1
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Zhang J, Li Z, Pang Y, Fan Y, Ai HW. Genetically Encoded Boronolectin as a Specific Red Fluorescent UDP-GlcNAc Biosensor. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2996-3003. [PMID: 37480329 PMCID: PMC10663054 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
There is great interest in developing boronolectins that are synthetic lectin mimics containing a boronic acid functional group for reversible recognition of diol-containing molecules, such as glycans and ribonucleotides. However, it remains a significant challenge to gain specificity. Here, we present a genetically encoded boronolectin which is a hybrid protein consisting of a noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) p-boronophenylalanine (pBoF), natural-lectin-derived peptide sequences, and a circularly permuted red fluorescent protein (cpRFP). The genetic encodability permitted a straightforward protein engineering process to derive a red fluorescent biosensor that can specifically bind uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), an important nucleotide sugar involved in metabolic sensing and cell signaling. We further characterized the resultant boronic acid- and peptide-assisted UDP-GlcNAc sensor (bapaUGAc) both in vitro and in live mammalian cells. Because UDP-GlcNAc in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus plays essential roles in glycosylating biomolecules in the secretory pathway, we genetically expressed bapaUGAc in the ER and Golgi and validated the sensor for its responses to metabolic disruption and pharmacological inhibition. In addition, we combined bapaUGAc with UGAcS, a recently reported green fluorescent UDP-GlcNAc sensor based on an alternative sensing mechanism, to monitor UDP-GlcNAc level changes in the ER and cytosol simultaneously. We expect our work to facilitate the future development of specific boronolectins for carbohydrates. In addition, this newly developed genetically encoded bapaUGAc sensor will be a valuable tool for studying UDP-GlcNAc and glycobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Zefan Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Yu Pang
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA
| | - Yichong Fan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Hui-wang Ai
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA
- UVA Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22903, USA
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2
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Niu W, Guo J. Co-translational Installation of Posttranslational Modifications by Non-canonical Amino Acid Mutagenesis. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300039. [PMID: 36853967 PMCID: PMC10202221 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play critical roles in regulating cellular activities. Here we provide a survey of genetic code expansion (GCE) methods that were applied in the co-translational installation and studies of PTMs through noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) mutagenesis. We begin by reviewing types of PTM that have been installed by GCE with a focus on modifications of tyrosine, serine, threonine, lysine, and arginine residues. We also discuss examples of applying these methods in biological studies. Finally, we end the piece with a short discussion on the challenges and the opportunities of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Niu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, N-68588, USA
- The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE-68588, USA
| | - Jiantao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE-68588, USA
- The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE-68588, USA
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3
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Zhang J, Li Z, Pang Y, Fan Y, Ai HW. Genetically Encoded Boronolectin as a Specific Red Fluorescent UDP-GlcNAc Biosensor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.01.530644. [PMID: 36909602 PMCID: PMC10002721 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.01.530644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
There is great interest in developing boronolectins, which are synthetic lectin mimics containing a boronic acid functional group for reversible recognition of diol-containing molecules, such as glycans and ribonucleotides. However, it remains a significant challenge to gain specificity. Here, we present a genetically encoded boronolectin, which is a hybrid protein consisting of a noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) p-boronophenylalanine (pBoF), natural-lectin-derived peptide sequences, and a circularly permuted red fluorescent protein (cpRFP). The genetic encodability permitted a straightforward protein engineering process to derive a red fluorescent biosensor that can specifically bind uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), an important nucleotide sugar involved in metabolic sensing and cell signaling. We further characterized the resultant boronic acid-and peptide-assisted UDP-GlcNAc sensor (bapaUGAc) both in vitro and in live mammalian cells. Because UDP-GlcNAc in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus plays essential roles in glycosylating biomolecules in the secretory pathway, we genetically expressed bapaUGAc in the ER and Golgi and validated the sensor for its responses to metabolic disruption and pharmacological inhibition. In addition, we combined bapaUGAc with UGAcS, a recently reported green fluorescent UDP-GlcNAc sensor based on an alternative sensing mechanism, to monitor UDP-GlcNAc level changes in the ER and cytosol simultaneously. We expect our work to facilitate the future development of specific boronolectins for carbohydrates. In addition, this newly developed genetically encoded bapaUGAc sensor will be a valuable tool for studying UDP-GlcNAc and glycobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Zefan Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Yu Pang
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA
| | - Yichong Fan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Hui-wang Ai
