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Kim PG, Lee A, Shin J, Song E, Koo Y, Sochichiu S, Mohamed DFMS, Choi S, Hong Y, Kwon JH. Increase of the indoor concentration of volatile organic compounds after the use of incense and scented candle in studio apartments determined using passive sampling. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142344. [PMID: 38754484 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Burning incenses and scented candles may provide harmful chemicals. Although many studies have evaluated volatile organic chemicals emitted by their use and related health risks, extension of our understanding for guiding appropriate use under various use conditions is necessary. In this study, emission characteristics of commercial incenses and scented candles were evaluated in a laboratory chamber using real-time measurement and the time-weighted average exposure concentrations of monoaromatic compounds and monoterpenes were assessed using passive samplers while volunteers living in a studio apartment use them. After burning incense, the average levels of benzene increased from 1.4 to 100 μg m-3. The presence of a wood core in commercial incense products was the main cause of high benzene emission by burning them although the increase in benzene was also influenced by factors such as the brand of the products, the number of incense sticks burned, the duration of each burning session, and ventilation period. Electrical warming of scented candles increased the levels of monoterpenes by factors of 16-30 on average. Considering the emission characteristics found in this study, exposure to benzene and monoterpenes could be mitigated by cautious use of those products in residential areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil-Gon Kim
- Department of Environmental Education, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam, 58554, Republic of Korea; Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Arum Lee
- Department of Consumer Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Shin
- Department of Consumer Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene Song
- Department of Consumer Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerim Koo
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Stefana Sochichiu
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dana Fahad M S Mohamed
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Soobin Choi
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Kim PG, Lee A, Shin J, Song E, Koo Y, Mohamed DFMS, Choi S, Hong Y, Song S, Noh I, Kwon JH. Determination of terpene levels after the use of essential oil diffusers in vehicles and studio apartments using passive sampling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163071. [PMID: 36965723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The exposure levels of selected terpenes (limonene, α- and β-pinenes, and γ-terpinene) emitted by essential oil diffusers in vehicles and studio apartments were assessed using a passive sampling method. A previously developed passive sampler composed of an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane and adsorbent (ePTFE PS) was enlarged and made wearable. Before field deployment, the sampling performance of the modified ePTFE PS for selected terpenes was compared with that of active sampling in a lab-scale 5 m3 test chamber under constant exposure conditions, supporting that passive sampling provides reasonable estimates of the time-weighted exposure concentration. Fifty volunteers were recruited and asked to wear the ePTFE PS while using an essential oil diffuser inside their own vehicle while commuting and in their studio apartment while sleeping. Terpene levels without an essential oil diffuser were very low in vehicles and 47, 3.6, 1.6, and 0.62 μg m-3 for average concentrations of limonene, α- and β-pinenes, and γ-terpinene in studio apartments, respectively, close to those reported in previous studies. The indoor concentrations of all selected terpenes in vehicles and studio apartments were elevated by the use of essential oil diffusers, especially in vehicles. The average concentration of limonene in vehicles after the use of essential oil diffusers was 11 μg m-3, which was greater than that before use by a factor of 30. Therefore, cautious usage of essential oil diffusers indoors where the volume is limited, such as a vehicle, is needed to reduce exposure to terpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil-Gon Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Arum Lee
- Department of Consumer Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Shin
- Department of Consumer Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene Song
- Department of Consumer Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerim Koo
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dana Fahad M S Mohamed
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Soobin Choi
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokho Song
- Bio Division, Environmental Toxicity Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Incheol Noh
