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Fadah K, Gopi G, Lingireddy A, Blumer V, Dewald T, Mentz RJ. Anabolic androgenic steroids and cardiomyopathy: an update. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1214374. [PMID: 37564909 PMCID: PMC10412093 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1214374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) include endogenously produced androgens like testosterone and their synthetic derivatives. Their influence on multiple metabolic pathways across organ systems results in an extensive side effect profile. From creating an atherogenic and prothrombotic milieu to direct myocardial injury, the effects of AAS on the heart may culminate with patients requiring thorough cardiac evaluation and multi-disciplinary medical management related to cardiomyopathy and heart failure (HF). Supraphysiological doses of AAS have been shown to induce cardiomyopathy via biventricular dysfunction. Advancement in imaging including cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and additional diagnostic testing have facilitated the identification of AAS-induced left ventricular dysfunction, but data regarding the impact on right ventricular function remains limited. Emerging studies showed conflicting data regarding the reversibility of AAS-induced cardiomyopathy. There is an unmet need for a systematic long-term outcomes study to empirically evaluate the clinical course of cardiomyopathy and to assess potential targeted therapy as appropriate. In this review, we provide an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology and management considerations related to AAS and cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahtan Fadah
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Gokul Gopi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Ajay Lingireddy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Vanessa Blumer
- Department of Cardiovascular, Heart and Vascular Institute, Kaufman Center For Heart Failure, OH, United States
| | - Tracy Dewald
- Department of Cardiovascular, Duke University Medical Center and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Robert J. Mentz
- Department of Cardiovascular, Duke University Medical Center and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, United States
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2
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Xu X, Guo L, Xu L, Kuang H, Xu C, Liu L. Multiplex lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for the qualitative and quantitative detection of six steroid hormone residues in chicken and pork. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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3
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Novel nandrolone aptamer for rapid colorimetric detection of anabolic steroids. Anal Biochem 2022; 658:114937. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Huml L, Tauchen J, Rimpelová S, Holubová B, Lapčík O, Jurášek M. Advances in the Determination of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: From Standard Practices to Tailor-Designed Multidisciplinary Approaches. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:4. [PMID: 35009549 PMCID: PMC8747103 DOI: 10.3390/s22010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs), a group of compounds frequently misused by athletes and, unfortunately, also by the general population, have lately attracted global attention; thus, significant demands for more precise, facile, and rapid AAS detection have arisen. The standard methods ordinarily used for AAS determination include liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. However, good knowledge of steroid metabolism, pretreatment of samples (such as derivatization), and well-trained operators of the instruments are required, making this procedure expensive, complicated, and not routinely applicable. In the drive to meet current AAS detection demands, the scientific focus has shifted to developing novel, tailor-made approaches leading to time- and cost-effective, routine, and field-portable methods for AAS determination in various matrices, such as biological fluids, food supplements, meat, water, or other environmental components. Therefore, herein, we present a comprehensive review article covering recent advances in AAS determination, with a strong emphasis on the increasingly important role of chemically designed artificial sensors, biosensors, and antibody- and fluorescence-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Huml
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (O.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Jan Tauchen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Silvie Rimpelová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Barbora Holubová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Oldřich Lapčík
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (O.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Michal Jurášek
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (O.L.); (M.J.)
