1
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Danielsen SPO, Beech HK, Wang S, El-Zaatari BM, Wang X, Sapir L, Ouchi T, Wang Z, Johnson PN, Hu Y, Lundberg DJ, Stoychev G, Craig SL, Johnson JA, Kalow JA, Olsen BD, Rubinstein M. Molecular Characterization of Polymer Networks. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5042-5092. [PMID: 33792299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymer networks are complex systems consisting of molecular components. Whereas the properties of the individual components are typically well understood by most chemists, translating that chemical insight into polymer networks themselves is limited by the statistical and poorly defined nature of network structures. As a result, it is challenging, if not currently impossible, to extrapolate from the molecular behavior of components to the full range of performance and properties of the entire polymer network. Polymer networks therefore present an unrealized, important, and interdisciplinary opportunity to exert molecular-level, chemical control on material macroscopic properties. A barrier to sophisticated molecular approaches to polymer networks is that the techniques for characterizing the molecular structure of networks are often unfamiliar to many scientists. Here, we present a critical overview of the current characterization techniques available to understand the relation between the molecular properties and the resulting performance and behavior of polymer networks, in the absence of added fillers. We highlight the methods available to characterize the chemistry and molecular-level properties of individual polymer strands and junctions, the gelation process by which strands form networks, the structure of the resulting network, and the dynamics and mechanics of the final material. The purpose is not to serve as a detailed manual for conducting these measurements but rather to unify the underlying principles, point out remaining challenges, and provide a concise overview by which chemists can plan characterization strategies that suit their research objectives. Because polymer networks cannot often be sufficiently characterized with a single method, strategic combinations of multiple techniques are typically required for their molecular characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P O Danielsen
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Haley K Beech
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Bassil M El-Zaatari
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiaodi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | | | - Zi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Patricia N Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - David J Lundberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Georgi Stoychev
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,World Primer Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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2
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Engelke J, Brandt J, Barner-Kowollik C, Lederer A. Strengths and limitations of size exclusion chromatography for investigating single chain folding – current status and future perspectives. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00336c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic approaches for Single-Chain Nanoparticles (SCNPs) developed rapidly during the last decade, opening a multitude of avenues for the design of functional macromolecular chains able to collapse into defined nanoparticles. However, the analytical evaluation of the SCNP formation process still requires critical improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Engelke
- Polymer Separation Group
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Josef Brandt
- Polymer Separation Group
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Albena Lederer
- Polymer Separation Group
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
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3
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Greyling G, Lederer A, Pasch H. Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation for the Investigation of the Thermoresponsive Nature of Star and Linear Polystyrene. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guilaume Greyling
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science University of Stellenbosch; Private Bag X1; 7602 Matieland South Africa
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Straße 6; D-01069 Dresden and Technische Universität Dresden; D-01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science University of Stellenbosch; Private Bag X1; 7602 Matieland South Africa
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4
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Kötteritzsch J, Geitner R, Ahner J, Abend M, Zechel S, Vitz J, Hoeppener S, Dietzek B, Schmitt M, Popp J, Schubert US, Hager MD. Remendable polymers via reversible Diels-Alder cycloaddition of anthracene-containing copolymers with fullerenes. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kötteritzsch
- Laboratory for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10, Jena, 07743 Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743 Germany
| | - Robert Geitner
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4, Jena, 07743 Germany
| | - Johannes Ahner
- Laboratory for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10, Jena, 07743 Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743 Germany
| | - Marcus Abend
- Laboratory for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10, Jena, 07743 Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743 Germany
| | - Stefan Zechel
- Laboratory for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10, Jena, 07743 Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743 Germany
| | - Jürgen Vitz
- Laboratory for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10, Jena, 07743 Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743 Germany
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10, Jena, 07743 Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743 Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743 Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4, Jena, 07743 Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena; Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, Jena, 07745 Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4, Jena, 07743 Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743 Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4, Jena, 07743 Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena; Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, Jena, 07745 Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10, Jena, 07743 Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743 Germany
| | - Martin D. Hager
- Laboratory for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10, Jena, 07743 Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743 Germany
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5
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Brandt J, Lenz J, Pahnke K, Schmidt FG, Barner-Kowollik C, Lederer A. Investigation of thermoreversible polymer networks by temperature dependent size exclusion chromatography. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01262d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a novel approach for studying thermoreversible Diels–Alder networks by Temperature Dependent SEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
- 01062 Dresden
| | - Johannes Lenz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
- 01062 Dresden
| | - Kai Pahnke
- Macromolecular Architectures
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | | | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Macromolecular Architectures
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
- 01062 Dresden
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6
