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Stadlmair LF, Letzel T, Drewes JE, Grassmann J. Enzymes in removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater: A critical review of challenges, applications and screening methods for their selection. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 205:649-661. [PMID: 29723723 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
At present, the removal of trace organic chemicals such as pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants is often incomplete resulting in a continuous discharge into the aqueous environment. To overcome this issue, bioremediation approaches gained significant importance in recent times, since they might have a lower carbon footprint than chemical or physical treatment methods. In this context, enzyme-based technologies represent a promising alternative since they are able to specifically target certain chemicals. For this purpose, versatile monitoring of enzymatic reactions is of great importance in order to understand underlying transformation mechanisms and estimate the suitability of various enzymes exhibiting different specificities for bioremediation purposes. This study provides a comprehensive review, summarizing research on enzymatic transformation of pharmaceuticals in water treatment applications using traditional and state-of-the-art enzyme screening approaches with a special focus on mass spectrometry (MS)-based and high-throughput tools. MS-based enzyme screening represents an approach that allows a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of enzymatic reactions and, in particular, the identification of transformation products. A critical discussion of these approaches for implementation in wastewater treatment processes is also presented. So far, there are still major gaps between laboratory- and field-scale research that need to be overcome in order to assess the viability for real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara F Stadlmair
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Johanna Grassmann
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
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Stadlmair LF, Letzel T, Graßmann J. Monitoring enzymatic degradation of emerging contaminants using a chip-based robotic nano-ESI-MS tool. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:27-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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3
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Carere J, Colgrave ML, Stiller J, Liu C, Manners JM, Kazan K, Gardiner DM. Enzyme-driven metabolomic screening: a proof-of-principle method for discovery of plant defence compounds targeted by pathogens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:770-779. [PMID: 27353742 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a variety of secondary metabolites to defend themselves from pathogen attack, while pathogens have evolved to overcome plant defences by producing enzymes that degrade or modify these defence compounds. However, many compounds targeted by pathogen enzymes currently remain enigmatic. Identifying host compounds targeted by pathogen enzymes would enable us to understand the potential importance of such compounds in plant defence and modify them to make them insensitive to pathogen enzymes. Here, a proof of concept metabolomics-based method was developed to discover plant defence compounds modified by pathogens using two pathogen enzymes with known targets in wheat and tomato. Plant extracts treated with purified pathogen enzymes were subjected to LC-MS, and the relative abundance of metabolites before and after treatment were comparatively analysed. Using two enzymes from different pathogens the in planta targets could be found by combining relatively simple enzymology with the power of untargeted metabolomics. Key to the method is dataset simplification based on natural isotope occurrence and statistical filtering, which can be scripted. The method presented here will aid in our understanding of plant-pathogen interactions and may lead to the development of new plant protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Carere
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, Qld, 4067, Australia.
| | - Michelle L Colgrave
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, Qld, 4067, Australia
| | - Jiri Stiller
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, Qld, 4067, Australia
| | - Chunji Liu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, Qld, 4067, Australia
| | - John M Manners
- CSIRO Agriculture, Black Mountain, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Kemal Kazan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, Qld, 4067, Australia
| | - Donald M Gardiner
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, Qld, 4067, Australia
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Kaufmann CM, Grassmann J, Letzel T. HPLC method development for the online-coupling of chromatographic Perilla frutescens extract separation with xanthine oxidase enzymatic assay. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 124:347-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Krappmann M, de Boer AR, Kool DRW, Irth H, Letzel T. Mass spectrometric real-time monitoring of an enzymatic phosphorylation assay using internal standards and data-handling freeware. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1019-1030. [PMID: 27003039 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Continuous-flow reaction detection systems (monitoring enzymatic reactions with mass spectrometry (MS)) lack quantitative values so far. Therefore, two independent internal standards (IS) are implemented in a way that the online system stability can be observed, quantitative conversion values for substrate and product can be obtained and they can be used as mass calibration standards for high MS accuracy. METHODS An application previously developed for the MS detection of peptide phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) (De Boer et al., Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2005, 381, 647-655) was transferred to a continuous-flow reaction detection system. This enzymatic reaction, involving enzyme activation as well as the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a peptide substrate, was used to prove the compatibility of a quantitative enzymatic assay in a continuous-flow real-time system (connected to MS). RESULTS Moreover (using internal standards), the critical parameter reaction temperature (including solution density variations depending on temperature) was studied in the continuous-flow mixing system. Furthermore, two substrates (malantide and kemptide), two enzyme types (catalytic subunit of PKA and complete PKA) and one inhibitor were tested to determine system robustness and long-term availability. Even spraying solutions that contained significant amount of MS contaminants (e.g. the polluted catalytic subunit) resulted in quantifiable MS signal intensities. Subsequent recalculations using the internal standards led to results representing the power of this application. CONCLUSIONS The presented methodology and the data evaluation with available Achroma freeware enable the direct coupling of biochemical assays with quantitative MS detection. Monitoring changes such as temperature, reaction time, inhibition, or compound concentrations can be observed quantitatively and thus enzymatic activity can be calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krappmann
- Zentrum für Forschung und Weiterbildung, Weihenstephan-Triesdorf - University of Applied Science, Am Staudengarten 7, D-85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Arjen R de Boer
- Faculty of Sciences, Division of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Free University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël R W Kool
