1
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Loan Nguyen TM, Guilloux JP, Defaix C, Mendez-David I, Etting I, Alvarez JC, McGowan JC, Highland JN, Zanos P, Lovett J, Moaddel R, Corruble E, David DJ, Gould TD, Denny CA, Gardier AM. Ketamine metabolism via hepatic CYP450 isoforms contributes to its sustained antidepressant actions. Neuropharmacology 2024; 258:110065. [PMID: 39004413 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
(R,S)-ketamine (ketamine) has rapid and sustained antidepressant (AD) efficacy at sub-anesthetic doses in depressed patients. A metabolite of ketamine, including (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine ((6)-HNKs) has been reported to exert antidepressant actions in rodent model of anxiety/depression. To further understand the specific role of ketamine's metabolism in the AD actions of the drug, we evaluated the effects of inhibiting hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes on AD responses. We assessed whether pre-treatment with fluconazole (10 and 20 mg/kg, i. p.) 1 h prior to ketamine or HNKs (10 mg/kg, i. p.) administration would alter behavioral and neurochemical actions of the drugs in male BALB/cJ mice with a highly anxious phenotype. Extracellular microdialysate levels of glutamate and GABA (Gluext, GABAext) were also measured in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Pre-treatment with fluconazole altered the pharmacokinetic profile of ketamine, by increasing both plasma and brain levels of ketamine and (R,S)-norketamine, while robustly reducing those of (6)-HNKs. At 24 h post-injection (t24 h), fluconazole prevented the sustained AD-like response of ketamine responses in the forced swim test and splash test, as well as the enhanced cortical GABA levels produced by ketamine. A single (2R,6R)-HNK administration resulted in prevention of the effects of fluconazole on the antidepressant-like activity of ketamine in mice. Overall, these findings are consistent with an essential contribution of (6)-HNK to the sustained antidepressant-like effects of ketamine and suggest potential interactions between pharmacological CYPIs and ketamine during antidepressant treatment in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mai Loan Nguyen
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, Inserm UMR 1018, CESP, MOODS Team, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Guilloux
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, Inserm UMR 1018, CESP, MOODS Team, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Céline Defaix
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, Inserm UMR 1018, CESP, MOODS Team, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Indira Mendez-David
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, Inserm UMR 1018, CESP, MOODS Team, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Etting
- Service de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaires AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U-1018, CESP, MOODS Team, 92380 Garches, France
| | - Jean-Claude Alvarez
- Service de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaires AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U-1018, CESP, MOODS Team, 92380 Garches, France
| | - Josephine C McGowan
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Division of Systems Neuroscience, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc. (RFMH) /New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Jaclyn N Highland
- Departments of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA; Departments of Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Panos Zanos
- Departments of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA; Departments of Pharmacology, Baltimore, MD, USA; Departments of Physiology, Baltimore, MD, USA; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, 2109, Cyprus
| | - Jacqueline Lovett
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Corruble
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Inserm UMR 1018, CESP, MOODS Team, 94270 Bicêtre Hospital, 94270 Le Kremin-Bicêtre, France; Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Hôpital de Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Denis J David
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, Inserm UMR 1018, CESP, MOODS Team, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Todd D Gould
- Departments of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA; Departments of Pharmacology, Baltimore, MD, USA; Departments of Physiology, Baltimore, MD, USA; Departments of Neurobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA; Departments of Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christine A Denny
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Division of Systems Neuroscience, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc. (RFMH) /New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Alain M Gardier
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, Inserm UMR 1018, CESP, MOODS Team, 91400 Orsay, France.
