decreased hatching rates. Here, we show that near infrared Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy can be performed on perfused extraembryonic vessels while leaving the inner egg shell membrane intact. Sparing the shell membrane makes the measurement minimally invasive, so that the sexing procedure does not affect hatching rates. We analyze the effect of the membrane above the vessels on fluorescence signal intensity and on Raman spectrum of blood, and propose a correction method to compensate for it. After compensation, we attain a correct sexing rate above 90% by applying supervised classification of spectra. Therefore, this approach offers the best premises towards practical deployment in the hatcheries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Galli
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail: (RG); (GS)
| | - Grit Preusse
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Schnabel
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Bartels
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Cramer
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Edmund Koch
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerald Steiner
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- * E-mail: (RG); (GS)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Göhler D, Fischer B, Meissner S. In-ovo sexing of 14-day-old chicken embryos by pattern analysis in hyperspectral images (VIS/NIR spectra): A non-destructive method for layer lines with gender-specific down feather color. Poult Sci 2017; 96:1-4. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
20
|
Galli R, Preusse G, Uckermann O, Bartels T, Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Koch E, Steiner G. In ovo sexing of chicken eggs by fluorescence spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:1185-1194. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
21
|
Galli R, Preusse G, Uckermann O, Bartels T, Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Koch E, Steiner G. In Ovo Sexing of Domestic Chicken Eggs by Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8657-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas Bartels
- Clinic
for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Gerald Steiner
- Faculty
of Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 9 bl. 3, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Steiner G, Preusse G, Zimmerer C, Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Sablinskas V, Fuhrmann H, Koch E, Bartels T. Label free molecular sexing of monomorphic birds using infrared spectroscopic imaging. Talanta 2016; 150:155-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
23
|
Weissmann A, Reitemeier S, Hahn A, Gottschalk J, Einspanier A. Sexing domestic chicken before hatch: A new method for in ovo gender identification. Theriogenology 2013; 80:199-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
24
|
|