1
|
Moreira F, Carmo H, Guedes de Pinho P, Bastos MDL. Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:474-504. [PMID: 33440053 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive innate physical abilities of horses, camels, greyhounds, or pigeons, doping agents might be administered to these animals to improve their performance. To control these illegal practices, anti-doping analytical methodologies have been developed. This review compiles the analytical methods that have been published for the detection of prohibited substances administered to animals involved in sports over 30 years. Relevant papers meeting the search criteria that discussed analytical methods aiming to detect and/or quantify doping substances in animal biological matrices published from 1990 to 2019 were considered. A total of 317 studies were included, of which 298 were related to horses, demonstrating significant advances toward the development of doping detection methods for equine sports. However, analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in sports involving other species are lacking. Due to enhanced accuracy and specificity, chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection is preferred over immunoassays. Regarding biological matrices, blood and urine remain the first choice, although alternative biological matrices, such as hair and feces, have been considered. With the increasing number and type of drugs used as doping agents, the analytes addressed in the published papers are diverse. It is very important to continue to detect and quantify these drugs, recognizing those that are most frequently used, in order to punish the abusers, protect animals' health, and ensure a healthier and genuine competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Área Técnico-Científica de Farmácia, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Castro JDL, Martucci MEP, Pereira HMG, de Sousa VP. A high throughput approach for determination of dermorphin in human urine using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for doping control purposes. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4593. [PMID: 32805775 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dermorphin is a peptide with analgesic actions similar to morphine, but with greater effect and less potential to cause tolerance. The use of dermorphin has been documented in race horses, and its use in humans has already been reported. Considering the potential advantages from the use of dermorphin over morphine, a method to monitor it, and its main metabolite dermorphin (1-4) in humans becomes necessary for doping control. Here, we present two orthogonal methods for this purpose: a high-throughput liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) as an initial testing procedure and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) acquisition mode for a confirmation procedure. For urine samples, pretreatment through a mixed-mode weak cation-exchange solid-phase extraction emerged as an effective approach to extract peptides from the biological sample. For the HRMS analysis, a full-MS scan acquisition mode was selected to detect the exact masses of dermorphin and dermorphin (1-4) at m/z 803.37226 and 457.20816, respectively. The SRM method used in the MS/MS confirmation protocol presented high specificity and sensitivity. The selected product ions for dermorphin were 602.2, 202.1 and 574.3 and for dermorphin (1-4) were 207.1, 223.1, and 235.1. Both methods were evaluated for specificity, repeatability, carryover, matrix effects, and recovery. No carryover and matrix effects were detected. The limit of detection for initial testing procedure and the limit of identification for confirmation procedure was 2.5 ng/ml. Also, specificity and robustness were acceptable for the application. Together, the developed methods proved to be efficient for the analysis of dermorphin and metabolite for human doping control purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de L Castro
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, LBCD-LADETEC, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1280, Pólo de Química, Bloco C, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Maria Elvira P Martucci
- Departamento de Farmácia, Escola de Farmácia, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Rua 9, campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Bauxita, Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Henrique M G Pereira
- Institute of Chemistry, LBCD-LADETEC, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1280, Pólo de Química, Bloco C, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Valéria P de Sousa
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guan F, Fay S, Li X, You Y, Robinson MA. Identification of ex vivo catabolites of peptides with doping potential in equine plasma by HILIC-HRMS. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:771-784. [PMID: 32100400 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive peptides pose a great threat to sports integrity. The detection of these peptides is essential for enforcing their prohibition in sports. Identifying the catabolites of these peptides that are formed ex vivo in plasma may improve their detection. In the present study, the stability of 27 bioactive peptides with protection at both termini in equine plasma was examined under different incubation conditions, using HILIC coupled to HRMS. Of the 27 peptides, 13 were stable after incubation at 37°C for 72 hr, but the remaining 14 were less stable. Ex vivo catabolites of these 14 peptides were detected using their theoretical masses generated in silico, their appearance was monitored over the time course of incubation, and their identity was verified