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Tarasek D, Gąsowska-Bajger B, Wojtasek H. Mechanisms of interference of p-diphenols with the Trinder reaction. Bioorg Chem 2020; 97:103692. [PMID: 32155504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
p-Diphenols, such as homogentisic acid, gentisic acid, etamsylate, and calcium dobesilate, interfere with diagnostic tests utilizing the Trinder reaction but the mechanisms of these effects are not fully understood. We observed substantial differences both in oxidation of p-diphenols by horseradish peroxidase and their influence on oxidation of 4-aminoantipyrine and various phenolic substrates. Homogentisic acid was rapidly oxidized by the enzyme and completely blocked chromophore formation. Enzymatic oxidation of the remaining p-diphenols was slow and they only moderately inhibited chromophore formation. However, in the presence of standard substrates all tested p-diphenols were rapidly converted to p-quinones. Hydrogen peroxide consumption was significantly accelerated by homogentisic acid but not much affected by the other p-diphenols. The magnitude and mechanisms of interference caused by p-diphenols therefore depend on their structure which determines their electrochemical properties - while for homogentisic acid with an electron-donating substituent and a lower reduction potential both enzymatic oxidation and reduction of the peroxidase-generated radicals occur, for p-diphenols with electron-withdrawing substituents and higher reduction potentials only the second mechanism is significant. Correlation of the effects on the Trinder reaction with reduction potentials of interfering compounds allows prediction of such properties for a wide range of other reducing compounds based on this parameter. It also explains why compounds with very different structures but strong reducing properties show such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Tarasek
- Institute of Chemistry, Opole University, Ul. Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland
| | | | - Hubert Wojtasek
- Institute of Chemistry, Opole University, Ul. Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland.
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Kawano M, Hokazono E, Osawa S, Sato S, Tateishi T, Manabe M, Matsui H, Kayamori Y. A novel assay for triglycerides using glycerol dehydrogenase and a water-soluble formazan dye, WST-8. Ann Clin Biochem 2019; 56:442-449. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563219830715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The glycerol-3-phosphate (GPO)-peroxidase (POD) chromogenic method is one of the most widely used methods to assay triglycerides. However, it is well known that peroxidase is affected by reducing agents, and recently, it has been reported that some materials affect its activity. Moreover, there is a high possibility of non-specific reaction, as the method uses many enzymes. Against this background, we developed a simpler assay method for triglycerides without using peroxidase. Methods Triglycerides were hydrolysed to glycerol and fatty acids by lipoprotein lipase followed by the oxidation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone with simultaneous production of NADH by glycerol dehydrogenase. To overcome incomplete conversion of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by glycerol dehydrogenase at equilibrium, we added 2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3–(4-nitrophenyl)-5–(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2 H-tetrazolium monosodium salt (WST-8) to the reaction mixture to remove NADH, allowing the reaction to complete while showing stoichiometric production of reduced WST-8. Results The reaction was linear up to 6.4 mmol/L. The mean intra-assay ( n = 20) and inter-assay ( n = 20) imprecision, as determined by replicate analysis of three pooled human serum samples with different triglyceride concentrations, were 1.1–2.3% and 1.1–1.5% coefficient of variation (%CV), respectively. No interference by 2.5 g/L haemoglobin, 65 μmol/L free bilirubin and 359 μmol/L conjugated bilirubin was observed. The equation obtained in comparison with that by the GPO-POD method including endogenous glycerol-eliminating step was: y = 1.0002x + 0.0395 mmol/L; r = 0.999; Sy/x = 0.049 mmol/L; n = 97. Conclusion Our method is an accurate, yet simpler and more sensitive for the quantitative analysis of triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Kawano
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- School of Health Sciences at Narita, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Eisaku Hokazono
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Susumu Osawa
- School of Health Sciences at Narita, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Shouichi Sato
- School of Health Sciences at Narita, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Takiko Tateishi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Junshin Gakuen University, Minami-ku, Japan
| | - Masahiro Manabe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsui
- Department of Molecular Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuzo Kayamori
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Lu S, Yu T, Wang Y, Liang L, Chen Y, Xu F, Wang S. Nanomaterial-based biosensors for measurement of lipids and lipoproteins towards point-of-care of cardiovascular disease. Analyst 2018; 142:3309-3321. [PMID: 28828428 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00847c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become the primary cause of global deaths and inflicts an enormous healthcare burden on both developed and developing countries. Frequent monitoring of CVD-associated risk factors such as the level of lipids (e.g., triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC)) and lipoproteins (e.g., low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)) can effectively help prevent disease progression and improve clinical outcomes. However, measurement of these risk factors is generally integrated into an automated analyzer, which is prohibitively expensive and highly instrument-dependent for routine testing in primary care settings. As such, a variety of rapid, simple and portable nanomaterial-based biosensors have been developed for measuring the level of lipids (TG and TC) and lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) towards the management of CVD at the point-of-care (POC). In this review, we first summarize traditional methods for measurement of lipids and lipoproteins, and then present the latest advances in developing nanomaterial-based biosensors that can potentially monitor the risk factors of CVD at the POC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siming Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, China.