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA
- UVA Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22903, USA
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4
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Chen Y, He X, Ma B, Liu K, Gao T, Niu W, Guo J. Noncanonical amino acid mutagenesis in response to recoding signal-enhanced quadruplet codons. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:e94. [PMID: 35657094 PMCID: PMC9458425 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
While amber suppression is the most common approach to introduce noncanonical amino acids into proteins in live cells, quadruplet codon decoding has potential to enable a greatly expanded genetic code with up to 256 new codons for protein biosynthesis. Since triplet codons are the predominant form of genetic code in nature, quadruplet codon decoding often displays limited efficiency. In this work, we exploited a new approach to significantly improve quadruplet UAGN and AGGN (N = A, U, G, C) codon decoding efficiency by using recoding signals imbedded in mRNA. With representative recoding signals, the expression level of mutant proteins containing UAGN and AGGN codons reached 48% and 98% of that of the wild-type protein, respectively. Furthermore, this strategy mitigates a common concern of reading-through endogenous stop codons with amber suppression-based system. Since synthetic recoding signals are rarely found near the endogenous UAGN and AGGN sequences, a low level of undesirable suppression is expected. Our strategy will greatly enhance the utility of noncanonical amino acid mutagenesis in live-cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Xinyuan He
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Tianyu Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Wei Niu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Jiantao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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5
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Ma X, Wei B, Wang E. Efficient incorporation of p-azido-l-phenylalanine into the protein using organic solvents. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 200:106158. [PMID: 36007861 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Azide, the most used photo-crosslinking group, facilitates the analysis of protein structure and function. This group is particularly useful when photochemically label antibodies and examine protein-protein interactions. The use of the expanded genetic code technique allows the special labeling of the functional azide group in proteins by adding the unnatural amino acid (UAA), p-azido-l-phenylalanine (AzF), in response to the amber codon during translation. However, a low UAA uptake rate due to mass transfer resistance in the cell membrane may lead to the early termination of the full-length protein. This study reports a general method for the efficient in vivo incorporation of AzF into the target protein by improving cell permeability using organic solvents. As expected, the yield of the full-length protein was significantly increased, which indicated that the AzF uptake was greatly improved due to the addition of organic solvents. Our method can serve as a good reference for improving the genetic incorporation of other kinds of UAAs into proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ma
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Bing Wei
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Enlin Wang
- The College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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6
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Katoh T, Suga H. In Vitro Genetic Code Reprogramming for the Expansion of Usable Noncanonical Amino Acids. Annu Rev Biochem 2022; 91:221-243. [PMID: 35729073 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-040320-103817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetic code reprogramming has enabled us to ribosomally incorporate various nonproteinogenic amino acids (npAAs) into peptides in vitro. The repertoire of usable npAAs has been expanded to include not only l-α-amino acids with noncanonical sidechains but also those with noncanonical backbones. Despite successful single incorporation of npAAs, multiple and consecutive incorporations often suffer from low efficiency or are even unsuccessful. To overcome this stumbling block, engineering approaches have been used to modify ribosomes, EF-Tu, and tRNAs. Here, we provide an overview of these in vitro methods that are aimed at optimal expansion of the npAA repertoire and their applications for the development of de novo bioactive peptides containing various npAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Katoh
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; ,
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; ,
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7
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Pagar AD, Patil MD, Flood DT, Yoo TH, Dawson PE, Yun H. Recent Advances in Biocatalysis with Chemical Modification and Expanded Amino Acid Alphabet. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6173-6245. [PMID: 33886302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The two main strategies for enzyme engineering, directed evolution and rational design, have found widespread applications in improving the intrinsic activities of proteins. Although numerous advances have been achieved using these ground-breaking methods, the limited chemical diversity of the biopolymers, restricted to the 20 canonical amino acids, hampers creation of novel enzymes that Nature has never made thus far. To address this, much research has been devoted to expanding the protein sequence space via chemical modifications and/or incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs). This review provides a balanced discussion and critical evaluation of the applications, recent advances, and technical breakthroughs in biocatalysis for three approaches: (i) chemical modification of cAAs, (ii) incorporation of ncAAs, and (iii) chemical modification of incorporated ncAAs. Furthermore, the applications of these approaches and the result on the functional properties and mechanistic study of the enzymes are extensively reviewed. We also discuss the design of artificial enzymes and directed evolution strategies for enzymes with ncAAs incorporated. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives for biocatalysis using the expanded amino acid alphabet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol D Pagar
