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Timms M, Steel R. Defining the specificity of recombinant human erythropoietin confirmation in equine samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:676-689. [PMID: 34898016 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The proteotypic human EPO peptides YLLEAK (T4), SLTTLLR (T11), TITADTFR (T14), and VYSNFLR (T17) are often used to confirm the presence of recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) in equine samples. Each of these peptides contains one or more isomeric leucine or isoleucine amino acids, raising the possibility that a simple leucine/isoleucine substitution could lead to a false identification when compared with a rhEPO reference standard. To examine this possibility variants of these four peptides were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). These studies indicate that confirmation of rhEPO in equine samples by immuno-affinity capture and LC-MS/MS analysis is true and accurate. It was also found that chromatography played a greater role in determining LC-MS/MS specificity than tandem mass spectrometry and that, in the case of more hydrophilic peptides, the accuracy of peptide identification could be enhanced by the inclusion of 13 C and 15 N labelled peptide internal standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Timms
- Biological Research Unit, Racing Analytical Services Ltd, Flemington, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rohan Steel
- Biological Research Unit, Racing Analytical Services Ltd, Flemington, Victoria, Australia
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Dahlgren AR, Knych HK, Arthur RM, Durbin-Johnson BP, Finno CJ. Transcriptomic Markers of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Micro-Dosing in Thoroughbred Horses. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1874. [PMID: 34946824 PMCID: PMC8702184 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) is a well-known performance enhancing drug in human athletes, and there is anecdotal evidence of it being used in horse racing for the same purpose. rHuEPO, like endogenous EPO, increases arterial oxygen content and thus aerobic power. Micro-doping, or injecting smaller doses over a longer period of time, has become an important concern in both human and equine athletics since it is more difficult to detect. Horses offer an additional challenge of a contractile spleen, thus large changes in the red blood cell mass occur naturally. To address the challenge of detecting rHuEPO doping in horse racing, we determined the transcriptomic effects of rHuEPO micro-dosing over seven weeks in exercised Thoroughbreds. RNA-sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated at several time points throughout the study identified three transcripts (C13H16orf54, PUM2 and CHTOP) that were significantly (PFDR < 0.05) different between the treatment groups across two or three time point comparisons. PUM2 and CHTOP play a role in erythropoiesis while not much is known about C13H16orf54, but it is primarily expressed in whole blood. However, gene expression differences were not large enough to detect via RT-qPCR, thereby precluding their utility as biomarkers of micro-doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R. Dahlgren
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.R.D.); (R.M.A.)
| | - Heather K. Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Lab and Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Rick M. Arthur
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.R.D.); (R.M.A.)
| | | | - Carrie J. Finno
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.R.D.); (R.M.A.)
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Dong B, Bergman D, Holst BS. Prevalence of heterophilic antibodies in serum samples from horses in an equine hospital, and elimination of interference using chicken IgY. Acta Vet Scand 2021; 63:10. [PMID: 33712042 PMCID: PMC7953668 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-021-00575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterophilic antibodies in serum and plasma can interfere with mammalian antibodies in immunoassays and result in false test results, usually false positive. Although studies screening for heterophilic antibodies as well as elimination studies have been conducted in dogs and cats, knowledge of the presence of heterophilic antibodies in other species in veterinary medicine is limited. In this study, a 2-site sandwich-type interference assay that detects anti-mouse antibodies was used to detect heterophilic antibodies in a population of horses treated in an animal hospital. RESULTS A total of 194 serum samples from 127 individual horses were analyzed. There were 11/127 (8.7%) interference-positive horses, and these were analyzed in an assay exchanging the capture mouse IgG with chicken IgY. The positive samples were negative in the chicken IgY assay, indicating elimination of a possible interference, with the chicken-based assay. Four interference-positive samples were from geldings, and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) was analyzed from these samples. AMH concentrations were negative in these samples as expected in geldings, indicating that the heterophilic antibodies did not cause interference in the AMH assay. CONCLUSION The present study shows that there are heterophilic antibodies in horse serum samples like in samples from humans, dogs, and cats. The use of chicken-based reagents, such as chicken IgY, which do not cross-react with mammalian IgG, eliminates the effects of interfering antibodies in the samples. Equine heterophilic antibodies do not necessarily cause interference in commercial immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Dong
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- College of Life Science of Longyan University, Longyan, 364012 China
| | - Daniel Bergman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bodil Ström Holst
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Moreira F, Carmo H, Guedes de Pinho P, Bastos MDL. Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:474-504. [PMID: 33440053 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive innate physical abilities of horses, camels, greyhounds, or pigeons, doping agents might be administered to these animals to improve their performance. To control these illegal practices, anti-doping analytical methodologies have been developed. This review compiles the analytical methods that have been published for the detection of prohibited substances administered to animals involved in sports over 30 years. Relevant papers meeting the search criteria that discussed analytical methods aiming to detect and/or quantify doping substances in animal biological matrices published from 1990 to 2019 were considered. A total of 317 studies were included, of which 298 were related to horses, demonstrating significant advances toward the development of doping detection methods for equine sports. However, analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in sports involving other species are lacking. Due to enhanced accuracy and specificity, chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection is preferred over immunoassays. Regarding biological matrices, blood and urine remain the first choice, although alternative biological matrices, such as hair and feces, have been considered. With the increasing number and type of drugs used as doping agents, the analytes addressed in the published papers are diverse. It is very important to continue to detect and quantify these drugs, recognizing those that are most frequently used, in order to punish the abusers, protect animals' health, and ensure a healthier and genuine competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Área Técnico-Científica de Farmácia, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Delcourt V, Garcia P, Chabot B, Loup B, Remy P, Popot MA, Bailly-Chouriberry L. Screening and confirmatory analysis of recombinant human erythropoietin for racing camels' doping control. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:763-770. [PMID: 31984676 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) belongs to the therapeutic class of erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) due to its implication in the creation pathway of red blood cells and thus enhancement of oxygenation. Because of this bioactivity, rHuEPO has been considered as a major doping agent in sports competitions for decades. Over the years, doping control laboratories designed several analytical strategies applied to human and animal samples to highlight any misuse. Even though multiple analytical approaches have been reported, none has yet been dedicated to racing camels. Here, we describe an analytical strategy to test camel plasma samples at screening using an ELISA assay and a targeted nano-liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry for confirmatory analysis. The method was validated and has been successfully applied to post-race samples, allowing the detection of a positive case of rHuEPO administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Delcourt
