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Li P, Meng J, Zhang C, Wei Z, Guo Z, Yun K, Liu Y. Mass spectrometry detection of organophosphorus pesticide adducts on butyrylcholinesterase and albumin. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1243:124195. [PMID: 38959705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
This study established a method to prepare and detect OPs adducts on butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and human serum albumin (HSA). OPs (methyl paraoxon, ethyl paraoxon, methyl parathion, parathion) were incubated with BChE or HSA in vitro, and the adducts of OPs-BChE or OPs-HSA were prepared and qualitatively analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography data-dependent high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ddHRMS/MS). The amounts of BChE and HSA in the incubating systems were varied and the resulting amounts of the adducts were determined using linear regression. OPs-BChE in the blood were isolated by immunomagnetic separation (IMS), and then digested into the OPs-nonapeptide adduct by pepsin. The proteins in the remaining blood plasma were precipitated and digested by pronase to OPs-tyrosines(OPs-Tyr), which were quantified by UPLC-ddHRMS/MS. 4 OPs-nonapeptides and 4 OPs-Tyr adducts were obtained through the process above. The relative mass deviation of incubated adducts between the actual and theoretical exact masses was less than 10 ppm, and further confirmed by fragmentation mass spectra analysis. Calibration curves were linear for all adducts with a coefficient of determination value (R2) ≥0.995. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) for adducts detected by MS ranged from 0.05 to 1.0 ng/mL, and from 0.1 to 2.0 ng/mL, respectively. The recovery percentages for adducts ranged from 76.1 % to 107.1 %, matrix effects ranged from 83.4 % to 102.1 %. The inter-day and intra-day precision were 6.1-10.1 % and 6.9-12.9 % for adducts. This study provides a new reference method for the detection of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. In addition, two blood samples with organophosphorus poisoning were tested by the designed method, and the corresponding adducts were detected in both samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Forensic Science Centre of Zibo Public Security Bureau, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University and Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Junpeng Meng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030405, Shanxi, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University and Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhiwen Wei
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University and Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhongyuan Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University and Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China.
| | - Keming Yun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University and Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yao Liu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University and Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China.
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Wang J, Jin M, Wang Q, Lu X, Gao R, Sun F, Pei C, Wang H. Study on phosphonylation and modification characteristics of organophosphorus nerve agents on multi-species and multi-source albumins. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1240:124155. [PMID: 38735125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Protein adducts are vital targets for exploring organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) exposure and identification, that can be used to characterize the chemical burden and initiate chemical safety measures. However, the use of protein adducts as biomarkers of OPNA exposure has developed slowly. To further promote the development of biomarkers in chemical forensics, it is crucial to expand the range of modified peptides and active sites, and describe the characteristics of OPNA adducts at specific reaction sites. This study utilized multi-species and multi-source albumins as the protein targets. We identified 56 peptides in albumins from various species (including human, horse, rat and pig), that were modified by at least two OPNAs. Diverse modification characteristics were observed in response to certain agents: including (1) multiple sites on the same peptide modified by one or more agents, (2) different reactivities at the same site in homologous albumins, and (3) different preferences at the same active sites associated with differences in the biological matrix during exposure. Our studies provided an empirical reference with rationalized underpinnings supported by estimated conformation energetics through molecular modeling. We employed different peptide markers for detection of protein adducts, as (one would do) in forensic screening for identification and quantification of chemical damage. Three characteristic peptides were screened and analyzed in human albumin, including Y287ICENQDSISSK, K438VPQVS443TPTLVEVSR, and Y162LY164EIAR. Stable fragment ions with neutral loss were found from their tandem MS/MS spectra, which were used as characteristic ions for identification and extraction of modified peptides in enzymatic digestion mixtures. Coupling these observations with computer simulations, we found that the structural stability of albumin and albumin-adduct complexes (as well as the effective force that promotes stability of different adducts) changes in the interval before and after adduct formation. In pig albumin, five active peptides existed stably in vivo and in vitro. Most of them can be detected within 30 min after OPNA exposure, and the detection window can persist about half a month. These early findings provided the foundation and rationale for utilizing pig albumin as a sampling target for rapid analysis in future forensic work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Meng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Xiaogang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