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Mahesh D Patil
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Dillon T Flood
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tae Hyeon Yoo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Philip E Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
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8
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Youssef S, Zhang S, Ai HW. A Genetically Encoded, Ratiometric Fluorescent Biosensor for Hydrogen Sulfide. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1626-1632. [PMID: 31083907 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As an important gasotransmitter, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays crucial roles in cell signaling. Incorporation of p-azidophenylalanine ( pAzF) into fluorescent proteins (FPs) via genetic code expansion has been a successful strategy in developing intensity-based, genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors for H2S. To extend this strategy for ratiometric measurement which eliminates many detection uncertainties via self-calibration at two wavelengths, we modified the chromophore of a circularly permutated, superfolder green fluorescent protein (cpsGFP) with pAzF to derive cpsGFP- pAzF, which subsequently served as a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) acceptor to EBFP2, an enhanced blue fluorescent protein. The resultant construct, namely, hsFRET, is the first ratiometric, genetically encoded fluorescent biosensor for H2S. Both in vitro and in mammalian cells, H2S reduces the azido functional group of hsFRET to amine, leading to an increase of FRET from EBFP2 to cpsGFP. Our results collectively demonstrated that hsFRET could be used to selectively and ratiometrically monitor H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Youssef
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Shen Zhang
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Department of Chemistry, and the UVA Cancer Center, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Hui-wang Ai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Department of Chemistry, and the UVA Cancer Center, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
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9
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Katoh T, Suga H. Engineering Translation Components Improve Incorporation of Exotic Amino Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030522. [PMID: 30691159 PMCID: PMC6386890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods of genetic code manipulation, such as nonsense codon suppression and genetic code reprogramming, have enabled the incorporation of various nonproteinogenic amino acids into the peptide nascent chain. However, the incorporation efficiency of such amino acids largely varies depending on their structural characteristics. For instance, l-α-amino acids with artificial, bulky side chains are poorer substrates for ribosomal incorporation into the nascent peptide chain, mainly owing to the lower affinity of their aminoacyl-tRNA toward elongation factor-thermo unstable (EF-Tu). Phosphorylated Ser and Tyr are also poorer substrates for the same reason; engineering EF-Tu has turned out to be effective in improving their incorporation efficiencies. On the other hand, exotic amino acids such as d-amino acids and β-amino acids are even poorer substrates owing to their low affinity to EF-Tu and poor compatibility to the ribosome active site. Moreover, their consecutive incorporation is extremely difficult. To solve these problems, the engineering of ribosomes and tRNAs has been executed, leading to successful but limited improvement of their incorporation efficiency. In this review, we comprehensively summarize recent attempts to engineer the translation systems, resulting in a significant improvement of the incorporation of exotic amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Katoh
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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10
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Chen Y, Wan Y, Wang N, Yuan Z, Niu W, Li Q, Guo J. Controlling the Replication of a Genomically Recoded HIV-1 with a Functional Quadruplet Codon in Mammalian Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:1612-1617. [PMID: 29787233 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Large efforts have been devoted to genetic code engineering in the past decade, aiming for unnatural amino acid mutagenesis. Recently, an increasing number of studies were reported to employ quadruplet codons to encode unnatural amino acids. We and others have demonstrated that the quadruplet decoding efficiency could be significantly enhanced by an extensive engineering of tRNAs bearing an extra nucleotide in their anticodon loops. In this work, we report the identification of tRNA mutants derived from directed evolution to efficiently decode a UAGA quadruplet codon in mammalian cells. Intriguingly, the trend of quadruplet codon decoding efficiency among the tested tRNA variants in mammalian cells was largely the same as that in E. coli. We subsequently demonstrate the utility of quadruplet codon decoding by the construction of the first HIV-1 mutant that lacks any in-frame amber nonsense codons and can be precisely activated by the decoding of a genomically embedded UAGA codon with an unnatural amino acid. Such conditionally activatable HIV-1 mutant can likely facilitate both fundamental investigations of HIV-1 as well as vaccine developments. The use of quadruplet codon, instead of an amber nonsense codon, to control HIV-1 replication has the advantage in that the correction of a frameshift caused by a quadruplet codon is much less likely than the reversion of an amber codon back into a sense codon in HIV-1.