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Brandt J, Haworth NL, Schmidt FG, Voit B, Coote ML, Barner-Kowollik C, Lederer A. Quantitative Analysis of Step-Growth Polymers by Size Exclusion Chromatography. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:1023-1028. [PMID: 35614639 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report an advanced analysis protocol that allows to quantitatively study the course of step-growth reactions by size exclusion chromatography on the example of the depolymerization of a Diels-Alder polymer based on a furane/maleimide couple at elevated temperatures. Frequently occurring issues of molar mass calibrations and overlap of monomer with solvent signals are addressed for determining reliable molar masses. Thereby, even kinetic parameters (e.g., rate coefficients) can be derived that otherwise would require performing additional spectroscopic experiments. Our results confirm first-order behavior of the rDA reaction with an activation energy of 33 kJ mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Organische Chemie der Polymere, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Naomi L. Haworth
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School
of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Organische Chemie der Polymere, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School
of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Organische Chemie der Polymere, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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7
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Pahnke K, Brandt J, Gryn'ova G, Lin CY, Altintas O, Schmidt FG, Lederer A, Coote ML, Barner-Kowollik C. Entropisch bedingte Selektivität der Kettenspaltung oder: Wo Makromoleküle sich trennen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Pahnke
- Präparative Makromolekulare Chemie, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Josef Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden; Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Deutschland
- Technische Universität Dresden; 01062 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Ganna Gryn'ova
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University (ANU); Canberra ACT 0200 Australien
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; Schweiz
| | - Ching Y. Lin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University (ANU); Canberra ACT 0200 Australien
| | - Ozcan Altintas
- Präparative Makromolekulare Chemie, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | | | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden; Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Deutschland
- Technische Universität Dresden; 01062 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University (ANU); Canberra ACT 0200 Australien
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Präparative Makromolekulare Chemie, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
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8
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Pahnke K, Haworth NL, Brandt J, Paulmann U, Richter C, Schmidt FG, Lederer A, Coote ML, Barner-Kowollik C. A mild, efficient and catalyst-free thermoreversible ligation system based on dithiooxalates. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00470a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We introduce dithiooxalates as efficient and catalyst-free thermoreversible hetero Diels–Alder linkers for applications in self-healing materials, organic sheets, mild ligation or complex architecture design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Pahnke
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Naomi L. Haworth
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Josef Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
- 01062 Dresden
| | | | | | | | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
- 01062 Dresden
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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9
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Pahnke K, Brandt J, Gryn'ova G, Lin CY, Altintas O, Schmidt FG, Lederer A, Coote ML, Barner-Kowollik C. Entropy-Driven Selectivity for Chain Scission: Where Macromolecules Cleave. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1514-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Pahnke
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Josef Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden; Hohe Strasse 6 01069 Dresden Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden; 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Ganna Gryn'ova
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University (ANU); Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
- Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne; Switzerland
| | - Ching Y. Lin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University (ANU); Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Ozcan Altintas
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | | | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden; Hohe Strasse 6 01069 Dresden Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden; 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University (ANU); Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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10
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Kötteritzsch J, Bode S, Yildirim I, Weber C, Hager MD, Schubert US. Reversible oligomerization of 3-aryl-2-cyanothioacrylamides via [2s + 4s] cycloaddition to substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-thiopyrans. Des Monomers Polym 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2015.1058007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kötteritzsch
- Laboratory for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, Jena 07743, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Stefan Bode
- Laboratory for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, Jena 07743, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Ilknur Yildirim
- Laboratory for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, Jena 07743, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Christine Weber
- Laboratory for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, Jena 07743, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Martin D. Hager
- Laboratory for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, Jena 07743, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, Jena 07743, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena 07743, Germany
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11
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Brandt J, Oehlenschlaeger KK, Schmidt FG, Barner-Kowollik C, Lederer A. State-of-the-art analytical methods for assessing dynamic bonding soft matter materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:5758-5785. [PMID: 24782412 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201400521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic bonding materials are of high interest in a variety of fields in material science. The reversible nature of certain reaction classes is frequently employed for introducing key material properties such as the capability to self-heal. In addition to the synthetic effort required for designing such materials, their analysis is a highly complex--yet important--endeavor. Herein, we critically review the current state of the art analytical methods and their application in the context of reversible bonding on demand soft matter material characterization for an in-depth performance assessment. The main analytical focus lies on the characterization at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung, Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany and Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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