1
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Li F, Karongo R, Mavridou D, Horak J, Sievers-Engler A, Lämmerhofer M. Automated sample preparation with 6-Aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate and iodoacetamide derivatization reagents for enantioselective liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry amino acid analysis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464349. [PMID: 37696129 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective amino acid analysis is gaining increasing importance in pharmaceutical, biomedical and food sciences. While there are many methods available for enantiomer separation of amino acids, the simultaneous analysis of all chiral proteinogenic amino acids by a single method with one column and a single condition is still challenging. Herein, we report an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) assay using Chiralpak QN-AX as chiral column. With 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydrosysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC) as derivatization reagent, efficient enantioselective separation of D- and L-amino acids using HPLC has become possible. Thiol-containing amino acids like Cys are alkylated prior to AQC-labelling. A protocol for automated sample preparation including both derivatization step and calibrator preparation is presented. For compensating matrix effects, u-13C15N-labelled internal standards (IS) were employed. The method was validated and applied to the enantioselective analysis of amino acids in a bacterial fermentation broth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ryan Karongo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Invite GmbH, Formulation Technology, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany; Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Analytical Development API, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Despoina Mavridou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jeannie Horak
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Medical Center, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Sievers-Engler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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2
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Karongo R, Horak J, Lämmerhofer M. Comprehensive reversed-phase×chiral two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry with post-first dimension flow splitting for untargeted enantioselective amino acid analysis. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300351. [PMID: 37464972 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a comprehensive achiral × chiral two-dimensional liquid chromatography separation for enantioselective amino acid analysis coupled to electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry detection using data-independent acquisition. Flow splitting after the first and second dimension separation was utilized for volumetric flow reduction and for enabling a multi-detector approach (with ultraviolet, fluorescence, charged aerosol, and MS detection), respectively. Derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate provided a chromophore, a fluorophore, and an efficient mass tag for efficient ionization in positive electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Chiral columns often have limitations in terms of their chemoselectivity, which may be a problem when complex sample mixtures with structurally related compounds need to be separated. It can be alleviated by a reversed-phase×chiral two-dimensional-liquid chromatography setup, in which the first dimension provides the chemoselectivity and a chiral tandem column constituted of quinine-carbamate derived weak anion-exchanger and zwitterionic ion-exchanger in the second dimension separation of D- and L-amino acid enantiomers. The method was used to control the stereointegrity of the therapeutic peptide octreotide. After hydrolysis, all amino acid constituents were detected with the correct configuration and composition. Some options for flow splitting and integration of destructive detectors in the first dimension separation are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Karongo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jeannie Horak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Karongo R, Horak J, Lämmerhofer M. Comprehensive Online Reversed-Phase × Chiral Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Data-Independent Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment-Ion Spectra-Acquisition for Untargeted Enantioselective Amino Acid Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17063-17072. [PMID: 36442145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an advanced analytical platform for untargeted enantioselective amino acid analysis (eAAA) by comprehensive achiral × chiral 2D-LC hyphenated to ESI-QTOF-MS/MS utilizing data-independent SWATH (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion spectra) technology. The methodology involves N-terminal pre-column derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC; AccQ) as retention, selectivity, and MS tag, supporting retention and UV detection in RPLC (1D), chiral recognition, and thus enantioselectivity by the core-shell tandem column composed of a quinine carbamate weak anion exchanger (QN-AX) and a zwitterionic chiral ion-exchanger (ZWIX(+)) (2D) as well as the ionization efficiency during positive electrospray ionization due to a high proton affinity of the AQC label. Furthermore, the urea-type MS tag gives rise to the generation of AQC-tag characteristic signature fragments in MS2. The latter allows the chemoselective mass spectrometric filtering of targeted and untargeted N-derivatized amino acids or related labeled species. The chiral core-shell tandem column provides a complete enantioselective amino acid profile of all proteinogenic amino acids within 1 min, with full baseline separation of all enantiomers, but without resolution of isomeric Ile/allo-Ile (aIle)/Leu, which can be resolved by RPLC. The entire LC × LC separation occurs within a total run time of 60 min (1D), with the chiral 2D operated in gradient elution mode and a cycle time of 60 s. A strategy to mine the 2D-LC-SWATH data is presented and demonstrated for the qualitative eAAA of two peptide hydrolysate samples of therapeutic peptides containing common and uncommon as well as primary and secondary amino acids. Absolute configuration assignment of amino acids using template matching for all proteinogenic amino acids was made feasible due to method robustness and the inclusion of an isotopically labeled L-[U-13C15N]-AA standard. The quantification performance of this LC × LC-MS/MS assay was also evaluated. Accuracies were acceptable for the majority of AAs enabling AA composition determination in peptide hydrolysates simultaneously with configuration assignment, as exemplified by oxytocin. This methodology represents a step toward truly untargeted 2D enantioselective amino acid analysis and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Karongo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jeannie Horak