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Interference of carbidopa and other catechols with reactions catalyzed by peroxidases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1626-1634. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Prinsloo G, Papadi G, Hiben MG, de Haan L, Louisse J, Beekmann K, Vervoort J, Rietjens IMCM. In vitro bioassays to evaluate beneficial and adverse health effects of botanicals: promises and pitfalls. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1187-1200. [PMID: 28533190 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an update on the promises and pitfalls when using in vitro bioassays to evaluate beneficial and adverse health effects of botanicals and botanical preparations. Important issues addressed in the paper are: (i) the type of assays and biological effects available; (ii) false-positives, false-negatives and confounding factors; (iii) matrix and combination effects; (iv) extrapolation of in vitro data to the in vivo situation; (v) when (not) to use bioassays; and (vi) identification of active constituents. It is concluded that in vitro bioassays provide models to detect beneficial as well as adverse activities, but that linking these observations to individual ingredients and extrapolations to the in vivo situation is more complicated than generally anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Prinsloo
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Private bag x 6, Florida, South Africa.
| | - Georgia Papadi
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biological Applications & Technology, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Mebrahtom G Hiben
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Laura de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karsten Beekmann
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Private bag x 6, Florida, South Africa; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Hoek-van den Hil EF, van Schothorst EM, van der Stelt I, Swarts HJM, van Vliet M, Amolo T, Vervoort JJM, Venema D, Hollman PCH, Rietjens IMCM, Keijer J. Direct comparison of metabolic health effects of the flavonoids quercetin, hesperetin, epicatechin, apigenin and anthocyanins in high-fat-diet-fed mice. GENES & NUTRITION 2015; 10:469. [PMID: 26022682 PMCID: PMC4447677 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-015-0469-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary flavonoid intake is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases, possibly by affecting metabolic health. The relative potency of different flavonoids in causing beneficial effects on energy and lipid metabolism has not been investigated. Effects of quercetin, hesperetin, epicatechin, apigenin and anthocyanins in mice fed a high-fat diet (HF) for 12 weeks were compared, relative to normal-fat diet. HF-induced body weight gain was significantly lowered by all flavonoids (17-29 %), but most by quercetin. Quercetin significantly lowered HF-induced hepatic lipid accumulation (71 %). Mesenteric adipose tissue weight and serum leptin levels were significantly lowered by quercetin, hesperetin and anthocyanins. Adipocyte cell size and adipose tissue inflammation were not affected. The effect on body weight and composition could not be explained by individual significant effects on energy intake, energy expenditure or activity. Lipid metabolism was not changed as measured by indirect calorimetry or expression of known lipid metabolic genes in liver and white adipose tissue. Hepatic expression of Cyp2b9 was strongly downregulated by all flavonoids. In conclusion, all flavonoids lowered parameters of HF-induced adiposity, with quercetin being most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise F. Hoek-van den Hil
- />Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- />Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- />RIKILT Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Inge van der Stelt
- />Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J. M. Swarts
- />Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjanne van Vliet
- />Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Amolo
- />Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dini Venema
- />RIKILT Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jaap Keijer
- />Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Duivenvoorde LPM, van Schothorst EM, Swarts HM, Kuda O, Steenbergh E, Termeulen S, Kopecky J, Keijer J. A Difference in Fatty Acid Composition of Isocaloric High-Fat Diets Alters Metabolic Flexibility in Male C57BL/6JOlaHsd Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128515. [PMID: 26098756 PMCID: PMC4476692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are considered to be healthier than saturated fatty acids (SFAs), but others postulate that especially the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 PUFAs (n6/n3 ratio) determines health. Health can be determined with biomarkers, but functional health status is likely better reflected by challenge tests that assess metabolic flexibility. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of high-fat diets with different fatty acid compositions, but similar n6/n3 ratio, on metabolic flexibility. Therefore, adult male mice received isocaloric high-fat diets with either predominantly PUFAs (HFpu diet) or predominantly SFAs (HFs diet) but similar n6/n3 ratio for six months, during and after which several biomarkers for health were measured. Metabolic flexibility was assessed by the response to an oral glucose tolerance test, a fasting and re-feeding test and an oxygen restriction test (OxR; normobaric hypoxia). The latter two are non-invasive, indirect calorimetry-based tests that measure the adaptive capacity of the body as a whole. We found that the HFs diet, compared to the HFpu diet, increased mean adipocyte size, liver damage, and ectopic lipid storage in liver and muscle; although, we did not find differences in body weight, total adiposity, adipose tissue health, serum adipokines, whole body energy balance, or circadian rhythm between HFs and HFpu mice. HFs mice were, furthermore, less flexible in their response to both fasting- re-feeding and OxR, while glucose tolerance was indistinguishable. To conclude, the HFs versus the HFpu diet increased ectopic fat storage, liver damage, and mean adipocyte size and reduced metabolic flexibility in male mice. This study underscores the physiological relevance of indirect calorimetry-based challenge tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hans M. Swarts