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Magny R, Mégarbane B, Chevillard L, Roulland E, Bardèche-Trystram B, Dumestre-Toulet V, Labat L, Houzé P. A combined toxicokinetic and metabolic approach to investigate deschloro-N-ethylketamine exposure in a multidrug user. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 243:116086. [PMID: 38518457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The use of new psychoactive substances derived from ketamine is rarely reported in France. A chronic GHB, 3-MMC, and methoxetamine consumer presented a loss of consciousness in a chemsex context and was referred to the intensive care unit with a rapid and favorable outcome. To investigate the chemicals responsible for the intoxication, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the ten plasma samples collected over a 29.5-hour period, urine obtained upon admission, a 2-cm hair strand sample, and a seized crystal. These analyses were performed using liquid chromatography hyphenated to high resolution tandem mass spectrometry operating in targeted and untargeted modes. Additionally, analyses using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance were conducted to probe the composition of the seized crystal. The molecular network-based approach was employed for data processing in non-targeted analyses. It allowed to confirm a multidrug exposure encompassing GHB, methyl-(aminopropyl)benzofuran (MAPB), (aminopropyl)benzofuran (APB), methylmethcathinone, chloromethcathinone, and a new psychoactive substance belonging to the arylcyclohexylamine family namely deschloro-N-ethyl-ketamine (O-PCE). Molecular network analysis facilitated the annotation of 27 O-PCE metabolites, including phase II compounds not previously reported. Plasma kinetics of O-PCE allowed the estimation of the elimination half-life of ∼5 hours. Kinetics of O-PCE metabolites was additionally characterized, possibly useful as surrogate biomarkers of consumption. We also observed marked alterations in lipid metabolism related to poly consumption of drugs. In conclusion, this case report provides a comprehensive analysis of exposure to O-PCE in a multidrug user including kinetic and metabolism data in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Magny
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Biologique, Fédération de Toxicologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, Paris 75010, France; INSERM UMRS-1144, Université Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- INSERM UMRS-1144, Université Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France; Réanimation Médicale et Toxicologique, Fédération de Toxicologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, Paris 75010, France.
| | | | | | - Benoit Bardèche-Trystram
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Biologique, Fédération de Toxicologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, Paris 75010, France
| | | | - Laurence Labat
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Biologique, Fédération de Toxicologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, Paris 75010, France; INSERM UMRS-1144, Université Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France
| | - Pascal Houzé
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Biologique, Fédération de Toxicologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, Paris 75010, France; INSERM UMRS-1144, Université Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France.
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3
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Nguyen TML, Defaix C, Mendez-David I, Tritschler L, Etting I, Alvarez JC, Choucha W, Colle R, Corruble E, David DJ, Gardier AM. Intranasal (R, S)-ketamine delivery induces sustained antidepressant effects associated with changes in cortical balance of excitatory/inhibitory synaptic activity. Neuropharmacology 2023; 225:109357. [PMID: 36462636 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, an intranasal (IN) spray of esketamine SPRAVATO® was approved as a fast-acting antidepressant by drug Agencies US FDA and European EMA. At sub-anesthetic doses, (±)-ketamine, a non-competitive glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, increases the overall excitability of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), an effect being essential for its rapid antidepressant activity. We wondered if this effect of ketamine could come from changes in the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition (E/I balance) in the mPFC. Here, we performed a preclinical approach to study neurochemical and behavioral responses to a single IN ketamine dose in BALB/cJ mice, a strain more sensitive to stress. By using in vivo microdialysis, we measured cortical E/I balance as the ratio between glutamate to GABA extracellular levels 24 h post-ketamine. We found, for the first time, that E/I balance was shifted in favor of excitation rather than inhibition in the mPFC but more robustly with IN KET than with a single intraperitoneal (IP) dose. Increases in plasma and brain ketamine, norketamine and HNKs levels suggest different metabolic profiles of IP and IN ketamine 30 min post-dose. A significantly larger proportion of ketamine and HNKs in the brain are derived from the IN route 30 min post-dose. It may be linked to the greater magnitude in E/I ratio following IN delivery relative to IP at t24 h. This study suggests that both IP and IN are effective brain delivery methods inducing similar sustained antidepressant efficacy of KET, but the way they induced neurotransmitter changes is slightly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mai Loan Nguyen
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 1018, CESP-Inserm, MOODS Team, Chatenay-Malabry, 92290, France
| | - Céline Defaix
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 1018, CESP-Inserm, MOODS Team, Chatenay-Malabry, 92290, France
| | - Indira Mendez-David
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 1018, CESP-Inserm, MOODS Team, Chatenay-Malabry, 92290, France
| | - Laurent Tritschler
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 1018, CESP-Inserm, MOODS Team, Chatenay-Malabry, 92290, France
| | - Isabelle Etting
- Lab. Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Raymond Poincaré, AP-HP, Garches, France
| | - Jean-Claude Alvarez
- Lab. Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Raymond Poincaré, AP-HP, Garches, France
| | - Walid Choucha
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, UMR 1018, CESP MOODS Team, Bicêtre Hospital, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremin-Bicêtre, 94270, France; Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94275, France
| | - Romain Colle
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, UMR 1018, CESP MOODS Team, Bicêtre Hospital, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremin-Bicêtre, 94270, France; Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94275, France
| | - Emmanuelle Corruble
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, UMR 1018, CESP MOODS Team, Bicêtre Hospital, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremin-Bicêtre, 94270, France; Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94275, France
| | - Denis J David
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 1018, CESP-Inserm, MOODS Team, Chatenay-Malabry, 92290, France
| | - Alain M Gardier
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 1018, CESP-Inserm, MOODS Team, Chatenay-Malabry, 92290, France.