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Medical Center, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Calderón C, Lämmerhofer M. Enantioselective metabolomics by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114430. [PMID: 34757254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics strives to capture the entirety of the metabolites in a biological system by comprehensive analysis, often by liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry. A particular challenge thereby is the differentiation of structural isomers. Common achiral targeted and untargeted assays do not distinguish between enantiomers. This may lead to information loss. An increasing number of publications demonstrate that the enantiomeric ratio of certain metabolites can be meaningful biomarkers of certain diseases emphasizing the importance of introducing enantioselective analytical procedures in metabolomics. In this work, the state-of-the-art in the field of LC-MS based metabolomics is summarized with focus on developments in the recent decade. Methodologies, tagging strategies, workflows and general concepts are outlined. Selected biological applications in which enantioselective metabolomics has documented its usefulness are briefly discussed. In general, targeted enantioselective metabolomics assays are often based on a direct approach using chiral stationary phases (CSP) with polysaccharide derivatives, macrocyclic antibiotics, chiral crown ethers, chiral ion exchangers, donor-acceptor phases as chiral selectors. Rarely, these targeted assays focus on more than 20 analytes and usually are restricted to a certain metabolite class. In a variety of cases, pre-column derivatization of metabolites has been performed, especially for amino acids, to improve separation and detection sensitivity. Triple quadrupole instruments are the detection methods of first choice in targeted assays. Here, issues like matrix effect, absence of blank matrix impair accuracy of results. In selected applications, multiple heart cutting 2D-LC (RP followed by chiral separation) has been pursued to overcome this problem and alleviate bias due to interferences. Non-targeted assays, on the other hand, are based on indirect approach involving tagging with a chiral derivatizing agent (CDA). Besides classical CDAs numerous innovative reagents and workflows have been proposed and are discussed. Thereby, a critical issue for the accuracy is often neglected, viz. the validation of the enantiomeric impurity in the CDA. The majority of applications focus on amino acids, hydroxy acids, oxidized fatty acids and oxylipins. Some potential clinical applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Calderón
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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5
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Du HQ. Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of α- and β-enamido phosphonates: highly enantioselective access to amino phosphonic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8843-8848. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01419j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Broad substrate scope; high isloated yield and enantioselectivity; novel hybrid bisphosphine ligands; gram-scale reaction with lower catalyst usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Quan Du
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Karongo R, Ge M, Geibel C, Horak J, Lämmerhofer M. Enantioselective multiple heart cutting online two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of all proteinogenic amino acids with second dimension chiral separations in one-minute time scales on a chiral tandem column. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1180:338858. [PMID: 34538327 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a unique, robust and fully automated analytical platform technology for the enantioselective amino acid analysis using a multiple heart cutting RPLC-enantio/stereoselective HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS method. This 2D-LC method allows the full enantioselective separation of 20 proteinogenic AAs plus 5 isobaric analogues, namely allo-Threonine (aThr), homoserine (Hse), allo-isoleucine (aIle), tert-Leucine (Tle) and Norleucine (Nle), after pre-column derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC; AccQ). This N-terminal AA-derivatization method introduces on the one hand beneficial chromatographic properties for 1D RP-LC (stronger retention) and 2D chiral separation (better chiral recognition), and on the other hand favorable detection properties with its chromophoric, fluorophoric, and easily ionizable quinoline mass tag. The entire separation occurs within a total 2DLC run time of 45 min, which includes the 1D-RP run and the 68 s 2D chiral separations of 30 heart-cuts (from the 1D-RP-run) on a chiral quinine carbamate (core-shell QNAX/fully porous ZWIX) tandem column. This relatively short overall run time was only possible by utilizing the highly efficient "smart peak parking" algorithm for the heart cuts and the resulting optimized analysis order thereof. 1D retention time precisions of <0.21% RSD were a requirement for the time-based sampling mode and finally led to a robust, fully automated enantioselective amino acid analysis platform. This achiral-chiral 2DLC method was applied for the amino acid stereoconfiguration assignment of three peptides (aureobasidin A, a lipopeptide research sample, and octreotide) using an L-[u-13C15N] labelled internal AA standard mix spiked to each sample. The isotopically labelled L-AA standard allowed an easy and straightforward identification and configuration assignment, as well as the relative quantification of amino acids within the investigated peptides, allowing the direct determination of the number of respective amino acids and their chirality within a peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Karongo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Min Ge
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Geibel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jeannie Horak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Medical Center, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337, Munich, Germany.