by their product ion spectra. Catabolites identified for chemotactic peptide, DALDA, dmtDALDA, deltorphins I and II, Hyp6 -dermorphin, Lys7 -dermorphin, and dermorphin analog are novel. A d-amino acid residue at position 2 or 1 of a peptide or next to its C-terminus protected the relevant terminal from degradation by exopeptidases, but such a residue at position 3 did not. A pGlu residue or N-methylation at the N-terminus of a peptide did not protect its N-terminal. Ethylamide at the C-terminus of a peptide provided the C-terminal protection from attacks by carboxypeptidases. The C-terminal Lys amide in DALDA, dmtDALDA, and Lys7 -dermorphin was susceptible to cleavage by plasma enzymes, which is the first report, to the authors' knowledge. The results from the present study provide insights into the stability of peptides in plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Guan
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, Kennett Square, PA, USA.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Savannah Fay
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, Kennett Square, PA, USA.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, Kennett Square, PA, USA.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Youwen You
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, Kennett Square, PA, USA.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Mary A Robinson
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, Kennett Square, PA, USA.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, West Chester, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dispersive SPE, an alternative to traditional SPE for extraction of 43 doping peptides from equine urine prior to LC–MS screening. Forensic Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-020-00524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
5
|
Solid-phase extraction based on cation-exchange sorbents followed by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry to determine synthetic cathinones in urine. Forensic Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
6
|
Guan F, You Y, Li X, Robinson MA. A comprehensive approach to detecting multitudinous bioactive peptides in equine plasma and urine using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1308-1325. [PMID: 31250565 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive peptides possess pharmacological effects and can be illicitly used in sports. To deter such misuse, an untargeted method using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has been developed for comprehensive detection of multitudinous exogenous peptides in equine plasma and urine. Forty-four peptides were extracted using mixed-mode solid-phase extraction (SPE) from plasma and urine, separated with a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column, and detected on an HRMS instrument. Ammonium formate as a mobile phase additive had effects on HILIC retention and charge state distribution of the peptides. The acetonitrile percentage in the reconstitution solution affected the solubility of peptide neat standards and peptides in plasma and urine extracts differently. The stability of the peptides in plasma at ambient temperature was assessed. The limit of detection (LOD) was 10-50 pg/mL for most of the peptides in plasma, and ≤ 500 pg/mL for the remaining. LOD was 100-400 pg/mL for the majority of the analytes in urine, and ≤ 4000 pg/mL for the others. The method was used successfully to analyze incurred plasma and urine samples from research horses administered dermorphin. Even in the absence of reference standards, dermorphin metabolites (aFGYPS-NH2 , YaFG, and YaF) were identified. These results demonstrate that data generated with this method can be retrospectively reviewed for peptides that are unknown at the time of sample analysis without requiring re-analysis of the sample. This method provides a powerful novel tool for detection of numerous bioactive peptides and their metabolites in equine plasma and urine for doping control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Guan
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA, 19382, USA
| | - Youwen You
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA, 19382, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA, 19382, USA
| | - Mary A Robinson
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA, 19382, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moreira FX, Carmo H, Melo A, André MB, Silva R, Azevedo Z, Bastos ML, de Pinho PG. The Use of Feathers from Racing Pigeons for Doping Control Purposes. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 43:307-315. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando X Moreira
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
| | - Armindo Melo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE/ Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria B André
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
| | - Renata Silva
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
| | - Zélia Azevedo
- ICETA/REQUIMTE/LAQV – Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria L Bastos
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula G de Pinho
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moreira FX, Silva R, André MB, de Pinho PG, Bastos ML, Ruivo J, Ruivo P, Carmo H. Quantification of doping compounds in faecal samples from racing pigeons, by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1089:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
9
|
Guan F, You Y, Li X, Robinson MA. Detection and confirmation of α-cobratoxin in equine plasma by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1533:38-48. [PMID: 29229330 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