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4
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Kurzweil L, Danyeli L, Şen ZD, Fejtova A, Walter M, Gensberger-Reigl S. Targeted mass spectrometry of ketamine and its metabolites cis-6-hydroxynorketamine and norketamine in human blood serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1152:122214. [PMID: 32531641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine (KET) was originally developed as an anesthetic agent but has also attracted attention for further clinical applications such as medical treatment of depression or pain. The use of KET induces dissociation and emergence delirium. Due to these effects, KET has a high potential for abuse. In order to investigate metabolization of KET or to confirm misuse of KET, highly sensitive analytical methods that cover KET and its metabolites are necessary. A new analytical approach for simultaneous analysis of KET and its metabolites cis-6-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) and norketamine (NK) was established. The compounds were extracted from human blood serum by ultrafiltration and solid phase extraction with subsequent vacuum evaporation. The compounds were analyzed by non-enantioselective ultra-high performance micro-flow liquid chromatography (Waters ACQUITY UPLC® M-Class HSS T3 column, 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid, 14 µL/min flow rate) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry in positive scheduled multiple reaction monitoring mode. Validation parameters such as linearity, precision, recovery, accuracy, stability, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) were proven. LOD for KET and NK was 0.08 ng/mL and LOQ were 0.5 ng/mL and 0.6 ng/mL, respectively. For HNK, LOD was 0.1 ng/mL and LOQ 0.8 ng/mL. The method was then successfully applied to quantify KET, HNK, and NK in blood serum samples from subjects who received KET intravenously. A novel method for the simultaneous analysis of KET, NK, and HNK was established. This new method could now be used for clinical trials investigating KET and its metabolites HNK and NK or for forensic analysis in order to confirm KET abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kurzweil
- Food Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lena Danyeli
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Zümrüt Duygu Şen
- University Hospital for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Anna Fejtova
- Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; University Hospital for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Sabrina Gensberger-Reigl
- Food Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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5
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Larabi IA, Riffi M, Fabresse N, Etting I, Alvarez JC. Validation of an UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of sixteen synthetic cannabinoids in human hair. Application to document chronic use of JWH-122 following a non-fatal overdose. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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6
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Costa G, Serra M, Pintori N, Casu MA, Zanda MT, Murtas D, De Luca MA, Simola N, Fattore L. The novel psychoactive substance methoxetamine induces persistent behavioral abnormalities and neurotoxicity in rats. Neuropharmacology 2019; 144:219-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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7
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Pham TH, Defaix C, Xu X, Deng SX, Fabresse N, Alvarez JC, Landry DW, Brachman RA, Denny CA, Gardier AM. Common Neurotransmission Recruited in (R,S)-Ketamine and (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine-Induced Sustained Antidepressant-like Effects. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:e3-e6. [PMID: 29174592 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thu Ha Pham
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay Malabry, France
| | - Céline Defaix
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay Malabry, France
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York; Organic Chemistry Collaborative Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Shi-Xian Deng
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York; Organic Chemistry Collaborative Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Nicolas Fabresse
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Raymond Poincaré, AP-HP, Garches, France
| | - Jean-Claude Alvarez
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Raymond Poincaré, AP-HP, Garches, France
| | - Donald W Landry
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York; Organic Chemistry Collaborative Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | - Christine A Denny
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Alain M Gardier
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay Malabry, France.