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5
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Nelis JLD, Migliorelli D, Jafari S, Generelli S, Lou-Franco J, Salvador JP, Marco MP, Cao C, Elliott CT, Campbell K. The benefits of carbon black, gold and magnetic nanomaterials for point-of-harvest electrochemical quantification of domoic acid. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:164. [PMID: 32052200 PMCID: PMC7015955 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-4150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanostars (GNST), gold nanospheres (GNP) and carbon black (CB) are chosen as alternative nanomaterials to modify carbon screen-printed electrodes (c-SPEs). The resulting three kinds of modified c-SPEs (GNP-SPE, CB-SPE and GNSP-SPE) were electrochemically and microscopically characterized and compared with standardized c-SPEs after pretreatment with phosphate buffer by pre-anodization (pre-SPE). The results show outstanding electrochemical performance of the carbon black-modified SPEs which show low transient current, low capacitance and good porosity. A competitive chronoamperometric immunoassay for the shellfish toxin domoic acid (DA) is described. The performances of the CB-SPE, GNP-SPE and pre-SPE were compared. Hapten-functionalized magnetic beads were used to avoid individual c-SPE functionalization with antibody while enhancing the signal by creating optimum surface proximity for electron transfer reactions. This comparison shows that the CB-SPE biosensor operated best at a potential near - 50 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) and enables DA to be determined with a detection limit that is tenfold lower compared to pre-SPE (4 vs. 0.4 ng mL-1). These results show very good agreement with HPLC data when analysing contaminated scallops, and the LOD is 0.7 mg DA kg-1 of shellfish. Graphical abstractSchematic representation of the magnetic bead-based immunoassay for the quantification of domoic acid (DA) in shellfish with nanomaterial-modified screen-printed electrodes. CB, carbon black; GNP, gold nanospheres; GNST, gold nanostars; MB, magnetic beads; DA-mAb, anti-DA monoclonal mouse antibody; HRP-pAb, horseradish conjugated polyclonal goat anti-mouse antibody; DA-BSA, bovine serum albumin conjugated DA; HQ, hydroquinone; BQ, benzoquinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost L D Nelis
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK.
| | | | - Safiye Jafari
- CSEM SA, Bahnhofstrasse 1, 7302, Landquart, Switzerland
| | | | - Javier Lou-Franco
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - J Pablo Salvador
- Nanobiotechnology for Diagnostics (Nb4D), Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC) of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Pilar Marco
- Nanobiotechnology for Diagnostics (Nb4D), Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC) of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cuong Cao
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
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Wang Z, Beier RC, Shen J. Immunoassays for the detection of macrocyclic lactones in food matrices – A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Tort N, Salvador JP, Marco MP. Multimodal plasmonic biosensing nanostructures prepared by DNA-directed immobilization of multifunctional DNA-gold nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 90:13-22. [PMID: 27866079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Biofunctional multimodal plasmonic nanostructures suitable for multiplexed localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) biosensing have been created by DNA-directed immobilization (DDI) of two distinct multifunctional biohybrid gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) of distinct sizes, and therefore showing distinct plasmon resonant peaks (RP), have been biofunctionalized and codified with two different single stranded-DNA (ssDNA) chains. One of these oligonucleotide chains has been specifically designed to direct each AuNP to a distinct location of the surface of a DNA microarray chip through specific hybridization with complementary oligonucleotide strands. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) has been used to demonstrate selective immobilization of each AuNP on distinct spots. The second ssDNA chain of the AuNPs provides the possibility to introduce by hybridization distinct types of bioactive molecules or bioreceptors, on a reversible manner. In this work, hapten-oligonucleotide bioconjugate probes, with sequences complementary to the second ssDNA linked to the AuNP, have been synthesized and used to create multiplexed hapten-biofuncionalized plasmonic nanostructures. The oligonucleotide probes consist on anabolic androgenic steroid haptens (AAS) covalently linked to specifically designed oligonucleotide sequences. The biofunctionality of these plasmonic nanostructures has been demonstrated by fluorescent microarray immunoassay and LSPR measurements, recording the shift of the RP produced after the antibody binding to the corresponding hapten-oligonucleotide probes immobilized on the nanostructured surface. Preliminary data show that this approach could allow manufacturing multifunctional multimodal LSPR chips for multiplexed analysis of different substances reaching very good detectability. Thus, small molecular weigh, analytes such as stanozolol (ST,) could be detected at concentrations in the low nM range. The results here presented open the door for an easy way to construct site-encoded multiplexed multimodal LSPR sensor transducers, combining the DDI strategies with multimodal biohybrid nanoparticles showing distinct optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Tort
- Nanobiotechnology for Diagnostics (Nb4D), IQAC-CSIC, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J-Pablo Salvador
- Nanobiotechnology for Diagnostics (Nb4D), IQAC-CSIC, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M-Pilar Marco