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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7
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Violi JP, Bishop DP, Padula MP, Steele JR, Rodgers KJ. Considerations for amino acid analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: A tutorial review. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Optimization and validation of a chiral CE-LIF method for quantitation of aspartate, glutamate and serine in murine osteocytic and osteoblastic cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1152:122259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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9
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Horak J, Lämmerhofer M. Racemization without deamidation: Effect of racemization conditions on 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate tagged amino acids. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1604:460492. [PMID: 31488295 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research study was to provide a more thorough understanding of the underlying mechanism and to broaden the application field of the recently introduced racemization method employing the amino acid derivatization tag 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC, AccQ) for heat-induced stereoisomerization of common amino acids as well as uniformly isotopically labeled [U-13C15N]-amino acids. The influence of different buffer types such as sodium borate buffer and sodium carbonate buffer as well as their pH and molarity on the racemization and deamidation of amino acids were investigated. It was found that a 0.4 M borate buffer with a pH of 8.0 +/- 0.2 was the most suitable derivatization as well as racemization buffer to ensure degradation free racemization of deamidation prone compounds such as glutamine. Hereby essential was the in-solution pH measurement before and after derivatization with AQC as well as after heat-induced racemization. This strategy provided further insight at which pH an actual racemization event was observed and when an unwanted deamidation of glutamine to glutamic acid occurred. In addition also the influence of the presence of oxygen during racemization was studied. In this context it was possible to determine ideal oxidation and racemization conditions for the production of scalemic mixtures of chiral isotopically labeled methionine AQC-DL-[U-13C15N]-Met as well as its oxidation products, AQC-DL-[U-13C15N]-Met-O and AQC-DL-[U-13C15N]-Met-O2. All stereoselective separations were performed on the zwitterionic Chiralpak ZWIX(+) column combined with HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis in positive ionization mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannie Horak
- Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, Auf der Morgenstelle 8 (Haus B), 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, Auf der Morgenstelle 8 (Haus B), 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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10
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Horak J, Lämmerhofer M. Stereoselective separation of underivatized and 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate derivatized amino acids using zwitterionic quinine and quinidine type stationary phases by liquid chromatography–High resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1596:69-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Horak J, Lämmerhofer M. Derivatize, Racemize, and Analyze—an Easy and Simple Procedure for Chiral Amino Acid Standard Preparation for Enantioselective Metabolomics. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7679-7689. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannie Horak
- Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, Auf der Morgenstelle 8 (Haus B), 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, Auf der Morgenstelle 8 (Haus B), 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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12
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Woiwode U, Ferri M, Maier NM, Lindner W, Lämmerhofer M. Complementary enantioselectivity profiles of chiral cinchonan carbamate selectors with distinct carbamate residues and their implementation in enantioselective two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography of amino acids. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1558:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Ilisz I, Bajtai A, Lindner W, Péter A. Liquid chromatographic enantiomer separations applying chiral ion-exchangers based on Cinchona alkaloids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:127-152. [PMID: 29980014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As the understanding of the various biological actions of compounds with different stereochemistry has grown, the necessity to develop methods for the analytical qualification and quantification of chiral products has become particularly important. The last quarter of the century has seen a vast growth of diverse chiral technologies, including stereocontrolled synthesis and enantioselective separation and analysis concepts. By the introduction of covalently bonded silica-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs), the so-called direct liquid chromatographic (LC) methods of enantiomer separation became the state-of-the-art methodology. Although a large number of CSPs is available nowadays, the design and development of new chiral selectors and CSPs are still needed since it is obvious that in practice one needs a good portfolio of different CSPs and focused "chiral columns" to tackle the challenging tasks. This review discusses and summarizes direct enantiomer separations of chiral acids and ampholytes applying anionic and zwitterionic ion-exchangers derived from Cinchona alkaloids with emphasis on literature data published in the last 10 years. Our aim is to provide an overview of practical solutions, while focusing on the integration of molecular recognition and methodological variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Ilisz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Szeged, Somogyi utca 4, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Attila Bajtai
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Wolfgang Lindner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 83, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Antal Péter
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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14
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Enantioselective multiple heartcut two-dimensional ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography method with a Coreshell chiral stationary phase in the second dimension for analysis of all proteinogenic amino acids in a single run. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1562:69-77. [PMID: 29859685 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A multiple heartcut (MHC) 2D-UHPLC method with UV detection has been developed for the enantioselective analysis of complex amino acid mixtures in a single run. The MHC method is based on an achiral gradient RPLC separation with 1.8 μm C18 phase (100 × 2.1 mm ID column) in the first dimension (1D) and enantioselective isocratic separation on a tert-butylcarbamoylquinine-based 2.7 μm Coreshell particle column (50 × 3 mm ID) in the second dimension (2D). Pre-column derivatization has been performed with Sanger's reagent (2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene) yielding chromogenic 2,4-dinitrophenylated amino acids (DNP-AAs). Heartcuts of 40 μL fractions of the 1D peaks were sampled into the 2D system via a two-position four-port dual valve connected to two loop decks each equipped with six 40 μL parking loops. Using this setup, 25 amino acids (20 proteinogenic plus allo-Thr, allo-Ile, homoserine (Hse), Orn, β-Ala) have been analyzed enantioselectively in a fully automated manner with a single chiral column within 130 min total run time (1D and 2D). All 2D separations together took 101.5 min (29 cuts with 3.5 min run time each) and thus the total analysis time was quite efficiently utilized. Faster separations were restricted by some software constraints which did not allow to adjust run times in 2D individually. The practical utility of this enantioselective MHC method is documented by application for the absolute configuration determination of the amino acids in gramicidin and bacitracin. Further optimizations should lead to a generic enantioselective amino acid analyzer for the quality control of synthetic peptides and the structural characterization of non-ribosomal peptides.