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8
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Zanda MT, Fadda P, Antinori S, Di Chio M, Fratta W, Chiamulera C, Fattore L. Methoxetamine affects brain processing involved in emotional response in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3333-3345. [PMID: 28718892 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Methoxetamine (MXE) is a novel psychoactive substance that is emerging on the Internet and induces dissociative effects and acute toxicity. Its pharmacological effects have not yet been adequately investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We examined a range of behavioural effects induced by acute administration of MXE (0.5-5 mg·kg-1 ; i.p.) in rats and whether it causes rapid neuroadaptive molecular changes. KEY RESULTS MXE (0.5-5 mg·kg-1 ) affected motor activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner, inducing hypermotility and hypomotility at low and high doses respectively. At low and intermediate doses (0.5 and 1 mg·kg-1 ), MXE induced anxious and/or obsessive-compulsive traits (marble burying test), did not significantly increase sociability (social interaction test) or induce spatial anxiety (elevated plus maze test). At a high dose (5 mg·kg-1 ), MXE induced transient analgesia (tail-flick and hot-plate test), decreased social interaction time (social interaction test) and reduced immobility time while increasing swimming activity (forced swim test), suggesting an antidepressant effect. Acute MXE administration did not affect self-grooming behaviour at any dose tested. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that behaviourally active doses of MXE (1 and 5 mg·kg-1 ) increased phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS MXE differentially affected motor activity, behaviour and emotional states in rats, depending on the dose tested. As reported for ketamine, phosphorylation of the ribosomal protein S6 was increased in MXE-treated animals, thus providing a 'molecular snapshot' of rapid neuroadaptive molecular changes induced by behaviourally active doses of MXE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Zanda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - P Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - S Antinori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Di Chio
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - W Fratta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - C Chiamulera
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - L Fattore
- Institute of Neuroscience (IN-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, Cagliari, Italy
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9
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Karinen R, Høiseth G. A literature review of blood concentrations of new psychoactive substances classified as phenethylamines, aminoindanes, arylalkylamines, arylcyclohexylamines, and indolalkylamines. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 276:120-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Alvarez JC, Fabresse N, Knapp A, El Hajj Sleiman I, Garnier R, Langrand J. Identification and quantification of diphenidine in hair by LC-MS/MS after single administration. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Identification and quantification of 4-methylethcathinone (4-MEC) and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in hair by LC–MS/MS after chronic administration. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 270:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Janků S, Komendová M, Urban J. Development of an online solid-phase extraction with liquid chromatography method based on polymer monoliths for the determination of dopamine. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4107-4115. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Janků
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Studentstká 573 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Martina Komendová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Studentstká 573 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Urban
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Studentstká 573 Pardubice Czech Republic
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13
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Methoxetamine, a novel psychoactive substance with serious adverse pharmacological effects: a review of case reports and preclinical findings. Behav Pharmacol 2016; 27:489-96. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Hondebrink L, Verboven AHA, Drega WS, Schmeink S, de Groot MWGDM, van Kleef RGDM, Wijnolts FMJ, de Groot A, Meulenbelt J, Westerink RHS. Neurotoxicity screening of (illicit) drugs using novel methods for analysis of microelectrode array (MEA) recordings. Neurotoxicology 2016; 55:1-9. [PMID: 27149913 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Annual prevalence of the use of common illicit drugs and new psychoactive substances (NPS) is high, despite the often limited knowledge on the health risks of these substances. Recently, cortical cultures grown on multi-well microelectrode arrays (mwMEAs) have been used for neurotoxicity screening of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and toxins with a high sensitivity and specificity. However, the use of mwMEAs to investigate the effects of illicit drugs on neuronal activity is largely unexplored. We therefore first characterised the cortical cultures using immunocytochemistry and show the presence of astrocytes, glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. Neuronal activity is concentration-dependently affected following exposure to six neurotransmitters (glutamate, GABA, serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine and nicotine). Most neurotransmitters inhibit neuronal activity, although glutamate and acetylcholine transiently increase activity at specific concentrations. These transient effects are not detected when activity is determined during the entire 30min exposure window, potentially resulting in false-negative results. As expected, exposure to the GABAA-receptor antagonist bicuculline increases neuronal activity. Exposure to a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA-receptor (diazepam) or to glutamate receptor antagonists (CNQX and MK-801) reduces neuronal activity. Further, we demonstrate that exposure to common drugs (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and amphetamine) and NPS (1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine (mCPP), 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) and methoxetamine (MXE)) decreases neuronal activity. MXE most potently inhibits neuronal activity with an IC50 of 0.5μM, whereas 4-FA is least potent with an IC50 of 113μM. Our data demonstrate the importance of analysing neuronal activity within different time windows during exposure to prevent false-negative results. We also show that cortical cultures grown on mwMEAs can successfully be applied to investigate the effects of different (illicit) drugs on neuronal activity. Compared to investigating multiple single endpoints for neurotoxicity or neuromodulation, such as receptor activation or calcium channel function, mwMEAs can provide information on integrated aspects of drug-induced neurotoxicity more rapidly. Therefore, this approach could contribute to a faster insight in possible health risks and shorten the regulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hondebrink
- National Poisons Information Center (NVIC), University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, NL-3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - A H A Verboven