| | - Runli Gao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Fengxia Sun
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Chengxin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
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Liu CC, Liang LH, Yan L, Chen B, Liu XJ, Yang Y, Liu SL, Xi HL. Generic detection of organophosphorus nerve agent adducts to butyrylcholinesterase in plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with an improved procainamide-gel separation and pepsin digestion method. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1697:463990. [PMID: 37075496 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agent (OPNA) adducts to butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) can be applied to confirm exposure in humans. A sensitive method for generic detection of G- and V-series OPNA adducts to BChE in plasma was developed by combining an improved procainamide-gel separation (PGS) and pepsin digestion protocol with ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Residual matrix interferences from prior PGS purification of OPNA-BChE adducts from plasma were found to be a critical cause of significantly reduced UHPLC-MS/MS detection sensitivity. In our developed on-column PGS approach, the matrix interference was successfully removed by adding an appropriate concentration of NaCl to the washing buffer, and it could capture ≥92.5% of the BChE in plasma. The lower pH value and the longer digestion time in all previous pepsin digestion methods were found to be a key accelerated aging factor of several adducts such as tabun (GA)-, cyclohexylsarin (GF)-, and soman (GD)-BChE nonapeptide adducts, making them difficult to detect. The aging event of several OPNA-BChE nonapeptide adducts was so successfully addressed that the formic acid level in enzymatic buffer and digestion time were lowered to 0.05% (pH 2.67) and 0.5 h, respectively, and the post-digestion reaction was immediately terminated. The improved condition parameters were optimal for pepsin digestion of all types of OPNA-BChE adducts into their individual unaged nonapeptide adducts with the highest yields, expanding the applicability of the method. The method had a nearly one-fold decrease in sample preparation time through the reduction of digestion time and removal of ultrafiltration procedure after digestion. The limit of identification (LOI) were determined respectively as 0.13 ng mL-1, 0.28 ng mL-1, 0.50 ng mL-1, 0.41 ng mL-1 and 0.91 ng mL-1 for VX-, sarin (GB)-, GA-, GF-, and GD-exposed human plasma, being low exposure value compared to previously documented approaches. The approach was utilized to fully characterize the adducted (aged and unaged) BChE levels of five OPNAs in a series of their individual exposed concentration (1.00-400 nM) of plasma sample, and successfully detect OPNA exposure from all unknown plasma samples from OPCW's second and third biomedical proficiency tests. The OPNA-BChE adducts, their aged adducts, and unadducted BChE from OPNA-exposed plasma can simultaneously be measured using the method. The study provides a recommended diagnostic tool for generic verification of any OPNA exposure with high confidence by detecting its corresponding BChE adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Cai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Long-Hui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Long Yan
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xiu-Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Shi-Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
| | - Hai-Ling Xi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
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Simultaneous measurement of six biomarkers of dichlorvos in blood by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1208:123381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang Y, Li T, Zhang Y, Sun X, Liu H, Wang Y, Nie Z. Acetylcholinesterase-capped mesoporous silica gated switches for selective detection of high-toxicity organophosphate compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1207:339708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Unambiguous identification and determination of A234-Novichok nerve agent biomarkers in biological fluids using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3429-3442. [PMID: 35190842 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study was intended to develop suitable methods for unambiguous identification and determination of ethyl (1-(diethylamino)ethylidene) phosphoramidofluoridate (known as A234-Novichok) biomarkers in urine and plasma samples. Multiple biomarkers were investigated for the first time, to verify intoxication by the A234-Novichok agent, using sensitive and accurate techniques including gas and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS). Like other nerve agents, in biological matrices, the A234-Novichok agent reacts with several proteins to form related adducts. Considering this, two different protein adduct biomarkers in blood samples were analyzed, and the regenerated A234 was determined. Two-dimensional chromatography and solid-phase extraction techniques were employed for blood sample preparation. Limits of detection for butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) adduct, the regenerated A234, and albumin covalent adduct were determined and reported as 1, 1, and 10 ng mL-1, while the related calibration curves were linear within the range of 2-100, 2-100, and 15-100 ng mL-1, respectively. The detection limit and linear range for the intact agent in the urine sample were determined as 0.1 and 1-100 ng mL-1, respectively. Since A234 and some other Novichok chemicals have been added to the Schedule 1 of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), Annex on Chemicals, after UK incidents, the analytical methods developed in this work might be used for verification purposes, as well as OPCW Biomedical Proficiency Tests.