- Nanobiotechnology for Diagnostics (Nb4D), IQAC-CSIC, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Schumacher S, Seitz H. Quality control of antibodies for assay development. N Biotechnol 2016; 33:544-50. [PMID: 26873787 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies are used as powerful tools in basic research, for example, in biomarker identification, and in various forms for diagnostics, for example, identification of allergies or autoimmune diseases. Due to their robustness and ease of handling, immunoassays are favourite methods for investigation of various biological or medical questions. Nevertheless in many cases, additional analyses such as mass spectrometry are used to validate or confirm the results of immunoassays. To minimize the workload and to increase confidence in immunoassays, there are urgent needs for antibodies which are both highly specific and well validated. Unfortunately many commercially available antibodies are neither well characterized nor fully tested for cross-reactivities. Adequate quality control and validation of an antibody is time-consuming and can be frustrating. Such validation needs to be performed for every assay/application. However, where an antibody validation is successful, a highly specific and stable reagent will be on hand. This article describes the validation processes of antibodies, including some often neglected factors, as well as unspecific binding to other sample compounds in a multiparameter diagnostic assay. The validation consists of different immunological methods, with important assay controls, and is performed in relation to the development of a diagnostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schumacher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology - Bioanalytics und Bioprocesses, Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; Humboldt University Berlin, Department of Biology, Invalidenstr. 110, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Seitz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology - Bioanalytics und Bioprocesses, Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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9
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Schumacher S, Muekusch S, Seitz H. Up-to-Date Applications of Microarrays and Their Way to Commercialization. MICROARRAYS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:196-213. [PMID: 27600220 PMCID: PMC4996390 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays4020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses up-to-date applications of Protein Microarrays. Protein Microarrays play a significant role in basic research as well as in clinical applications and are applicable in a lot of fields, e.g., DNA, proteins and small molecules. Additionally they are on the way to enter clinics in routine diagnostics. Protein Microarrays can be powerful tools to improve healthcare. An overview of basic characteristics to mediate essential knowledge of this technique is given. To reach this goal, some challenges still have to be addressed. A few applications of Protein Microarrays in a medical context are shown. Finally, an outlook, where the potential of Protein Microarrays is depicted and speculations how the future of Protein Microarrays will look like are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schumacher
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Am Muehlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Sandra Muekusch
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Am Muehlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Harald Seitz
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Am Muehlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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10
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Kuuranne T, Saugy M, Baume N. Confounding factors and genetic polymorphism in the evaluation of individual steroid profiling. Br J Sports Med 2015; 48:848-55. [PMID: 24764553 PMCID: PMC4033181 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the fight against doping, steroid profiling is a powerful tool to detect drug misuse with endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids. To establish sensitive and reliable models, the factors influencing profiling should be recognised. We performed an extensive literature review of the multiple factors that could influence the quantitative levels and ratios of endogenous steroids in urine matrix. For a comprehensive and scientific evaluation of the urinary steroid profile, it is necessary to define the target analytes as well as testosterone metabolism. The two main confounding factors, that is, endogenous and exogenous factors, are detailed to show the complex process of quantifying the steroid profile within WADA-accredited laboratories. Technical aspects are also discussed as they could have a significant impact on the steroid profile, and thus the steroid module of the athlete biological passport (ABP). The different factors impacting the major components of the steroid profile must be understood to ensure scientifically sound interpretation through the Bayesian model of the ABP. Not only should the statistical data be considered but also the experts in the field must be consulted for successful implementation of the steroidal module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Medix Laboratories Ltd., , Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Abstract
The abuse of unknown designer androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) is considered to be an issue of significant importance, as AAS are the choice of doping preference according to World Anti-doping Agency statistics. In addition, unknown designer AAS are preferred since the World Anti-doping Agency mass spectrometric identification criteria cannot be applied to unknown molecules. Consequently, cheating athletes have a strong motive to use designer AAS in order to both achieve performance enhancement and to escape from testing positive in anti-doping tests. To face the problem, a synergy is required between the anti-doping analytical science and sports anti-doping regulations. This Review examines various aspects of the designer AAS. First, the structural modifications of the already known AAS to create new designer molecules are explained. A list of the designer synthetic and endogenous AAS is then presented. Second, we discuss progress in the detection of designer AAS using: mass spectrometry and bioassays; analytical data processing of the unknown designer AAS; metabolite synthesis; and, long-term storage of urine and blood samples. Finally, the introduction of regulations from sports authorities as preventive measures for long-term storage and reprocessing of samples, initially reported as negatives, is discussed.