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11
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Seidel L, Coin I. Mapping of Protein Interfaces in Live Cells Using Genetically Encoded Crosslinkers. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1728:221-235. [PMID: 29405001 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7574-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the topology of protein-protein interactions is a matter of fundamental importance in the biomedical field. Biophysical approaches such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance can investigate in detail only isolated protein complexes that are reconstituted in an artificial environment. Alternative methods are needed to investigate protein interactions in a physiological context, as well as to characterize protein complexes that elude the direct structural characterization. We describe here a general strategy to investigate protein interactions at the molecular level directly in the live mammalian cell, which is based on the genetic incorporation of photo- and chemical crosslinking noncanonical amino acids. First a photo-crosslinking amino acid is used to map putative interaction surfaces and determine which positions of a protein come into proximity of an associated partner. In a second step, the subset of residues that belong to the binding interface are substituted with a chemical crosslinker that reacts selectively with proximal cysteines strategically placed in the interaction partner. This allows determining inter-molecular spatial constraints that provide the basis for building accurate molecular models. In this chapter, we illustrate the detailed application of this experimental strategy to unravel the binding modus of the 40-mer neuropeptide hormone Urocortin1 to its class B G-protein coupled receptor, the corticotropin releasing factor receptor type 1. The approach is in principle applicable to any protein complex independent of protein type and size, employs established techniques of noncanonical amino acid mutagenesis, and is feasible in any molecular biology laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Seidel
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Irene Coin
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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12
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Pan Y, Zhang H, Zheng Y, Zhou J, Yuan J, Yu Y, Wang J. Resveratrol Exerts Antioxidant Effects by Activating SIRT2 To Deacetylate Prx1. Biochemistry 2017; 56:6325-6328. [PMID: 29125735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a promising chemical agent that treats multiple aging-related diseases and improves life span. While reactive oxygen species undoubtedly play ubiquitous roles in the aging process and resveratrol has been shown to be an effective antioxidant, the mechanism through which resveratrol acts against oxidative stress remains unknown. Here we show that resveratrol activates SIRT2 to deacetylate Prx1, leading to an increased H2O2 reduction activity and a decreased cellular H2O2 concentration. Knockdown of SIRT2 or Prx1 by RNA interference abrogates resveratrol's ability to reduce the H2O2 level in HepG2 cells. Using purified SIRT2 and a Prx1 mutant harboring acetyllysine at position 27 (Prx1-27AcK), we show that resveratrol enhances SIRT2's activity to deacetylate Prx1-27AcK, resulting in a significantly increased H2O2 reducing activity. Thus, SIRT2 and Prx1 are targets for modulating intracellular redox status in the therapeutic strategies for the treatment of aging-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Pan
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital , Shenzhen 518112, China.,Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yueting Zheng
- Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Juanzuo Zhou
- Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital , Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiangyun Wang
- Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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13
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Abstract
In ribosomal translation, only 20 kinds of proteinogenic amino acids (pAAs), namely 19 l-amino acids and glycine, are exclusively incorporated into polypeptide chain. To overcome this limitation, various methods to introduce non-proteinogenic amino acids (npAAs) other than the 20 pAAs have been developed to date. However, the repertoire of amino acids that can be simultaneously introduced is still limited. Moreover, the efficiency of npAA incorporation is not always sufficient depending on their structures. Fidelity of translation is sometimes low due to misincorporation of competing pAAs and/or undesired translation termination. Here, we provide an overview of efforts to solve these issues, focusing on the engineering of tRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Katoh
- a Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo , Japan.,b JST, PRESTO , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Iwane
- a Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- a Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo , Japan.,c JST, CREST , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo , Japan
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14
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Abstract
Recently developed methods that can photochemically control protein activities and functions in live cells have opened up new opportunities for studying signaling networks at the cellular and subcellular levels. Our laboratory has reported a genetically encoded photoactivatable intein, which allows the direct photocontrol of primary sequences of proteins, and consequently, their activities and functions in live mammalian cells. Herein, we provide details on experimental design and the utilization of this photocaged intein to photoactivate the Src tyrosine kinase in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells. The described procedures may be adopted to photocontrol other proteins in other types of mammalian cells.