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Patrice Garcia
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Benjamin Chabot
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Benoit Loup
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Pierre Remy
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Popot
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
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Cavalcanti RTC, Teixeira PAC, Levy RS, Pereira HMG, Aquino Neto FR. Detection of ESAs in equine urine and blood by SAR‐PAGE. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:772-781. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Tannuri Campos Cavalcanti
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory – LBCD – LADETECFederal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, Polo de Química, Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Pedro Antônio Castelo Teixeira
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory – LBCD – LADETECFederal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, Polo de Química, Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Rachel Santos Levy
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory – LBCD – LADETECFederal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, Polo de Química, Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Henrique Marcelo Gualberto Pereira
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory – LBCD – LADETECFederal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, Polo de Química, Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Francisco Radler Aquino Neto
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory – LBCD – LADETECFederal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, Polo de Química, Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro 21941‐598 Brazil
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Joré C, Loup B, Garcia P, Paris AC, Popot MA, Audran M, Bonnaire Y, Varlet-Marie E, Bailly-Chouriberry L. Liquid chromatography – high resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach for the detection of Continuous Erythropoiesis Receptor Activator effects in horse doping control. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1521:90-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Timms M, Steel R, Vine J. Identification of recombinant human EPO variants in greyhound plasma and urine by ELISA, LC-MS/MS and western blotting: a comparative study. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:164-76. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Timms
- Biological Research Unit; Racing Analytical Services Ltd; 400 Epsom Road Flemington Victoria 3031 Australia
| | - Rohan Steel
- Biological Research Unit; Racing Analytical Services Ltd; 400 Epsom Road Flemington Victoria 3031 Australia
| | - John Vine
- Biological Research Unit; Racing Analytical Services Ltd; 400 Epsom Road Flemington Victoria 3031 Australia
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Kidney-synthesized erythropoietin is the main source for the hypoxia-induced increase in plasma erythropoietin in adult humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1107-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Detection of EPO injections using a rapid lateral flow isoform test. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9685-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lönnberg M, Garle M, Lönnberg L, Birgegård G. Patients with anaemia can shift from kidney to liver production of erythropoietin as shown by glycoform analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 81-82:187-92. [PMID: 23666255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The primary production site of erythropoietin (EPO) is shifted from the liver to the kidney shortly after birth. Under conditions of lost or reduced kidney production, it is valuable to measure the production capacity of the liver. However, there is a lack of urine or serum based methods that can distinguish endogenous EPO produced in different cell types. Here is presented a method based on chromatographic interaction with the lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) that can distinguish presumably liver-produced EPO, found in anaemic patients receiving epoetin and darbepoetin, from kidney-produced EPO found in healthy individuals. All the tested samples from haemodialysis patients with end-stage renal disease showed a presence of liver EPO. In some samples, the liver-produced EPO made up 90-100% of total EPO at a concentration of 8-10 ng/L in urine, which indicates that the liver has a quite high production capacity, although not adequate for the degree of anaemia. This glycoform analysis has made it possible to affirm that some anaemic patients can increase their liver-production of EPO. The use of such a method can give better insight into the regulation of non-renal endogenous EPO production, a potential source of EPO intended to replace administration of exogenous EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lönnberg
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Möller I, Thomas A, Wingender A, Machnik M, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Detection of peginesatide in equine serum using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for doping control purposes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2012; 18:407-412. [PMID: 22971699 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) and its recombinant analogues are suspected to be illicitly administered to horses for performance enhancing purposes and, consequently, prohibited in equine sports. Recently, a new erythropoiesis-stimulating agent, peginesatide (Omontys, formerly referred to as Hematide), belonging to the upcoming class of EPO-mimetic peptides, received approval for the treatment of anaemia in humans with chronic kidney disease on dialysis. As the pegylated dimeric peptide of approximately 45 kDa without sequence homology to EPO is not detectable by conventional EPO detection assays, specific methods are bound to be established for horse sports drug testing. Thus, by fortifying equine serum with peginesatide, an approach consisting of a proteolytic digestion with subtilisin after protein precipitation was developed, eventually targeting a proteotypic and xenobiotic pentapeptide which is easily accessible to liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The method was validated for qualitative purposes and demonstrated to be specific, precise (relative standard deviations below 14%), sensitive (limit of detection 10 ng mL(-1)) and linear. Being simple, cost-effective and readily transferable to other doping control laboratories, a mass spectrometric assay for the detection of therapeutic concentrations of peginesatide in equine serum is, in terms of preventive doping research, applicable to routine analysis shortly after approval of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Möller
- Institute of Biochemistry-Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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