- Environment Division, Chemical Analysis Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Seoul 08503, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Coutinho GBF, Moreira MDFR, Fischer FM, dos Santos MCR, Feitosa LF, de Azevedo SV, Borges RM, Nascimento-Sales M, Christoffolete MA, Santa-Marinha MS, Valente D, Teixeira LR. Influence of Environmental Exposure to Steel Waste on Endocrine Dysregulation and PER3 Gene Polymorphisms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4760. [PMID: 36981669 PMCID: PMC10049198 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between environmental exposure to the following chemical substances: cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), benzene (BZN), and toluene (TLN), and Period Circadian Regulator 3 (PER3) gene variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphisms, according to chronotype in a population living in a steel residue-contaminated area. METHODS This assessment comprises a study conducted from 2017 to 2019 with 159 participants who completed health, work, and Pittsburgh sleep scale questionnaires. Cd, Pb, Ni, Mn, BZN, and TLN concentrations in blood and urine were determined by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) and Headspace Gas Chromatography (GC), and genotyping was carried out using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). RESULTS A total of 47% of the participants were afternoon chronotype, 42% were indifferent, and 11% were morning chronotype. Insomnia and excessive sleepiness were associated with the indifferent chronotype, while higher urinary manganese levels were associated with the morning chronotype (Kruskal-Wallis chi-square = 9.16; p < 0.01). In turn, the evening chronotype was associated with poorer sleep quality, higher lead levels in blood, and BZN and TLN levels in urine (χ2 = 11.20; p < 0.01) in non-occupationally exposed individuals (χ2 = 6.98; p < 0.01) as well as the highest BZN (χ2 = 9.66; p < 0.01) and TLN (χ2 = 5.71; p < 0.01) levels detected in residents from the influence zone 2 (far from the slag). CONCLUSION Mn, Pb, benzene, and toluene contaminants may have influenced the different chronotypes found in the steel residue-exposed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilvania Barreto Feitosa Coutinho
- Center for Studies on the Worker’s Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 1480 Leopoldo Bulhões St., Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Ramos Moreira
- Center for Studies on the Worker’s Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 1480 Leopoldo Bulhões St., Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brazil
| | - Frida Marina Fischer
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Reis dos Santos
- Center for Studies on the Worker’s Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 1480 Leopoldo Bulhões St., Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucas Ferreira Feitosa
- Center for Studies on the Worker’s Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 1480 Leopoldo Bulhões St., Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sayonara Vieira de Azevedo
- Center for Studies on the Worker’s Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 1480 Leopoldo Bulhões St., Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato Marçullo Borges
- Center for Studies on the Worker’s Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 1480 Leopoldo Bulhões St., Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michelle Nascimento-Sales
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), ABC Federal University (UFABC), Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e de Saúde (CBS), Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul (Unicsul), São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marden Samir Santa-Marinha
- Center for Studies on the Worker’s Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 1480 Leopoldo Bulhões St., Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniel Valente
- Center for Studies on the Worker’s Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 1480 Leopoldo Bulhões St., Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brazil
| | - Liliane Reis Teixeira
- Center for Studies on the Worker’s Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 1480 Leopoldo Bulhões St., Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brazil
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Chlebnikovas A, Paliulis D, Bradulienė J, Januševičius T. Short-term field research on air pollution within the boundaries of the large city in the Baltic region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022:1-16. [PMID: 36327081 PMCID: PMC9632572 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23798-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Air quality in urban and suburban areas is strongly affected by the level of local urbanization, climatic conditions and industrial activity. Monitoring the main air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and particulate matter may help control the most polluted areas of the site and take measures to reduce pollution. Uncontrolled emissions from other chemical pollutants, including volatile organic compounds and odorous contamination sources like ammonia, may cause both a chronic human disease and damage to flora and fauna. The conducted field research is aimed at determining air pollution within the areas of the large city (residential territory, recreation territory and the areas close to intense transport streets) polluted with the gaseous pollutants of varying nature (CO, NO2, ozone, sulfur dioxide, VOC and NH3) as well as particulate matter in different seasons of the year. Studies on Vilnius district air quality were carried out in 17 urban locations (sites) and based on two-phase measurements. The first phase was initiated in 2016-2017 and the second one took place in 2019-2020. It was observed that in the areas close to intense transport streets, the concentration of pollutants can increase more than 3 times, thus reaching up to 36.0 µg/m3 of PM10 (particulate matter) and up to 48.0 µg/m3 of nitrogen dioxide. During the summer period, ammonia concentrations can increase up to 3 times, reaching up to 11.0 µg/m3 from farming and/or industrial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandras Chlebnikovas
- Institute of Environmental Protection, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio Al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Institute of Mechanical Science, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, J. Basanavičiaus G. 28, 03224 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dainius Paliulis