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, NL-3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W S Drega
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, NL-3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S Schmeink
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, NL-3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M W G D M de Groot
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, NL-3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R G D M van Kleef
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, NL-3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F M J Wijnolts
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, NL-3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A de Groot
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, NL-3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Meulenbelt
- National Poisons Information Center (NVIC), University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, NL-3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, NL-3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, NL-3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R H S Westerink
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, NL-3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Salting-out-assisted liquid-liquid extraction as a suitable approach for determination of methoxetamine in large sets of tissue samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:1171-81. [PMID: 26661068 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A new designer drug, a dissociative anesthetic, and a putative N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, methoxetamine (MXE) noted by the EU Early Warning System has been already identified as a cause of several fatalities worldwide. The primary objective of this work was to develop a suitable sample preparation method allowing for isolation of MXE and its main metabolites in high yields from rat brain, liver, and lungs. For the purpose of the project, MXE and five metabolites were synthesized in-house, specifically O-desmethyl-normethoxetamine, O-desmethylmethoxetamine, dihydro-O-desmethylmethoxetamine, normethoxetamine, and dihydromethoxetamine. A sample preparation procedure consisted in the homogenization of the tissue applying salting-out-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE). A subsequent liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis was based on reversed-phased chromatography hyphenated with a triple quad MS system in a positive electrospray mode. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used for qualification and quantification of the analytes. The quantification was based on the application of an isotopically labeled internal standard, normethoxetamine-d3. The matrix-matched calibrations were prepared for each type of matrix with regression coefficients 0.9943-1.0000. The calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 2.5-250 ng g(-1). Limits of quantification (LOQs) were estimated as 2.5 and 5 ng g(-1), respectively. Recovery (80-117%) and matrix effect (94-110%) at 100 ng g(-1) and intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision at low (2.5 ng g(-1)), middle (25 ng g(-1)), and upper (250 ng g(-1)) concentration levels for all the analytes in all three types of tissues were also determined. The developed analytical method was applied to a set of real samples gathered in toxicological trials on rats and MXE, and its metabolites were determined successfully.
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16
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Adamowicz P, Zuba D. Fatal Intoxication with Methoxetamine. J Forensic Sci 2014; 60 Suppl 1:S264-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Adamowicz
- Institute of Forensic Research; Westerplatte 9 Krakow 31-033 Poland
| | - Dariusz Zuba
- Institute of Forensic Research; Westerplatte 9 Krakow 31-033 Poland
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17
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Zawilska JB. Methoxetamine – a novel recreational drug with potent hallucinogenic properties. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:402-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Bylda C, Velichkova V, Bolle J, Thiele R, Kobold U, Volmer DA. Magnetic beads as an extraction medium for simultaneous quantification of acetaminophen and structurally related compounds in human serum. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:457-66. [PMID: 25231125 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a sample preparation method that complements a previously published liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay for acetaminophen and eight structurally-related compounds in human serum (C. Bylda, R. Thiele, U. Kobold, D.A. Volmer. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 451). The analytes (acetaminophen [APAP] + metabolites acetaminophen-glucuronide [APG], -cysteine [APC], -mercapturate [APM] and -cysteine [APC], structurally similar analogues phenacetin and p-phenetidine, as well as tricyclic antidepressants imipramine and amitryptiline) were extracted from serum using magnetized hyper-crosslinked polystyrene particles. The sample preparation protocol was developed by means of a design of experiments (DoE) statistical approach. Using three representative compounds from the analyte panel with different polarities (high, medium, and low), two screening designs were used to identify factors that exhibited significant impact on recovery of the analytes. These parameters were then optimized to permit extraction of the complete target panel exhibiting a broad range of chemical polarities. Liquid chromatographic separations were achieved by gradient elution using a pentafluorphenyl column with subsequent detection by electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The method was linear over the range 0.1-100 µg/mL for APAP, APG, p-phenetidine and phenacetin, 0.03-50 µg/mL for APS, and 0.01-10 µg/mL for APM, APC, imipramine and amitriptyline, with R(2) > 0.99. The assay exhibited good precision with CVs ranging from 2 to 9% for all analytes; the accuracy was assessed by comparing two LC-MS/MS methods using a set of 68 patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bylda
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany.,Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Jens Bolle
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Kobold
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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The current role of on-line extraction approaches in clinical and forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2261-74. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In today's clinical and forensic toxicological laboratories, automation is of interest because of its ability to optimize processes, to reduce manual workload and handling errors and to minimize exposition to potentially infectious samples. Extraction is usually the most time-consuming step; therefore, automation of this step is reasonable. Currently, from the field of clinical and forensic toxicology, methods using the following on-line extraction techniques have been published: on-line solid-phase extraction, turbulent flow chromatography, solid-phase microextraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, single-drop microextraction and on-line desorption of dried blood spots. Most of these published methods are either single-analyte or multicomponent procedures; methods intended for systematic toxicological analysis are relatively scarce. However, the use of on-line extraction will certainly increase in the near future.