α-Cobratoxin (CTX) is a large peptide (71 amino acids) with strong analgesic effect and may be misused in sports such as horse racing. To prevent such misuse, a sensitive method is required for detection and confirmation of the toxin in equine samples. CTX was extracted from equine plasma using an optimized mixed-mode solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure. Extracted CTX was reduced with dithiothreitol and alkylated with iodoacetamide, and then was digested by trypsin at 56°C for 30min. The digest was analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and tryptic peptides T2 (3CFITPDITSK12) and T4 (24TWCDAFCSIR33) were monitored for detection and confirmation of CTX. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.05ng/mL for CTX in plasma, and the limit of confirmation (LOC) 0.2ng/mL. Unlike small peptides consisting of the 20 canonical amino acids, CTX was stable in equine plasma at ambient temperature for at least 24h. The developed analytical method was successfully applied to analysis of incurred plasma samples; CTX was detected in plasma collected 15min through 36h post subcutaneous administration of CTX (2.0mg dose) to a research horse, and confirmed 30min through 24h. Additionally, an approach named "reliable targeted SEQUEST search" has been proposed for assessing the specificity of T2 at product ion spectrum level for confirmation of CTX. T2 is uniquely specific for CTX, as evaluated with this approach and BLAST search. Furthermore, the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a mobile phase additive on electrospray (ESI) response of T2 and T4, background noise level and signal to noise ratio (S/N) was examined; DMSO increased signal intensity of T2 and T4 by a factor of less than 2. It is the first report that DMSO raised background noise level and did not improve S/N for the peptides, to the authors' knowledge. The developed analytical method may be applicable for analysis of CTX in plasma from other species such as greyhound dogs or even human beings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Guan
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA; Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA, 19382, USA.
| | - Youwen You
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA; Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA, 19382, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA; Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA, 19382, USA
| | - Mary A Robinson
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA; Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA, 19382, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Comprehensive solid-phase extraction of multitudinous bioactive peptides from equine plasma and urine for doping detection. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 985:79-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
11
|
Zvan M, Zenic N, Sekulic D, Cubela M, Lesnik B. Gender- and Sport-Specific Associations Between Religiousness and Doping Behavior in High-Level Team Sports. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2017; 56:1348-1360. [PMID: 27167741 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-016-0254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Religiousness is known to be specifically associated with substance abuse, but there is an evident lack of studies investigating the association between religiousness and doping behavior as a specific type of substance abuse in athletes. This study aimed to provide evidence for possible gender- and sport-specific associations between religiousness and doping behavior among team-sport athletes of both genders. The participants were 886 athletes (21.9 ± 3.8 years of age; 352 females) involved in four sports: volleyball (n = 154; 78 females), handball (n = 206; 68 females), soccer (n = 316; 110 females) and basketball (n = 230; 96 females) from Croatia and Slovenia (all traditionally Roman Catholics). The data were collected using a previously validated structured questionnaire that examined sociodemographic, sport- and doping-related factors. In addition, religiousness was captured by the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith questionnaire (SCSRF). Gender-stratified simple logistic regressions were applied to determine associations between covariates and doping behavior (criterion). There was no significant difference in potential doping behavior between males and females (OR 1.06, 95 % CI 0.76-1.46), while females reported higher religiousness (SCSRF: 23.11 ± 3.23 and 25.46 ± 7.2 for males and females, respectively; t test = 1.82, p < 0.05). Younger female athletes and those with higher SCSRF score are found to be less prone to doping behavior. When models were adjusted for personal opinion about doping presence in sport and age, the SCSRF remained a significant predictor of potential doping behavior (OR 0.95, 95 % CI 0.91-0.99). For males, the belief that doping was present in sport was strongly associated with a higher likelihood of doping. Our results suggest that highly religious females involved in three of the studies sports (i.e., volleyball, handball and basketball) show a weaker tendency toward doping. Meanwhile, there is no evidence that religiousness influences doping behavior among male team-sport athletes. Therefore, sport-specific and gender-specific approach in studying possible relationships that exist between religiousness and different types of misusing substances in sport is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Zvan
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Natasa Zenic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Teslina 6, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Teslina 6, 21000, Split, Croatia.