- Institute of Environmental Protection, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio Al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jolita Bradulienė
- Institute of Environmental Protection, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio Al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Januševičius
- Institute of Environmental Protection, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio Al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Understanding the early-stage release of volatile organic compounds from rapeseed oil during deep-frying of tubers by targeted and omics-inspired approaches using PTR-MS and gas chromatography. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111716. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Elastomers via Low-Temperature Extrusion Process: Physico-Mechanical Properties and Volatile Organic Emission Assessment. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030546. [PMID: 35160532 PMCID: PMC8839703 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, low-temperature extrusion of ground tire rubber was performed as a pro-ecological waste tires recycling method. During this process, ground tire rubber was modified with constant content of dicumyl peroxide and a variable amount of elastomer (in the range: 2.5–15 phr). During the studies, three types of elastomers were used: styrene-butadiene rubber, styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene grafted with maleic anhydride and ethylene-octene copolymer. Energy consumption measurements, curing characteristics, physico-mechanical properties and volatile organic compounds emitted from modified reclaimed GTR were determined. The VOCs emission profile was investigated using a passive sampling technique, miniature emission chambers system and static headspace analysis and subsequently quantitative or qualitative analysis by gas chromatography. The VOCs analysis showed that in the studied conditions the most emitted volatile compounds are dicumyl peroxide decomposition by-products, such as: α-methylstyrene, acetophenone, α-cumyl alcohol, methyl cumyl ether, while the detection level of benzothiazole (devulcanization “marker”) was very low. Moreover, it was found that the mechanical properties of the obtained materials significantly improved with a higher content of styrene-butadiene rubber and styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene grafted with maleic anhydride while the opposite trend was observed for ethylene-octene copolymer content.
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Investigation of the Presence Volatile Organic Compounds (BTEX) in the Ambient Air and Biogases Produced by a Shiraz Landfill in Southern Iran. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14021040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The generation and emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) affects the environment and air quality, playing an important role in global warming, depletion of atmospheric ozone and emission of unpleasant odors, but also directly affect human health. This study investigated the health risks of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX) compounds and biogas released in and around the municipal landfill. Sampling of the VOCs was carried out by the 1501NIOSH method from 8 points over 5 months. The samples were analyzed for BTEX in the ambient air of the landfill, resulting in 0.03–18.09 ppm concentrations, while for biogases a 0.08–25.2 ppm range was found. Assessment of definite health and potential risks showed that the lifetime cancer risk (LCR) for benzene and hazard quotient (HQ) for the BTEX components in all studied sampling sites are higher than the acceptable standard. The high concentration of benzene measured in ambient air indicated that petroleum compounds containing benzene and its derivatives have the highest value in the category of BTEX compounds among all emissions. Therefore, high concentrations of volatile compounds derived from VOCs, especially benzene, should be reduced at the site with control engineering measures.
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Kim PG, Kwon JH, Hong Y. Development of an expanded polytetrafluorethylene dosimeter for the passive sampling of volatile organic compounds in air. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149026. [PMID: 34303233 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A passive sampler composed of a porous, hydrophobic, and gas-permeable expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) tube was developed to effectively concentrate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air. The ePTFE dosimeter has larger sorbent mass normalized sampling rates (L h-1) compared with literature. This result suggests that ePTFE dosimeter can effectively detect low level VOCs in less contaminated air, including indoors. The air boundary layer thickness can be neglected when the mass accumulated in sorbent is converted to gas phase VOCs concentrations. The vapor pressure dependent desorption of VOCs from the sorbent was observed and modeling results suggested that this could lead to the underestimation of VOCs concentrations in air. However, the determination of the appropriate sampling time and the consideration of desorption could overcome the underestimation. A proton transfer reaction quadrupole mass spectrometer and passive samplers were deployed simultaneously in a chamber under fluctuating VOCs concentrations in air. The time-weighted average concentrations of ethylbenzene were 0.016, 0.015, and 0.017 g m-3 for 23, 46, and 69 min experimental period, respectively. The average concentration of the real-time analysis was 0.015 g m-3 for 69 min. The results show the ePTFE dosimeter can be used to estimate time weighted VOCs concentrations in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil-Gon Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea.