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12
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Ahmad SM, Almeida C, Neng NR, Nogueira JMF. Application of bar adsorptive microextraction (BAμE) for anti-doping control screening of anabolic steroids in urine matrices. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 969:35-41. [PMID: 25156963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study proposes a new analytical methodology for the determination of trace levels of testosterone (T) and epitestosterone (E) in urine matrices using bar adsorptive microextraction combined with liquid desorption followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (BAμE-LD/HPLC-DAD). The comparison of different sorbent coatings (five activated carbons, one styrene-divinylbenzene, two modified pyrrolidone, one ciano and one n-vinylpyrrolidone polymers) through BAμE showed that the latter phase presented much higher selectivity and capacity offering multiple mechanisms of interaction. Assays using this phase were performed on 25mL of water samples spiked at the 8.0μg/L level, yielded average recoveries of 92.1 and 93.4% for T and E, respectively, under optimized experimental conditions; BAμE (n-vinylpyrrolidone): 16h (1000rpm), pH 5.5; LD: acetonitrile, 30min under sonication treatment. From the developed analytical methodology, suitable detection limits were achieved (0.4μg/L) and good linear dynamic ranges (1.4-16.0μg/L) with remarkable determination coefficients (r(2)>0.9978). By using the standard addition methodology, the application of the present analytical approach on urine samples revealed good sensitivity. The proposed method, which operated under the floating sampling technology, proved to be a suitable sorption-based static microextraction alternative for screening T, E and the T/E ratio in urine samples for doping control purposes. The methodology showed to be easy to implement, demonstrating good reproducibility, sensitivity and robustness, allowing the possibility to choose the most selective sorbent coating according to the compounds of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Ahmad
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Centre of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C Almeida
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Centre of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - N R Neng
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Centre of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - J M F Nogueira
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Centre of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
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13
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Reusable conductimetric array of interdigitated microelectrodes for the readout of low-density microarrays. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 832:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Juang YM, She TF, Chen HY, Lai CC. Comparison of CID versus ETD-based MS/MS fragmentation for the analysis of doubly derivatized steroids. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:1349-1356. [PMID: 24338890 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization coupled with collision-induced dissociation (CID) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is a commonly used technique to analyze the chemical composition of steroids. However, steroids are structurally similar compounds, making it difficult to interpret their product-ion spectra. Electron transfer dissociation (ETD), a relatively new technique for protein and peptide fragmentation, has been shown to provide more detailed structural information. In this study, we compared the ability of CID with that of ETD to differentiate between eight 3,20-dioxosteroids that had been derivatizated with a quaternary ammonium salt, Girard reagent P (GirP), at room temperature or after exposure to microwave irradiation to generate doubly charged ions. We found that the derivatization of steroid with GirP hydrazine occurred in less than 10 min when the reaction was carried out in the presence of microwave irradiation compared to 30 min when the reaction was carried out at room temperature. According to the MS/MS spectra, CID provided rich, structurally informative ions; however, the spectra were complex, thereby complicating the peak assignment. In contrast, ETD generated simpler spectra, making it easier to recognize individual peaks. Remarkably, both CID and ETD were allowed to differentiate of steroid isomers, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) and deoxycorticosterone (DOC), but the signature ions obtained from CID were less intense than those generated by ETD, which generated much clearer spectra. These results indicate that ETD in conjunction with CID can provide more structural information for precise characterization of steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Min Juang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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15
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Pacheco A, Hernández-Mireles I, García-Martínez C, Álvarez MM. Microplates as a microreactor platform for microalgae research. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:638-44. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Pacheco