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Esther Steenbergh
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Termeulen
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Direct comparison of health effects by dietary polyphenols at equimolar doses in wildtype moderate high-fat fed C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Hoek-van den Hil EF, van Schothorst EM, van der Stelt I, Swarts HJM, Venema D, Sailer M, Vervoort JJM, Hollman PCH, Rietjens IMCM, Keijer J. Quercetin decreases high-fat diet induced body weight gain and accumulation of hepatic and circulating lipids in mice. GENES AND NUTRITION 2014; 9:418. [PMID: 25047408 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-014-0418-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dietary flavonoids may protect against cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Increased circulating lipid levels and hepatic lipid accumulation are known risk factors for CVD. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of the flavonoid quercetin on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice with high-fat diet induced body weight gain and hepatic lipid accumulation. Adult male mice received a 40 energy% high-fat diet without or with supplementation of 0.33 % (w/w) quercetin for 12 weeks. Body weight gain was 29 % lower in quercetin fed mice (p < 0.01), while the energy intake was not significantly different. Quercetin supplementation lowered hepatic lipid accumulation to 29 % of the amount present in the control mice (p < 0.01). (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance serum lipid profiling revealed that the supplementation significantly lowered serum lipid levels. Global gene expression profiling of liver showed that cytochrome P450 2b (Cyp2b) genes, key target genes of the transcription factor constitutive androstane receptor (Car; official symbol Nr1i3), were downregulated. Quercetin decreased high-fat diet induced body weight gain, hepatic lipid accumulation and serum lipid levels. This was accompanied by regulation of cytochrome P450 2b genes in liver, which are possibly under transcriptional control of CAR. The quercetin effects are likely dependent on the fat content of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Hoek-van den Hil
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation are differently affected by weight loss in obese mice due to either a high-fat diet restriction or change to a low-fat diet. GENES AND NUTRITION 2014; 9:391. [PMID: 24718728 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-014-0391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Restriction of a high-fat diet (HFD) and a change to a low-fat diet (LFD) are two interventions that were shown to promote weight loss and improve parameters of metabolic health in obesity. Examination of the biochemical and molecular responses of white adipose tissue (WAT) to these interventions has not been performed so far. Here, male C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice, harboring an intact nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase gene, were fed a purified 40 energy% HFD for 14 weeks to induce obesity. Afterward, mice were divided into three dietary groups: HFD (maintained on HFD), LFD (changed to LFD with identical ingredients), and HFD-CR (restricted to 70 % of the HFD). The effects of the interventions were examined after 5 weeks. Beneficial effects were seen for both HFD-CR and LFD (compared to HFD) regarding physiological parameters (body weight and fat mass) and metabolic parameters, including circulating insulin and leptin levels. Macrophage infiltration in WAT was reduced by both interventions, although more effectively by HFD-CR. Strikingly, molecular parameters in WAT differed between HFD-CR and LFD, with increased activation of mitochondrial carbohydrate and fat metabolism in HFD-CR mice. Our results confirm that restriction of the amount of dietary intake and reduction in the dietary energy content are both effective in inducing weight loss. The larger decrease in WAT inflammation and increase in mitochondrial carbohydrate metabolism may be due to a larger degree of energy restriction in HFD-CR, but could also be due to superior effectiveness of dietary restriction in weight loss strategies.
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Quercetin induces hepatic lipid omega-oxidation and lowers serum lipid levels in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51588. [PMID: 23359794 PMCID: PMC3554747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated circulating lipid levels are known risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In order to examine the effects of quercetin on lipid metabolism, mice received a mild-high-fat diet without (control) or with supplementation of 0.33% (w/w) quercetin for 12 weeks. Gas chromatography and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance were used to quantitatively measure serum lipid profiles. Whole genome microarray analysis of liver tissue was used to identify possible mechanisms underlying altered circulating lipid levels. Body weight, energy intake and hepatic lipid accumulation did not differ significantly between the quercetin and the control group. In serum of quercetin-fed mice, triglycerides (TG) were decreased with 14% (p<0.001) and total poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were increased with 13% (p<0.01). Palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid were all decreased by 9–15% (p<0.05) in quercetin-fed mice. Both palmitic acid and oleic acid can be oxidized by omega (ω)-oxidation. Gene expression profiling showed that quercetin increased hepatic lipid metabolism, especially ω-oxidation. At the gene level, this was reflected by the up-regulation of cytochrome P450 (Cyp) 4a10, Cyp4a14, Cyp4a31 and Acyl-CoA thioesterase 3 (Acot3). Two relevant regulators, cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Por, rate limiting for cytochrome P450s) and the transcription factor constitutive androstane receptor (Car; official symbol Nr1i3) were also up-regulated in the quercetin-fed mice. We conclude that quercetin intake increased hepatic lipid ω-oxidation and lowered corresponding circulating lipid levels, which may contribute to potential beneficial effects on CVD.
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