1
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Zhang C, Boppart SA. Tracking the formation and degradation of fatty-acid-accumulated mitochondria using label-free chemical imaging. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6671. [PMID: 33758233 PMCID: PMC7988176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85795-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrion is one of the key organelles for maintaining cellular homeostasis. External environmental stimuli and internal regulatory processes may alter the metabolism and functions of mitochondria. To understand these activities of mitochondria, it is critical to probe the key metabolic molecules inside these organelles. In this study, we used label-free chemical imaging modalities including coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and multiphoton-excited fluorescence to investigate the mitochondrial activities in living cancer cells. We found that hypothermia exposure tends to induce fatty-acid (FA) accumulation in some mitochondria of MIAPaCa-2 cells. Autofluorescence images show that the FA-accumulated mitochondria also have abnormal metabolism of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen, likely induced by the dysfunction of the electron transport chain. We also found that when the cells were re-warmed to physiological temperature after a period of hypothermia, the FA-accumulated mitochondria changed their structural features. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that FA accumulation in mitochondria was observed in live cells. Our research also demonstrates that multimodal label-free chemical imaging is an attractive tool to discover abnormal functions of mitochondria at the single-organelle level and can be used to quantify the dynamic changes of these organelles under perturbative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA.
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA.
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA.
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2
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Zhang D, Bian Q, Zhou Y, Huang Q, Gao J. The application of label-free imaging technologies in transdermal research for deeper mechanism revealing. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 16:265-279. [PMID: 34276818 PMCID: PMC8261078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The penetration behavior of topical substances in the skin not only relates to the transdermal delivery efficiency but also involves the safety and therapeutic effect of topical products, such as sunscreen and hair growth products. Researchers have tried to illustrate the transdermal process with diversified theories and technologies. Directly observing the distribution of topical substances on skin by characteristic imaging is the most convincing approach. Unfortunately, fluorescence labeling imaging, which is commonly used in biochemical research, is limited for transdermal research for most topical substances with a molecular mass less than 500 Da. Label-free imaging technologies possess the advantages of not requiring any macromolecular dyes, no tissue destruction and an extensive substance detection capability, which has enabled rapid development of such technologies in recent years and their introduction to biological tissue analysis, such as skin samples. Through the specific identification of topical substances and endogenous tissue components, label-free imaging technologies can provide abundant tissue distribution information, enrich theoretical and practical guidance for transdermal drug delivery systems. In this review, we expound the mechanisms and applications of the most popular label-free imaging technologies in transdermal research at present, compare their advantages and disadvantages, and forecast development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiong Bian
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiaoling Huang
- The Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jianqing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for New-Type External and Transdermal Preparations, Changzhou 213000, China
- Corresponding author.
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3
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Huang PC, Pande P, Shelton RL, Joa F, Moore D, Gillman E, Kidd K, Nolan RM, Odio M, Carr A, Boppart SA. Quantitative characterization of mechanically indented in vivo human skin in adults and infants using optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:34001. [PMID: 28246675 PMCID: PMC5379064 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.3.034001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Influenced by both the intrinsic viscoelasticity of the tissue constituents and the time-evolved redistribution of fluid within the tissue, the biomechanical response of skin can reflect not only localized pathology but also systemic physiology of an individual. While clinical diagnosis of skin pathologies typically relies on visual inspection and manual palpation, a more objective and quantitative approach for tissue characterization is highly desirable. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an interferometry-based imaging modality that enables in vivo assessment of cross-sectional tissue morphology with micron-scale resolution, which surpasses those of most standard clinical imaging tools, such as ultrasound imaging and magnetic resonance imaging. This pilot study investigates the feasibility of characterizing the biomechanical response of in vivo human skin using OCT. OCT-based quantitative metrics were developed and demonstrated on the human subject data, where a significant difference between deformed and nondeformed skin was revealed. Additionally, the quantified postindentation recovery results revealed differences between aged (adult) and young (infant) skin. These suggest that OCT has the potential to quantitatively assess the mechanically perturbed skin as well as distinguish different physiological conditions of the skin, such as changes with age or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Chieh Huang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Paritosh Pande
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Ryan L. Shelton
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Frank Joa
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Dave Moore
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Elisa Gillman
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Kimberly Kidd
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Ryan M. Nolan
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Mauricio Odio
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Andrew Carr
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Internal Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Stephen A. Boppart, E-mail:
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4