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15
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Xiao H, Schultz PG. At the Interface of Chemical and Biological Synthesis: An Expanded Genetic Code. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a023945. [PMID: 27413101 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to site-specifically incorporate noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) with novel structures into proteins in living cells affords a powerful tool to investigate and manipulate protein structure and function. More than 200 ncAAs with diverse biological, chemical, and physical properties have been genetically encoded in response to nonsense or frameshift codons in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms with high fidelity and efficiency. In this review, recent advances in the technology and its application to problems in protein biochemistry, cellular biology, and medicine are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Peter G Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, California 92037
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16
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Ravikumar Y, Nadarajan SP, Hyeon Yoo T, Lee CS, Yun H. Incorporating unnatural amino acids to engineer biocatalysts for industrial bioprocess applications. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1862-76. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Ren W, Truong TM, Ai HW. Study of the Binding Energies between Unnatural Amino Acids and Engineered Orthogonal Tyrosyl-tRNA Synthetases. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12632. [PMID: 26220470 PMCID: PMC4518261 DOI: 10.1038/srep12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We utilized several computational approaches to evaluate the binding energies of tyrosine (Tyr) and several unnatural Tyr analogs, to several orthogonal aaRSes derived from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii and Escherichia coli tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases. The present study reveals the following: (1) AutoDock Vina and ROSETTA were able to distinguish binding energy differences for individual pairs of favorable and unfavorable aaRS-amino acid complexes, but were unable to cluster together all experimentally verified favorable complexes from unfavorable aaRS-Tyr complexes; (2) MD-MM/PBSA provided the best prediction accuracy in terms of clustering favorable and unfavorable enzyme-substrate complexes, but also required the highest computational cost; and (3) MM/PBSA based on single energy-minimized structures has a significantly lower computational cost compared to MD-MM/PBSA, but still produced sufficiently accurate predictions to cluster aaRS-amino acid interactions. Although amino acid-aaRS binding is just the first step in a complex series of processes to acylate a tRNA with its corresponding amino acid, the difference in binding energy, as shown by MD-MM/PBSA, is important for a mutant orthogonal aaRS to distinguish between a favorable unnatural amino acid (unAA) substrate from unfavorable natural amino acid substrates. Our computational study should assist further designing and engineering of orthogonal aaRSes for the genetic encoding of novel unAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Tan M. Truong
- Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hui-wang Ai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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18
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Ren W, Ji A, Wang MX, Ai HW. Expanding the Genetic Code for a Dinitrophenyl Hapten. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2007-10. [PMID: 26185102 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Haptens, such as dinitrophenyl (DNP) are small molecules that induce strong immune responses when attached to proteins or peptides and, as such, have been exploited for diverse applications. We engineered a Methanosarcina barkeri pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (mbPylRS) to genetically encode a DNP-containing unnatural amino acid, N(6) -(2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)acetyl)lysine (DnpK). Although this moiety was unstable in Escherichia coli, we found that its stability was enhanced in mammalian HEK 293T cells and was able to induce selective interactions with anti-DNP antibodies. The capability of genetically introducing DNP into proteins is expected to find broad applications in biosensing, immunology, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Ao Ji
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Michael X Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,John W. North High School, 1550 3rd Street, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Hui-wang Ai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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19