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Insights into the Thermo-Mechanical Treatment of Brewers' Spent Grain as a Potential Filler for Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060879. [PMID: 33809349 PMCID: PMC7999812 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper investigated the impact of twin-screw extrusion parameters on the properties of brewers’ spent grain. The chemical structure, antioxidant activity, particle size, and color properties, as well as the emission of volatile organic compounds during extrusion, were investigated. The main compounds detected in the air during modifications were terpenes and terpenoids, such as α-pinene, camphene, 3-carene, limonene, or terpinene. They could be considered as a potential threat to human health and the environment. Changes in the chemical structure, antioxidant activity, and color of materials after modification indicated the Maillard reactions during extrusion, which resulted in the generation of melanoidins, especially at higher temperatures. This should be considered an exciting feature of this treatment method because modified brewers’ spent grain may improve the thermooxidative stability of polymer materials. Moreover, the impact of the brewers’ spent grain particle size on color and browning index used to determine the melanoidins content was investigated. The presented results show that proper adjustment of extrusion parameters enables the preparation of brewers’ spent grain with the desired appearance and chemical properties, which could maximize the efficiency of the modification process.
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Hamid HHA, Latif MT, Uning R, Nadzir MSM, Khan MF, Ta GC, Kannan N. Observations of BTEX in the ambient air of Kuala Lumpur by passive sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:342. [PMID: 32382809 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) are well known hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) due to their human health risks and photochemical effects. The main objective of this study was to estimate BTEX levels and evaluate interspecies ratios and ozone formation potentials (OFP) in the ambient air of urban Kuala Lumpur (KL) based on a passive sampling method with a Tenax® GR adsorbent tube. Analysis of BTEX was performed using a thermal desorption (TD)-gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GCMS). OFP was calculated based on the Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR). Results from this study showed that the average total BTEX during the sampling period was 66.06 ± 2.39 μg/m3. Toluene (27.70 ± 0.97 μg/m3) was the highest, followed by m,p-xylene (13.87 ± 0.36 μg/m3), o-xylene (11.49 ± 0.39 μg/m3), ethylbenzene (8.46 ± 0.34 μg/m3) and benzene (3.86 ± 0.31 μg/m3). The ratio of toluene to benzene (T:B) is > 7, suggesting that VOCs in the Kuala Lumpur urban environment are influenced by vehicle emissions and other anthropogenic sources. The average of ozone formation potential (OFP) value from BTEX was 278.42 ± 74.64 μg/m3 with toluene and xylenes being the major contributors to OFP. This study also indicated that the average of benzene concentration in KL was slightly lower than the European Union (EU)-recommended health limit value for benzene of 5 μg/m3 annual exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid
- Institute for Environmental and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Royston Uning
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Md Firoz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Goh Choo Ta
- Institute for Environmental and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Narayanan Kannan
- Smart Green Consultancy Sdn Bhd, 20A Jalan Ipoh Kecil, Off Jalan Ipoh, 50350, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Marć M, Śmiełowska M, Zabiegała B. Concentrations of monoaromatic hydrocarbons in the air of the underground car park and individual garages attached to residential buildings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:767-777. [PMID: 27591527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The paper describes the characteristics of a two-level underground car park and three individual garages attached to residential buildings, differing by the resident utilization habits, located in North Poland (Tri-City agglomeration area). The strategy of collecting the analyte samples from air in mentioned enclosed areas, concerning the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene and p,m-xylenes (BTEX) concentrations was performed using passive sampling technique - Radiello® diffusive passive samplers with graphitised charcoal cartridge as a sorption medium. The stage of liberation and final determination of collected analytes was conducted with the use of thermal desorption-gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (TD-GC-FID) system. As a result of the performed measurements in two-level underground car park, it was observed that the time-weighted average concentrations of BTEX in air were as follows: Level-1 - benzene - 5.2±1.1μg/m3, toluene - 12.3±2.4μg/m3, ethylbenzene 2.85±0.80μg/m3, o-xylene - 4.6±1.4μg/m3, p, m-xylenes - 8.8±2,4μg/m3; Level-2 - benzene - 5.2±1.1μg/m3, toluene - 12.9±3.6μg/m3, ethylbenzene - 2.73±0.79μg/m3, o-xylene - 4.2±1.1μg/m3, p, m-xylenes - 8.5±2.3μg/m3. As for residential garages, the time-weighted average concentrations of BTEX in air were in the following ranges: from 5.9 to 53μg/m3 (benzene), from 7.1 to 195μg/m3 (toluene), from 3.0 to 39μg/m3 (ethylbenzene), from 5.6 to 44μg/m3 (o-xylene) and from 6.3 to 99μg/m3 (p,m-xylenes). Also, BTEX concentration ratios such as: tol/benz ratio and (m, p)-xyl/et.benz coefficient, were calculated based on the obtained results to assess the "freshness" of air mass and the influence exerted by vehicle movement on the concentration of BTEX in air in studied enclosed areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Marć