- Escuela de Biotecnología y Alimentos; Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey; Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 64849 Monterrey NL México
| | - Ileana Hernández-Mireles
- Escuela de Biotecnología y Alimentos; Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey; Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 64849 Monterrey NL México
| | - Cecilia García-Martínez
- Escuela de Biotecnología y Alimentos; Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey; Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 64849 Monterrey NL México
| | - Mario M. Álvarez
- Escuela de Biotecnología y Alimentos; Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey; Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 64849 Monterrey NL México
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16
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Aqai P, Cevik E, Gerssen A, Haasnoot W, Nielen MWF. High-throughput bioaffinity mass spectrometry for screening and identification of designer anabolic steroids in dietary supplements. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3255-62. [PMID: 23419079 DOI: 10.1021/ac3036052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A generic high-throughput bioaffinity liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (BioMS) approach was developed and applied for the screening and identification of known and unknown recombinant human sex hormone-binding globulin (rhSHBG)-binding designer steroids in dietary supplements. For screening, a semi-automated competitive inhibition binding assay was combined with fast ultrahigh-performance-LC-electrospray ionization-triple-quadrupole-MS (UPLC-QqQ-MS). 17β-Testosterone-D3 was used as the stable isotope label of which the binding to rhSHBG-coated paramagnetic microbeads was inhibited by any other binding (designer) steroid. The assay was performed in a 96-well plate and combined with the fast LC-MS, 96 measurements could be performed within 4 h. The concentration-dependent inhibition of the label by steroids in buffer and dietary supplements was demonstrated. Following an adjusted bioaffinity isolation procedure, suspect extracts were injected into a chip-UPLC(NanoTile)-Q-time-of-flight-MS system for full-scan accurate mass identification. Next to known steroids, 1-testosterone was identified in three of the supplements studied and the designer steroid tetrahydrogestrinone was identified in a spiked supplement. The generic steroid-binding assay can be used for high-throughput screening of androgens, estrogens, and gestagens in dietary supplements to fight doping. When combined with chip-UPLC-MS, it is a powerful tool for early warning of unknown emerging rhSHBG bioactive designer steroids in dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Aqai
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:1-19. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14; 00380; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
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Pei X, Zhang B, Tang J, Liu B, Lai W, Tang D. Sandwich-type immunosensors and immunoassays exploiting nanostructure labels: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 758:1-18. [PMID: 23245891 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Methods based on sandwich-type immunosensors and immunoassays have been developed for detection of multivalent antigens/analytes with more than one eptiope due to the use of two matched antibodies. High-affinity antibodies and appropriate labels are usually employed for the amplification of detectable signal. Recent research has looked to develop innovative and powerful novel nanoparticle labels, controlling and tailoring their properties in a very predictable manner to meet the requirements of specific applications. This articles reviews recent advances, exploiting nanoparticle labels, in the sandwich-type immunosensors and immunoassays. Routine approaches involve noble metal nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, semiconductor nanoparticles, metal oxide nanostructures, and hybrid nanostructures. The enormous signal enhancement associated with the use of nanoparticle labels and with the formation of nanoparticle-antibody-antigen assemblies provides the basis for sensitive detection of disease-related proteins or biomolecules. Techniques commonly rely on the use of biofunctionalized nanoparticles, inorganic-biological hybrid nanoparticles, and signal tag-doped nanoparticles. Rather than being exhaustive, this review focuses on selected examples to illustrate novel concepts and promising applications. Approaches described include the biofunctionalized nanoparticles, inorganic-biological hybrid nanoparticles, and signal tage-doped nanoparticles. Further, promising application in electrochemical, mass-sensitive, optical and multianalyte detection are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Pei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, PR China
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Dual-color bioluminescent bioreporter for forensic analysis: evidence of androgenic and anti-androgenic activity of illicit drugs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:1035-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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