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Imbert L, Boucher A, Delhome G, Cueto T, Boudinaud M, Maublanc J, Dulaurent S, Descotes J, Lachâtre G, Gaulier JM. Analytical Findings of an Acute Intoxication after Inhalation of Methoxetamine. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38:410-5. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Biological sample preparation: attempts on productivity increasing in bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1691-710. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sample preparation is an important step of any biomedical analysis. Development and validation of fast, reproducible and reliable sample preparation methods would be very helpful in increasing productivity. Except for a few direct injection methods, almost all biological samples should at least be diluted before any analysis. Sometimes dilution is not possible because of the low concentration of the target analyte in the sample, and alternative pretreatments, such as filtration, precipitation and sample clean up using different extraction methods, are needed. This review focuses on the recent achievements in the pretreatment of biological samples and investigates them in six categories (i.e., dilution, filtration/dialysis, precipitation, extraction [solid-phase extraction, liquid–liquid extraction], novel techniques [turbulent flow chromatography, immunoaffinity method, electromembrane extraction] and combined methods). Each category will be discussed according to its productivity rate and suitability for routine analysis, and the discussed methods will be compared according to the mentioned indices.
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22
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Pan J, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Li G. Review of online coupling of sample preparation techniques with liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 815:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Elian AA, Hackett J. A Polydrug Intoxication Involving Methoxetamine in a Drugs and Driving Case. J Forensic Sci 2014; 59:854-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert A. Elian
- Massachusetts State Police Crime Laboratory; 59 Horsepond Road Sudbury MA 01776
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24
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An automated dual-gradient liquid chromatography–MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of ferulic acid, ligustrazine and ligustilide in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:354-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Bylda C, Thiele R, Kobold U, Volmer DA. Recent advances in sample preparation techniques to overcome difficulties encountered during quantitative analysis of small molecules from biofluids using LC-MS/MS. Analyst 2014; 139:2265-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00094c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Rugged and accurate quantitation of colchicine in human plasma to support colchicine poisoning monitoring by using turbulent-flow LC–MS/MS analysis. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:2889-96. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colchicine is a common drug used in inflammatory diseases. The narrow therapeutic index requires fast and reliable techniques for its quantitation. An online, automated sample preparation using TurboFlow™ technology combined with triple-stage quadrupole MS detection was applied to identify colchicine in human plasma and follow intoxications. Methodology: Plasma samples (200 µl) were mixed with deuterated colchicine and protein precipitation ZnSO4 solutions. After centrifugation, supernatants were extracted onto a Cyclone P TurboFlow column and eluted onto a narrowbore Hypersil™ GOLD column with a methanol/water gradient. Analytes were monitored in SRM mode (positive electrospray). Results: Total run time was 9.5 min. Calibration curves ranged from 0.342 to 17.1 ng/ml, with significant linearity (R2 >0.99). Inter- and intra-assay precisions were <16.8% and accuracy was 84.4–110%. Conclusion: This method is suitable for monitoring intoxication in patients undergoing chronic treatment and is routinely applied to toxicological samples.
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Férec S, Bretaudeau-Deguigne M, Lelièvre B, Boels D, Bruneau C, Leborgne I, Harry P, Diquet B, Turcant A. Expositions récréatives de 8 patients aux nouvelles drogues de synthèse obtenues sur Internet : à propos de 3,4-méthylènedioxypyrovalérone (MDPV) et de méthoxétamine (MXE). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/ata/2013035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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