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Monika Śmiełowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Bożena Zabiegała
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
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Marć M, Bielawska M, Simeonov V, Namieśnik J, Zabiegała B. The effect of anthropogenic activity on BTEX, NO2, SO2, and CO concentrations in urban air of the spa city of Sopot and medium-industrialized city of Tczew located in North Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:513-24. [PMID: 26990845 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The major goal of the present study is to compare the air quality of two urban locations situated in Northern Poland - the spa City of Sopot and the medium-industrialized city of Tczew using chemometric methods. As a criterion for the assessment of atmospheric air quality, measurements of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and total xylenes were used (collected from atmospheric air using diffusion-type passive samplers) as well as measurements of inorganic compounds - CO, NO2 and SO2, which were subject to routine control and determined by means of automatic analysers. Studies related to determination of defined chemical compounds in the urban air in the monitored area were performed from January 2013 to December 2014. By interpreting the results obtained and using basic multivariate statistical tools (cluster analysis and principal components analysis), major sources of emissions of determined pollutants in the air in urbanized areas were defined. The study also shows the potential influence of the sea breeze on concentrations of chemical compounds in the atmospheric air in the spa city of Sopot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Marć
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11/12, PL 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Michalina Bielawska
- Agency of Regional Air Quality Monitoring in the Gdansk Metropolitan Area (ARMAAG), Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Vasil Simeonov
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11/12, PL 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Bożena Zabiegała
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11/12, PL 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Marć M, Formela K, Klein M, Namieśnik J, Zabiegała B. The emissions of monoaromatic hydrocarbons from small polymeric toys placed in chocolate food products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 530-531:290-296. [PMID: 26047863 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The article presents findings on the emissions of selected monoaromatic hydrocarbons from children's toys placed in chocolate food products. The emission test system involved the application of a new type of microscale stationary emission chamber, μ-CTE™ 250. In order to determine the type of the applied polymer in the manufacture of the tested toys, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis coupled with differential scanning calorimetry were used. It was found that the tested toy components or the whole toys (figurines) are made of two main types of polymers: polyamide and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer. Total number of studied small polymeric toys was 52. The average emissions of selected monoaromatic hydrocarbons from studied toys made of polyamide were as follows: benzene: 0.45 ± 0.33 ng/g; toluene: 3.3 ± 2.6 ng/g; ethylbenzene: 1.4 ± 1.4 ng/g; p,m-xylene: 2.5 ± 4.5 ng/g; and styrene: 8.2 ± 9.9 ng/g. In the case of studied toys made of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer the average emissions of benzene, toluene, ethylbeznene, p,m-xylene and styrene were: 0.31 ± 0.29 ng/g; 2.5 ± 1.4 ng/g; 4.6 ± 8.9 ng/g; 1.4 ± 1.1 ng/g; and 36 ± 44 ng/g, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Marć
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymers Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marek Klein
- Renewable Energy Department, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bożena Zabiegała
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Marć M, Bielawska M, Wardencki W, Namieśnik J, Zabiegała B. The influence of meteorological conditions and anthropogenic activities on the seasonal fluctuations of BTEX in the urban air of the Hanseatic city of Gdansk, Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11940-11954. [PMID: 25869437 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The results of studies conducted in Gdansk in the period from January to December 2013 and focused on the determination of BTEX in the atmospheric air are presented. At the stage of the isolation and/or enrichment of analytes from the gaseous medium, a passive sampling technique-Radiello® diffusive passive samplers, was applied. The time-weighted average annual concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylenes determined in the monitored area was as follows: 0.66 ± 0.32, 1.63 ± 0.94, 0.67 ± 0.61, and 2.9 ± 2.7 μg/m(3). As a result of the research, the potential emission sources of BTEX, which activity has a significant impact on the concentration of these compounds in the atmosphere in the Gdansk area, were identified. A comparison of the accuracy and precision of the results of benzene concentrations in the atmosphere obtained by the BTEX automatic analyzer and passive techniques was performed. Moreover, a significant influence of meteorological conditions, such as air temperature, intensity of solar radiation, velocity and direction of wind, humidity, and rainfall on the benzene content in ambient air was shown. Additionally, in order to determine the conditions in the area covered by the monitoring, information about atmospheric stability and the height of the mixing layer was presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Marć