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Klossek A, Thierbach S, Rancan F, Vogt A, Blume-Peytavi U, Rühl E. Studies for improved understanding of lipid distributions in human skin by combining stimulated and spontaneous Raman microscopy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 116:76-84. [PMID: 27864053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Advanced Raman techniques, such as stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS), have become a valuable tool for investigations of distributions of substances in biological samples. However, these techniques lack spectral information and are therefore highly affected by cross-sensitivities, which are due to blended Raman bands. One typical example is the symmetric CH2 stretching vibration of lipids, which is blended with the more intense Raman band of proteins. We report in this work an approach to reduce such cross-sensitivities by a factor of 8 in human skin samples. This is accomplished by careful spectral deconvolutions revealing the neat spectra of skin lipids. Extensive Raman studies combining the complementary advantages of fast mapping and scanning, i.e. SRS, as well as spectral information provided by spontaneous Raman spectroscopy, were performed on the same skin regions. In addition, an approach for correcting artifacts is reported, which are due to transmission and reflection geometries in Raman microscopy as well as scattering of radiation from rough and highly structured skin samples. As a result, these developments offer improved results obtained from label-free spectromicroscopy provided by Raman techniques. These yield substance specific information from spectral regimes in which blended bands dominate. This improvement is illustrated by studies on the asymmetric CH2 stretching vibration of lipids, which was previously difficult to identify due to the strong background signal from proteins. The advantage of the correction procedures is demonstrated by higher spatial resolution permitting to perform more detailed investigations on lipids and their composition in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Klossek
- Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Thierbach
- Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - F Rancan
- Klinisches Forschungszentrum für Haut-und Haarforschung, Charité Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Vogt
- Klinisches Forschungszentrum für Haut-und Haarforschung, Charité Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - U Blume-Peytavi
- Klinisches Forschungszentrum für Haut-und Haarforschung, Charité Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - E Rühl
- Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Schie IW, Krafft C, Popp J. Applications of coherent Raman scattering microscopies to clinical and biological studies. Analyst 2015; 140:3897-909. [PMID: 25811305 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00178a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy are two nonlinear optical imaging modalities that are at the frontier of label-free and chemical specific biological and clinical diagnostics. The applications of coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopies are multifold, ranging from investigation of basic aspects of cell biology to the label-free detection of pathologies. This review summarizes recent progress of biological and clinical applications of CRS between 2008 and 2014, covering applications such as lipid droplet research, single cell analysis, tissue imaging and multiphoton histopathology of atherosclerosis, myelin sheaths, skin, hair, pharmaceutics, and cancer and surgical margin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan W Schie
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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6
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Boulos SP, Prigozhin MB, Liu Y, Wirth AJ, Boppart SA, Gruebele M, Murphy CJ. The Gold Nanorod-Biology Interface: From Proteins to Cells to Tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 3. [PMID: 24358071 DOI: 10.2174/1877946811303020002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanorods absorb and scatter light strongly in the near-infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, making them ideal tissue contrast agents for imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT). Strong interactions occur at the nano-bio interface, such as proteins binding to gold nanorods forming a 'corona.' To fulfill the promise of nanorods for applications such as contrast agents, we must better understand the intrinsic interactions of these nanomaterials with biological systems at the molecular, cellular and tissue level. In this paper, we briefly review the nanorod-protein interface. We then present some new fast relaxation imaging (FReI) measurements of how the presence of strongly-absorbing gold nanorods affects protein binding and folding, taking into account inner filter effects and the strong quenching effect of nanorods on fluorescent-labeled proteins. Next we show that two-photon photoluminescence of the gold nanorods can be used to image the nanorods in tissue constructs, allowing us to independently study their tissue distribution so they can be used successfully as contrast agents in optical coherence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano P Boulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Maxim B Prigozhin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana IL 61801 USA ; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Anna Jean Wirth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana IL 61801 USA ; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana IL 61801 USA ; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Martin Gruebele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana IL 61801 USA ; Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana IL 61801 USA ; Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana IL 61801 USA ; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Catherine J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana IL 61801 USA ; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana IL 61801 USA
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7
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Suhalim J, Chung CY, Lilledahl M, Lim R, Levi M, Tromberg B, Potma E. Characterization of cholesterol crystals in atherosclerotic plaques using stimulated Raman scattering and second-harmonic generation microscopy. Biophys J 2012; 102:1988-95. [PMID: 22768956 PMCID: PMC3328706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol crystals (ChCs) have been identified as a major factor of plaque vulnerability and as a potential biomarker for atherosclerosis. Yet, due to the technical challenge of selectively detecting cholesterol in its native tissue environment, the physiochemical role of ChCs in atherosclerotic progression remains largely unknown. In this work, we demonstrate the utility of hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy combined with second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy to selectively detect ChC. We show that despite the polarization sensitivity of the ChC Raman spectrum, cholesterol monohydrate crystals can be reliably discriminated from aliphatic lipids, from structural proteins of the tissue matrix and from other condensed structures, including cholesteryl esters. We also show that ChCs exhibit a nonvanishing SHG signal, corroborating the noncentrosymmetry of the crystal lattice composed of chiral cholesterol molecules. However, combined hyperspectral SRS and SHG imaging reveals that not all SHG-active structures with solidlike morphologies can be assigned to ChCs. This study exemplifies the merit of combining SRS and SHG microscopy for an enhanced label-free chemical analysis of crystallized structures in diseased tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L. Suhalim
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Chao-Yu Chung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Magnus B. Lilledahl
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ryan S. Lim
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Moshe Levi
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Eric O. Potma
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California
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