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Liu T, Du J, Luo X, Schultz PG, Wang F. Homogeneously modified immunoglobulin domains for therapeutic application. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 28:66-74. [PMID: 26117722 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The field of therapeutic antibodies has been revolutionized over the past decade, led by the development of novel antibody-modification technologies. Besides the huge success achieved by therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, a diversity of antibody derivatives have emerged with hope to outperform their parental antibodies. Here we review the recent development of methodologies to modify immunoglobulin domains and their therapeutic applications. The innovative genetic and chemical approaches enable novel and controllable modifications on immunoglobulin domains, producing homogeneous therapeutics with new functionalities or enhanced therapeutic profiles. Such therapeutics, including antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, and antibody/Fc fusion proteins, have demonstrated great prospects in the treatment of cancer, auto-immune diseases, infectious diseases, and many other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Juanjuan Du
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Xiaozhou Luo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Peter G Schultz
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States; Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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20
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Ravikumar Y, Nadarajan SP, Yoo TH, Lee CS, Yun H. Unnatural amino acid mutagenesis-based enzyme engineering. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:462-70. [PMID: 26088007 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Traditional enzyme engineering relies on substituting one amino acid by one of the other 19 natural amino acids to change the functional properties of an enzyme. However, incorporation of unnatural amino acids (UAAs) has been harnessed to engineer efficient enzymes for biocatalysis. Residue-specific and site-specific in vivo incorporation methods are becoming the preferred approach for producing enzymes with altered or improved functions. We describe the contribution of in vivo UAA incorporation methodologies to enzyme engineering as well as the future prospects for the field, including the integration of UAAs with other new advances in enzyme engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuvaraj Ravikumar
- School of Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea
| | | | - Tae Hyeon Yoo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Chong-soon Lee
- School of Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
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21
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Dumas A, Lercher L, Spicer CD, Davis BG. Designing logical codon reassignment - Expanding the chemistry in biology. Chem Sci 2015; 6:50-69. [PMID: 28553457 PMCID: PMC5424465 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01534g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the ability to genetically encode unnatural amino acids (UAAs) has evolved rapidly. The programmed incorporation of UAAs into recombinant proteins relies on the reassignment or suppression of canonical codons with an amino-acyl tRNA synthetase/tRNA (aaRS/tRNA) pair, selective for the UAA of choice. In order to achieve selective incorporation, the aaRS should be selective for the designed tRNA and UAA over the endogenous amino acids and tRNAs. Enhanced selectivity has been achieved by transferring an aaRS/tRNA pair from another kingdom to the organism of interest, and subsequent aaRS evolution to acquire enhanced selectivity for the desired UAA. Today, over 150 non-canonical amino acids have been incorporated using such methods. This enables the introduction of a large variety of structures into proteins, in organisms ranging from prokaryote, yeast and mammalian cells lines to whole animals, enabling the study of protein function at a level that could not previously be achieved. While most research to date has focused on the suppression of 'non-sense' codons, recent developments are beginning to open up the possibility of quadruplet codon decoding and the more selective reassignment of sense codons, offering a potentially powerful tool for incorporating multiple amino acids. Here, we aim to provide a focused review of methods for UAA incorporation with an emphasis in particular on the different tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs exploited or developed, focusing upon the different UAA structures that have been incorporated and the logic behind the design and future creation of such systems. Our hope is that this will help rationalize the design of systems for incorporation of unexplored unnatural amino acids, as well as novel applications for those already known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaëlle Dumas
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford , OX1 3TA , UK .
| | - Lukas Lercher
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford , OX1 3TA , UK .
| | - Christopher D Spicer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford , OX1 3TA , UK .
| | - Benjamin G Davis
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford , OX1 3TA , UK .