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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Occupational exposure of diesel station workers to BTEX compounds at a bus depot. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:4101-15. [PMID: 25872020 PMCID: PMC4410235 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120404101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Diesel fuel is known to emit pollutants that have a negative impact on environmental and human health. In developing countries like South Africa, attendants are employed to pump fuel for customers at service stations. Attendants refuel vehicles with various octane unleaded fuel, lead-replacement petrol and diesel fuel, on a daily basis. Attendants are at risk to adverse health effects associated with the inhalation of volatile organic compounds released from these fuels. The pollutants released include benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX), which are significant due to their high level of toxicity. In this study, a risk assessment of BTEX was conducted at a diesel service station for public buses. Using Radiello passive samplers, it was found that benzene concentrations were above recommended international standards. Due to poor ventilation and high exposure duration, the average benzene concentration over the sampling campaign exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency’s chronic inhalation exposure reference concentration. Lifetime cancer risk estimation showed that on average there is a 3.78 × 10−4 cancer risk, corresponding to an average chronic daily intake of 1.38 × 10−3 mg/kg/day of benzene exposure. Additionally, there were incidences where individuals were at potential hazard risk of benzene and toluene that may pose non-carcinogenic effects to employees.
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Choi YH, Kim JH, Lee BE, Hong YC. Urinary benzene metabolite and insulin resistance in elderly adults. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 482-483:260-8. [PMID: 24657371 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzene is a volatile organic compound present in traffic-related and indoor air pollution. It is of particular concern since it is known to induce oxidative stress, which can affect insulin resistance (IR). We therefore examined the association between exposure to environmental benzene and IR in the elderly. STUDY DESIGN Between 2008 and 2010, benzene metabolite levels (urinary trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA)) and homeostatic model assessment index (HOMA-IR) were repeatedly measured in 505 adults aged ≥60 years. Linear mixed-effect models and marginal logistic models were used to evaluate associations of t,t-MA concentration with HOMA-IR score and elevated IR, defined as HOMA-IR ≥2.6. RESULTS After adjustment for sociodemographic and behavioral factors, environmental co-exposures, and metabolic conditions, quartile levels of urinary t,t-MA demonstrated a dose-dependent association with elevated IR (p-trend<0.001) and the level of oxidative stress estimated by urinary malondialdehyde (p-trend<0.001). As compared to the lowest quartile, the upper quartiles of t,t-MA (t,t-MA concentration >0.017mg/g CR) were associated with elevated IR [odds ratio=Q2: 2.00 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16-3.46); Q3: 3.33 (95% CI: 1.90-5.84); Q4: 2.07 (95% CI: 1.02-4.22)]. CONCLUSION Urinary benzene at levels currently observed in the urban elderly population is associated with IR, independent of traditional risk factors. Reduction of community-level exposure to benzene is therefore important for the effective prevention of IR in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Hyeong Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Eun Lee
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Król S, Namieśnik J, Zabiegała B. α-Pinene, 3-carene and d-limonene in indoor air of Polish apartments: the impact on air quality and human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:985-95. [PMID: 24091122 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpenes are among most ubiquitous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to be detected in indoor air. Since the quality of indoor air is considered important for inhabitants' well-being, the present study aimed at investigating impact of human activity on levels of selected monoterpenes applying passive sampling technique followed by thermal desorption and gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry. One of the objectives of the present work was to identify and characterize main emission sources as well as to investigate relationship between selected monoterpenes in indoor air. Concentration levels obtained for studied monoterpenes varied from 3 μg m(-3) for 3-carene to 1261 μg m(-3) for d-limonene. D-limonene was reported the most abundant of studied monoterpenes in indoor air. The strong correlation observed between monoterpenes suggests that studied compounds originate from same emission sources, while the I/O >1 proves the strong contribution of endogenous emission sources. The in-depth study of day-night fluctuations in concentrations of monoterpenes lead to the conclusion that human presence and specific pattern of behavior strongly influences presence and concentrations of VOCs in indoor environment. The evaluation of human exposure to selected monoterpenes via inhalation of air revealed that infants, toddlers and young children were the highly exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Król
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology (GUT), Narutowicza 11/12 str., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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