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Chang Y, Li X, Jiang J, Gui L, Wan L, Zhou X, Liao L, Li K, Lan K. Separation of bile acid isomer plays a pivotal role in bioequivalence evaluation of ursodeoxycholic acid. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 239:115882. [PMID: 38071766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Based on our experiences in bile acid profiling, this work developed and validated a liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method to separate endogenous bile acid isomers and quantitatively determine ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) in human plasma. The separation was performed on a CORTECS C18 column with the mobile phase consisting of 1.0 mM ammonium acetate and acetonitrile-methanol (80:20, v/v). UDCA, GUDCA and TUDCA were detected in the negative mode on a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer at the ion transitions of m/z 391 > 391, m/z 448 > 74, m/z 498 > 80, respectively. Phosphate buffer was employed as the surrogate matrix to establish the isotope internal standard corrected calibration curves of analytes. The background-method with a linearity range of 10-200 ng/mL was partially validated to determine the endogenous levels of analytes in blank human plasma, which was incorporated into the validation of bioequivalence-method with a linearity range of 50-10000 ng/mL. The bioequivalence (BE)-method was fully validated with special focus on matrix effects, which have been critically evaluated using the precision and accuracy of quality control samples prepared from the blank human plasma of 12 individuals. It is disclosed for the first time that the BE results of UDCA formulation may yield false results when the method is insufficient to separate UDCA from isoursodeoxycholic acid, a microbial metabolite of both endogenous and exogenous UDCA. The present method has established a milestone for the evaluation of UDCA formulations and is expected to provide a valuable reference for the bioanalytical development of endogenous medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Chang
- Department of Analytical Toxicology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Sichuan Provincial Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuejing Li
- Chengdu Cynogen Bio-pharmaceutical Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Jinping Jiang
- Chengdu Cynogen Bio-pharmaceutical Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Lanlan Gui
- Chengdu Cynogen Bio-pharmaceutical Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linfei Wan
- Chengdu Cynogen Bio-pharmaceutical Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhou
- Chengdu Cynogen Bio-pharmaceutical Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Linchuan Liao
- Department of Analytical Toxicology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Kexin Li
- Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Ke Lan
- Chengdu Cynogen Bio-pharmaceutical Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Carotti A, Varfaj I, Pruscini I, Abualzulof GWA, Mercolini L, Bianconi E, Macchiarulo A, Camaioni E, Sardella R. Estimating the hydrophobicity extent of molecular fragments using reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300346. [PMID: 37438993 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
A fast HPLC method was developed to study the hydrophobicity extent of pharmaceutically relevant molecular fragments. By this strategy, the reduced amount of sample available for physico-chemical evaluations in early-phase drug discovery programs does not represent a limiting factor. The sixteen acid fragments investigated were previously synthesized also determining potentiometrically their experimental log D values. For four fragments it was not possible to determine such property since their values were outside of the instrumental working range (2 < pKa < 12). An RP-HPLC method was therefore optimized. For each scrutinized method, some derived chromatographic indices were calculated, and Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) allowed to select the so-called "φ0 index" as the best correlating with the log D. Thew s p H ${}_w^spH$ was fixed at 3.5 and a modification of some variables [organic modifier (methanol vs. ACN), stationary phase (octyl vs. octadecyl), presence/absence of the additives n-octanol, n-butylamine, and n-octylamine], allowed to select the best correlation conditions, producing a r = 0.94 (p < 0.001). Importantly, the φ0 index enabled the estimation of log D values for four fragments which were unattainable by potentiometric titration. Moreover, a series of molecular descriptors were calculated to identify the chemical characteristics of the fragments explaining the obtained φ0 . The number of hydrogen bond donors and the index of cohesive interaction correlated with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fabretti 48, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ina Varfaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fabretti 48, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pruscini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fabretti 48, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ghaid W A Abualzulof
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fabretti 48, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - Via Belmeloro 6, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Bianconi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fabretti 48, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fabretti 48, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fabretti 48, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fabretti 48, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Vázquez-Gómez S, Vázquez-Tato MP, Seijas JA, Meijide F, de Frutos S, Tato JV. Thermodynamics of the aggregation of the bile anions of obeticholic and chenodeoxycholic acids in aqueous solution. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Permeability prediction for zwitterions via chromatographic indexes and classification into 'certain' and 'uncertain'. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1553-1563. [PMID: 31240942 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The development of zwitterions to a drug is likely to be more challenging than compounds of other charge types. Results: Two chromatographic indexes (log k'80 PLRP-S and log KWIAM) can be successfully used as permeability classifiers of ampholytes. Moreover, a pragmatic classification into ordinary ampholytes; zwitterions 'certain' (i.e., the zwitterionic species is dominant in the physiological pH range); and zwitterions 'uncertain' (multiple species are present in the physiological pH range) enables to study the permeability of ampholytic compounds in relation to species distribution. Methodology: Potentiometry (pKa), reversed-phase (RP)-chromatography, tri-layer parallel artificial membrane permeability assays, quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPR) and block relevance (BR) analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Conclusion: Structures considered as poorly permeable like zwitterions can be integrated in drug discovery programs by applying ad hoc experimental and computational tools.