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22
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Wang W, Li T, Felsovalyi K, Chen C, Cardozo T, Krogsgaard M. Quantitative analysis of T cell receptor complex interaction sites using genetically encoded photo-cross-linkers. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2165-72. [PMID: 25061810 PMCID: PMC4168801 DOI: 10.1021/cb500351s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The T cell receptor (TCR)-cluster
of differentiation 3 (CD3) signaling
complex plays an important role in initiation of adaptive immune responses,
but weak interactions have obstructed delineation of the individual
TCR-CD3 subunit interactions during T cell signaling. Here, we demonstrate
that unnatural amino acids (UAA) can be used to photo-cross-link subunits
of TCR-CD3 on the cell surface. Incorporating UAA in mammalian cells
is usually a low efficiency process. In addition, TCR-CD3 is composed
of eight subunits and both TCR and CD3 chains are required for expression
on the cell surface. Photo-cross-linking of UAAs for studying protein
complexes such as TCR-CD3 is challenging due to the difficulty of
transfecting and expressing multisubunit protein complexes in cells
combined with the low efficiency of UAA incorporation. Here, we demonstrate
that by systematic optimization, we can incorporate UAA in TCR-CD3
with high efficiency. Accordingly, the incorporated UAA can be used
for site-specific photo-cross-linking experiments to pinpoint protein
interaction sites, as well as to confirm interaction sites identified
by X-ray crystallography. We systemically compared two different photo-cross-linkers—p-azido-phenylalanine
(pAzpa) and H-p-Bz-Phe-OH (pBpa)—for their ability to map protein
subunit interactions in the 2B4 TCR. pAzpa was found to have higher
cross-linking efficiency, indicating that optimization of the selection
of the most optimal cross-linker is important for correct identification
of protein–protein interactions. This method is therefore suitable
for studying interaction sites of large, dynamic heteromeric protein
complexes associated with various cellular membrane systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chunlai Chen
- Pennsylvania
Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania United States
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23
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Chen ZJ, Ai HW. A highly responsive and selective fluorescent probe for imaging physiological hydrogen sulfide. Biochemistry 2014; 53:5966-74. [PMID: 25141269 DOI: 10.1021/bi500830d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a novel gasotransmitter for cell signaling and other pathophysiological processes has spurred tremendous interest in developing analytical methods for its detection in biological systems. Herein, we report the development of a highly responsive and selective genetically encoded H2S probe, hsGFP, for the detection of H2S both in vitro and in living mammalian cells. hsGFP bestows a combination of favorable properties, including large fluorescence responses, high efficiency in folding and chromophore formation, and excellent sensitivity and selectivity toward H2S. As a genetically encoded probe, hsGFP can be readily and precisely localized to subcellular domains such as mitochondria, cell nuclei, and ion channels. hsGFP was further utilized to image H2S enzymatically produced from l-cysteine in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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24
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Kim HJ, Leal NA, Hoshika S, Benner SA. Ribonucleosides for an artificially expanded genetic information system. J Org Chem 2014; 79:3194-9. [PMID: 24597611 PMCID: PMC3985877 DOI: 10.1021/jo402665d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Rearranging hydrogen bonding groups
adds nucleobases to an artificially
expanded genetic information system (AEGIS), pairing orthogonally
to standard nucleotides. We report here a large-scale synthesis of
the AEGIS nucleotide carrying 2-amino-3-nitropyridin-6-one (trivially
Z) via Heck coupling and a hydroboration/oxidation sequence.
RiboZ is more stable against epimerization than its 2′-deoxyribo
analogue. Further, T7 RNA polymerase incorporates ZTP opposite its
Watson–Crick complement, imidazo[1,2-a]-1,3,5-triazin-4(8H)one (trivially P), laying grounds for using this “second-generation”
AEGIS Z:P pair to add amino acids encoded by mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Joong Kim
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), 720 SW Second Avenue, Suite 201, Gainesville, Florida 32601, United States
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25
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Ji A, Ren W, Ai HW. A highly efficient oxidative condensation reaction for selective protein conjugation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:7469-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01551g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel oxidative conjugation reaction between aryl diamine and aldehyde was used to site-specifically label a protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Ji
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California Riverside
- Riverside, USA
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California Riverside
- Riverside, USA
| | - Hui-wang Ai
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California Riverside
- Riverside, USA
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26
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Genetically encoded fluorescent redox probes. SENSORS 2013; 13:15422-33. [PMID: 24225906 PMCID: PMC3871076 DOI: 10.3390/s131115422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Redox processes are involved in almost every cell of the body as a consequence of aerobic life. In the past decades, redox biology has been increasingly recognized as one of the key themes in cell signaling. The progress has been accelerated by development of fluorescent probes that can monitor redox conditions and dynamics in cells and cell compartments. This short paper focuses on fluorescent redox probes that are genetically encoded, and discusses their properties, molecular mechanism, advantages and pitfalls. Our recent work on reaction-based encoded probes that are responsive to particular redox signaling molecules is also reviewed. Future challenges and directions are also commented.