- University Department of Health Care Studies, University of Split, Split, Croatia.
| | - Mladen Cubela
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Blaz Lesnik
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guan F, Robinson MA, Soma LR. Confirmatory analysis of etanercept in equine plasma by LC-MS for doping control. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1421-1431. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Guan
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square PA 19348 USA
| | - Mary A. Robinson
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square PA 19348 USA
| | - Lawrence R. Soma
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square PA 19348 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The detection of a synthetic Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist peptide in a seized product from a racing stable. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:957-65. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
14
|
Robinson MA, Guan F, McDonnell S, Uboh CE, Soma LR. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dermorphin in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 38:321-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Robinson
- Department of Clinical Studies; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square PA USA
- PA Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory; West Chester PA USA
| | - F. Guan
- Department of Clinical Studies; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square PA USA
| | - S. McDonnell
- Department of Clinical Studies; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square PA USA
| | - C. E. Uboh
- Department of Clinical Studies; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square PA USA
- PA Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory; West Chester PA USA
| | - L. R. Soma
- Department of Clinical Studies; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Timms M, Hall N, Levina V, Vine J, Steel R. A high-throughput LC-MS/MS screen for GHRP in equine and human urine, featuring peptide derivatization for improved chromatography. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:985-95. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Timms
- Biological Research Unit; Racing Analytical Services Ltd; 400 Epsom Road Flemington Victoria Australia 3031
| | - Nikki Hall
- Biological Research Unit; Racing Analytical Services Ltd; 400 Epsom Road Flemington Victoria Australia 3031
| | - Vita Levina
- Biological Research Unit; Racing Analytical Services Ltd; 400 Epsom Road Flemington Victoria Australia 3031
| | - John Vine
- Biological Research Unit; Racing Analytical Services Ltd; 400 Epsom Road Flemington Victoria Australia 3031
| | - Rohan Steel
- Biological Research Unit; Racing Analytical Services Ltd; 400 Epsom Road Flemington Victoria Australia 3031
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Detection and quantification of dermorphin and selected analogs in equine urine. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:2995-3007. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dermorphin, a hepta-peptide with potent analgesic properties, is classified as a doping agent in equine racing. Since its discovery, a number of biologically active structural analogs have been synthesized and made commercially available so there is a need for reliable methods of detection. Methodology/Results: A sensitive detection method was developed for dermorphin and six analogs in equine urine. Peptide enrichment was achieved using weak cation exchange with subsequent separation and detection by nano-UHPLC–MS/MS. Method validation parameters included: specificity, linearity (5–10000 pg/ml), recovery (58–93%), intra and inter-assay repeatability, LOD (5–50 pg/ml) and matrix effects. Conclusion: The presented method will facilitate the control of the abuse of dermorphin and selected analogs in equine sports.
Collapse
|
17
|
Steel R, Timms M, Levina V, Vine J. A high throughput screen for 17 Dermorphin peptides in equine and human urine and equine plasma. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:909-21. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Steel
- Biological Research Unit; Racing Analytical Services Ltd; 400 Epsom Road Flemington Victoria Australia 3031
| | - Mark Timms
- Biological Research Unit; Racing Analytical Services Ltd; 400 Epsom Road Flemington Victoria Australia 3031
| | - Vita Levina
- Biological Research Unit; Racing Analytical Services Ltd; 400 Epsom Road Flemington Victoria Australia 3031
| | - John Vine
- Biological Research Unit; Racing Analytical Services Ltd; 400 Epsom Road Flemington Victoria Australia 3031
| |
Collapse
|