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Mostarda S, Filipponi P, Sardella R, Venturoni F, Natalini B, Pellicciari R, Gioiello A. Glucuronidation of bile acids under flow conditions: design of experiments and Koenigs–Knorr reaction optimization. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:9592-600. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01911c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sardella R, Scorzoni S, Conte C, Lisanti A, Ianni F, Natalini B. Novel orthogonal liquid chromatography methods to dose neurotransmitters involved in Parkinson's disease. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 98:253-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Poša M, Sebenji A. Determination of number-average aggregation numbers of bile salts micelles with a special emphasis on their oxo derivatives—The effect of the steroid skeleton. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:1072-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Natalini B, Sardella R, Gioiello A, Ianni F, Di Michele A, Marinozzi M. Determination of bile salt critical micellization concentration on the road to drug discovery. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 87:62-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Synthesis and quantitative structure-property relationships of side chain-modified hyodeoxycholic acid derivatives. Molecules 2013; 18:10497-513. [PMID: 23999724 PMCID: PMC6270434 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180910497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids have emerged as versatile signalling compounds of a complex network of nuclear and membrane receptors regulating various endocrine and paracrine functions. The elucidation of the interconnection between the biological pathways under the bile acid control and manifestations of hepatic and metabolic diseases have extended the scope of this class of steroids for in vivo investigations. In this framework, the design and synthesis of novel biliary derivatives able to modulate a specific receptor requires a deep understanding of both structure-activity and structure-property relationships of bile acids. In this paper, we report the preparation and the critical micellization concentration evaluation of a series of hyodeoxycholic acid derivatives characterized by a diverse side chain length and by the presence of a methyl group at the alpha position with respect to the terminal carboxylic acid moiety. The data collected are instrumental to extend on a quantitative basis, the knowledge of the current structure-property relationships of bile acids and will be fruitful, in combination with models of receptor activity, to design and prioritize the synthesis of novel pharmacokinetically suitable ligands useful in the validation of bile acid-responsive receptors as therapeutic targets.
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Matsuoka K, Takagi K, Honda C. Micelle formation of sodium hyodeoxycholate. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 172-173:6-13. [PMID: 23665117 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sodium hyodeoxycholate (NaHDC) is the main component of hog bile salts, which play a role in the absorption of sparingly soluble materials in the intestinal solution. The biosurfactant has an amphiphilic molecular structure, similar to that of ursodeoxycholate from bear gallbladder. Micelle formation from hyodeoxycholate was studied at 308.2K using pyrene fluorescence probe to determine critical micelle concentrations (cmc) at various NaCl concentrations. The change in the fluorescence spectrum peak ratios with NaHDC concentration indicated two steps for bile salt aggregation. The first step was the formation of small micelles (cmc) at 5mM, and the second step was the formation of stable aggregates at 14 mM in aqueous solution. The aggregation of hyodeoxycholate, analyzed using the stepwise association model, was found to grow its aggregation number from 4 to 7 with increasing concentration. The aggregation number in aqueous solution was also confirmed by the static light scattering method. The average measured aggregation number of the micelles was 6.7. The micellar size was relatively small as measured by either method, but it was covered by general aggregation number of human bile salts. The degree of counterion binding to the micelles, determined using a sodium ion-selective electrode, was ca. 0.5 for the NaHDC micelles. This value was relatively high among typical bile salts. Moreover, the solubilization capacity of the NaHDC micelles was assessed using cholesterol. It became clear that NaHDC micelles hardly solubilized cholesterol compared to typical human bile salts. The maximum solubilization by NaHDC was equivalent only to that by sodium ursodeoxycholate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Matsuoka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Higashi-Tamagawagakuen 3-3165, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan.
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Sardella R, Gioiello A, Ianni F, Venturoni F, Natalini B. HPLC/ELSD analysis of amidated bile acids: An effective and rapid way to assist continuous flow chemistry processes. Talanta 2012; 100:364-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Venturoni F, Gioiello A, Sardella R, Natalini B, Pellicciari R. Continuous flow synthesis and scale-up of glycine- and taurine-conjugated bile salts. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:4109-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25528f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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