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27
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Steen Redeker E, Ta DT, Cortens D, Billen B, Guedens W, Adriaensens P. Protein Engineering For Directed Immobilization. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1761-77. [DOI: 10.1021/bc4002823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Steen Redeker
- Biomolecule Design Group
(BDG), Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Chemistry Division, Hasselt University, Agoralaan
Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Duy Tien Ta
- Biomolecule Design Group
(BDG), Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Chemistry Division, Hasselt University, Agoralaan
Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - David Cortens
- Biomolecule Design Group
(BDG), Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Chemistry Division, Hasselt University, Agoralaan
Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Brecht Billen
- Biomolecule Design Group
(BDG), Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Chemistry Division, Hasselt University, Agoralaan
Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Wanda Guedens
- Biomolecule Design Group
(BDG), Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Chemistry Division, Hasselt University, Agoralaan
Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Peter Adriaensens
- Biomolecule Design Group
(BDG), Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Chemistry Division, Hasselt University, Agoralaan
Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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28
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Chen ZJ, Ren W, Wright QE, Ai HW. Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Probe for the Selective Detection of Peroxynitrite. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:14940-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja408011q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Quintin E. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hui-wang Ai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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29
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Honarparvar B, Govender T, Maguire GEM, Soliman MES, Kruger HG. Integrated Approach to Structure-Based Enzymatic Drug Design: Molecular Modeling, Spectroscopy, and Experimental Bioactivity. Chem Rev 2013; 114:493-537. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300314q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Honarparvar
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and ‡School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and ‡School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Glenn E. M. Maguire
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and ‡School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and ‡School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and ‡School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
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30
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Niu W, Schultz PG, Guo J. An expanded genetic code in mammalian cells with a functional quadruplet codon. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1640-5. [PMID: 23662731 DOI: 10.1021/cb4001662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have utilized in vitro evolution to identify tRNA variants with significantly enhanced activity for the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins in response to a quadruplet codon in both bacterial and mammalian cells. This approach will facilitate the creation of an optimized and standardized system for the genetic incorporation of unnatural amino acids using quadruplet codons, which will allow the biosynthesis of biopolymers that contain multiple unnatural building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Niu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588,
United States
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
92037, United States
| | - Jiantao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588,
United States
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31
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An expanded genetic code in Candida albicans to study protein-protein interactions in vivo. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 12:816-27. [PMID: 23543672 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00075-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
For novel insights into the pathogenicity of Candida albicans, studies on molecular interactions of central virulence factors are crucial. Since methods for the analysis of direct molecular interactions of proteins in vivo are scarce, we expanded the genetic code of C. albicans with the synthetic photo-cross-linking amino acid p-azido-L-phenylalanine (AzF). Interacting molecules in close proximity of this unnatural amino acid can be covalently linked by UV-induced photo-cross-link, which makes unknown interacting molecules available for downstream identification. Therefore, we applied an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and a suppressor tRNA pair (EcTyrtRNA(CUA)) derived from Escherichia coli, which was previously reported to be orthogonal in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We further optimized the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase for AzF (AzF-RS) and EcTyrtRNA(CUA) for C. albicans and identified one AzF-RS with highest charging efficiency. Accordingly, incorporation of AzF into selected model proteins such as Tsa1p or Tup1p could be considerably enhanced. Immunologic detection of C-terminally tagged Tsa1p and Tup1p upon UV irradiation in a strain background containing suppressor tRNA and optimized AzF-RS revealed not only the mutant monomeric forms of these proteins but also higher-molecular-weight complexes, strictly depending on the specific position of incorporated AzF and UV excitation. By Western blotting and tandem mass spectrometry, we could identify these higher-molecular-weight complexes as homodimers consisting of one mutant monomer and a differently tagged, wild-type version of Tsa1p or Tup1p, respectively, demonstrating that expanding the genetic code of C. albicans with the unnatural photo-cross-linker amino acid AzF and applying it for in vivo binary protein interaction analyses is feasible.
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32
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Niu W, Guo J. Expanding the chemistry of fluorescent protein biosensors through genetic incorporation of unnatural amino acids. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:2961-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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33
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Chen S, Chen ZJ, Ren W, Ai HW. Reaction-Based Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Hydrogen Sulfide Sensors. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9589-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ja303261d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California
92521, United States
| | - Zhi-jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California
92521, United States
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California
92521, United States
| | - Hui-wang Ai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California
92521, United States
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