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15
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He S, He Y, Cheng L, Wu Y, Ke Y. Novel chiral ionic liquids stationary phases for the enantiomer separation of chiral acid by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chirality 2018; 30:670-679. [PMID: 29476561 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Novel chiral ionic liquid stationary phases based on chiral imidazolium were prepared. The ionic liquid chiral selector was synthesized by ring opening of cyclohexene oxide with imidazole or 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, and then chemically modified by different substitute groups. Chiral stationary phases were prepared by bonding to the surface of silica sphere through thioene "click" reaction. Their enantioselective separations of chiral acids were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The retention of acid sample was related to the counterion concentration and showed a typical ion exchange process. The chiral separation abilities of chiral stationary phases were greatly influenced by the substituent group on the chiral selector as well as the mobile phase, which indicated that, besides ion exchange, other interactions such as steric hindrance, π-π interaction, and hydrogen bonding are important for the enantioselectivity. In this report, the influence of bulk solvent components, the effects of varying concentration, and the type of the counterion as well as the proportion of acid and basic additives were investigated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan He
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunchao He
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingping Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaling Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxiong Ke
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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16
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Ilisz I, Péter A, Lindner W. State-of-the-art enantioseparations of natural and unnatural amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Scriba GKE. Chiral recognition in separation science - an update. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:56-78. [PMID: 27318504 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stereospecific recognition of chiral molecules is an important issue in various aspects of life sciences and chemistry including analytical separation sciences. The basis of analytical enantioseparations is the formation of transient diastereomeric complexes driven by hydrogen bonds or ionic, ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, van der Waals as well as π-π interactions. Recently, halogen bonding was also described to contribute to selector-selectand complexation. Besides structure-separation relationships, spectroscopic techniques, especially NMR spectroscopy, as well as X-ray crystallography have contributed to the understanding of the structure of the diastereomeric complexes. Molecular modeling has provided the tool for the visualization of the structures. The present review highlights recent contributions to the understanding of the binding mechanism between chiral selectors and selectands in analytical enantioseparations dating between 2012 and early 2016 including polysaccharide derivatives, cyclodextrins, cyclofructans, macrocyclic glycopeptides, proteins, brush-type selectors, ion-exchangers, polymers, crown ethers, ligand-exchangers, molecular micelles, ionic liquids, metal-organic frameworks and nucleotide-derived selectors. A systematic compilation of all published literature on the various chiral selectors has not been attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard K E Scriba
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Oyama T, Negishi E, Onigahara H, Kusano N, Miyoshi Y, Mita M, Nakazono M, Ohtsuki S, Ojida A, Lindner W, Hamase K. Design and synthesis of a novel pre-column derivatization reagent with a 6-methoxy-4-quinolone moiety for fluorescence and tandem mass spectrometric detection and its application to chiral amino acid analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 116:71-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Todoroki K, Ishii Y, Ide T, Min JZ, Inoue K, Huang X, Zhang W, Hamashima Y, Toyo’oka T. Advanced dress-up chiral columns: New removable chiral stationary phases for enantioseparation of chiral carboxylic acids. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 882:101-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Novel carbamoyl type quinine and quinidine based chiral anion exchangers implementing alkyne–azide cycloaddition immobilization chemistry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1337:85-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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