- Faculty of Sciences, Division of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Free University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hubertus Irth
- Faculty of Sciences, Division of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Free University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Faculty of Sciences, Division of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Free University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Analytical Research Group, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 8, D-85748, Garching, Germany
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Iyer JK, Otvos RA, Kool J, Kini RM. Microfluidic Chip–Based Online Screening Coupled to Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:212-20. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057115602648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin and factor Xa (FXa) are critical enzymes of the blood coagulation cascade and are excellent targets of anticoagulant agents. Natural sources present an array of anticoagulants that can be developed as antithrombotic drugs. High-resolution, online screening techniques have been developed for the identification of drug leads from complex mixtures. In this study, we have developed and optimized a microfluidic online screening technique coupled to nano–liquid chromatography (LC) and in parallel with a mass spectrometer for the identification of thrombin and FXa inhibitors in mixtures. Inhibitors eluting from the nano-LC were split postcolumn in a 1:1 ratio; half was fed into a mass spectrometer (where its mass is detected), and the other half was fed into a microfluidic chip (which acts as a microreactor for the online assays). With our platform, thrombin and FXa inhibitors were detected in the assay in parallel with their mass identification. These methods are suitable for the identification of inhibitors from sample amounts as low as sub-microliter volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reka A. Otvos
- AIMMS Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- AIMMS Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - R. Manjunatha Kini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Burkhardt T, Kaufmann CM, Letzel T, Grassmann J. Enzymatic Assays Coupled with Mass Spectrometry with or without Embedded Liquid Chromatography. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1985-92. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Therese Burkhardt
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering; Technical University of Munich (TUM); Am Coulombwall 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Christine M. Kaufmann
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering; Technical University of Munich (TUM); Am Coulombwall 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering; Technical University of Munich (TUM); Am Coulombwall 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Johanna Grassmann
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering; Technical University of Munich (TUM); Am Coulombwall 85748 Garching Germany
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Microscopy ambient ionization top-down mass spectrometry reveals developmental patterning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:14855-60. [PMID: 23969833 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1310618110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is immense cellular and molecular heterogeneity in biological systems. Here, we demonstrate the utility of integrating an inverted light microscope with an ambient ionization source, nanospray electrospray desorption ionization, attached to a high-resolution mass spectrometer to characterize the molecular composition of mouse spinal cords. We detected a broad range of molecules, including peptides and proteins, as well as metabolites such as lipids, sugars, and other small molecules, including S-adenosyl methionine and glutathione, through top-down MS. Top-down analysis revealed variation in the expression of Hb, including the transition from fetal to adult Hb and heterogeneity in Hb subunits consistent with the genetic diversity of the mouse models. Similarly, temporal changes to actin-sequestering proteins β-thymosins during development were observed. These results demonstrate that interfacing microscopy with ambient ionization provides the means to perform targeted in situ ambient top-down mass spectral analysis to study the pattern of proteins, lipids, and sugars in biologically heterogeneous samples.
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Meng Q, Mäkinen VP, Luk H, Yang X. Systems Biology Approaches and Applications in Obesity, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Diseases. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2013; 7:73-83. [PMID: 23326608 PMCID: PMC3543610 DOI: 10.1007/s12170-012-0280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The metabolically connected triad of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases is a major public health threat, and is expected to worsen due to the global shift toward energy-rich and sedentary living. Despite decades of intense research, a large part of the molecular pathogenesis behind complex metabolic diseases remains unknown. Recent advances in genetics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics enable us to obtain large-scale snapshots of the etiological processes in multiple disease-related cells, tissues and organs. These datasets provide us with an opportunity to go beyond conventional reductionist approaches and to pinpoint the specific perturbations in critical biological processes. In this review, we summarize systems biology methodologies such as functional genomics, causality inference, data-driven biological network construction, and higher-level integrative analyses that can produce novel mechanistic insights, identify disease biomarkers, and uncover potential therapeutic targets from a combination of omics datasets. Importantly, we also demonstrate the power of these approaches by application examples in obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingying Meng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California (UCLA), 610 Charles E. Young Dr E., Terasaki Life Sciences Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Ville-Petteri Mäkinen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California (UCLA), 610 Charles E. Young Dr E., Terasaki Life Sciences Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Helen Luk
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California (UCLA), 610 Charles E. Young Dr E., Terasaki Life Sciences Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California (UCLA), 610 Charles E. Young Dr E., Terasaki Life Sciences Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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Screening of new huprines—Inhibitors of acetylcholinesterases by electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 70:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Liu C, Fan D, Shi Y, Zhou Q. A glimpse of enzymology within the idea of systems. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 55:826-33. [PMID: 23015132 PMCID: PMC7088909 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ChuanPeng Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
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SCHEERLE RK, GRASSMANN J, LETZEL T. Real-time ESI-MS of Enzymatic Conversion: Impact of Organic Solvents and Multiplexing. ANAL SCI 2012; 28:607-12. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.28.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romy K. SCHEERLE
- Analytical Research Group, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München
| | - Johanna GRASSMANN
- Analytical Research Group, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München
| | - Thomas LETZEL
- Competence Pool Weihenstephan, associated with Technische Universität München
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