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Vokuev MF, Baygildiev ТМ, Plyushchenko IV, Ikhalaynen YA, Ogorodnikov RL, Solontsov IK, Braun АV, Savelieva EI, Rуbalchenko IV, Rodin IA. Untargeted and targeted analysis of sarin poisoning biomarkers in rat urine by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6973-6985. [PMID: 34549323 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents continue to pose a real threat to humanity, despite their prohibition under the Chemical Weapons Convention. Sarin is one of the most toxic and lethal representatives of nerve agents. The methodology for the targeted analysis of known sarin metabolites has reached great heights, but little attention has been paid to the untargeted analysis of biological samples of victims exposed to this deadly poisonous substance. At present, the development of computational and statistical methods of analysis offers great opportunities for finding new metabolites or understanding the mechanisms of action or effect of toxic substances on the organism. This study presents the targeted LC-MS/MS determination of methylphosphonic acid and isopropyl methylphosphonic acid in the urine of rats exposed to a non-lethal dose of sarin, as well as the untarget urine analysis by LC-HRMS. Targeted analysis of polar acidic sarin metabolites was performed on a mixed-mode reversed-phase anion-exchange column, and untargeted analysis on a conventional reversed-phase C18 column. Isopropyl methylphosphonic acid was detected and quantified within 5 days after subcutaneous injection of sarin at a dose of 1/4 LD50. A combination of generalized additive mixed models and dose-response analysis with database searches using accurate mass of precursor ions and corresponding MS/MS spectra enabled us to propose new six potential biomarkers of biological response to exposure. The results confirm the well-known fact that sarin poisoning has a significant impact on the victims' metabolome, with inhibition of acetylcholinesterase being just the first step and trigger of the complex toxicodynamic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Vokuev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Т М Baygildiev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Plyushchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Y A Ikhalaynen
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - R L Ogorodnikov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - I K Solontsov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - А V Braun
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory for the Chemical and Analytical Control of the Military Research Centre, 105005, Moscow, Russia
| | - E I Savelieva
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology Federal State Unitary Enterprise, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Kuz'molovsky g/p, 188663, Leningrad Region, Russia
| | - I V Rуbalchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory for the Chemical and Analytical Control of the Military Research Centre, 105005, Moscow, Russia
| | - I A Rodin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Noort D, Fidder A, van der Riet-van Oeveren D, Busker R, van der Schans MJ. Verification of Exposure to Novichok Nerve Agents Utilizing a Semitargeted Human Butyrylcholinesterase Nonapeptide Assay. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1926-1932. [PMID: 34255498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novichok (NV) nerve agents were recently added to the list of Schedule 1 chemicals of the Chemical Weapons Convention. There is a well-accepted method for assessment of nerve agent exposure based on mass spectrometric analysis of a nonapeptide with the serine-198 residue modified by the nerve agent, but this approach has not yet been reported for the class of NV agents and requires the availability of reference standards, which may be a limitation for NV agent exposure assessment. Thus, a goal of this study was to first verify the utility of the nonapeptide method for the characterization of human plasma samples exposed in vitro to the NV agents A-230, A-232, and A-234. A second aim was to evaluate the possibility of identifying unknown exposures by applying precursor ion scanning in combination with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Thus, precursor ion scanning, with a generic fragment ion (m/z 778) of the nonapeptide, was used to pinpoint any modified nonapeptide, while HRMS was used for structural elucidation of the adduct moiety. By this approach, use of HRMS enabled differentiation between adducts of agents with similar molecular masses. A new unique feature that could be exploited for NV nonapeptide analysis was that the modification was released from the peptide during fragmentation in the mass spectrometer and was detected in the low-mass region of the mass spectrum. This low-mass region was extremely informative and contributed to the assignment of the structure of the particular agent used, which is especially important in case no reference materials are available. The presented method is important for verification purposes by the Organisation for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), e.g., in case of investigations of alleged use of NV agents, and for regular forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Noort
- TNO-CBRN Protection, P.O. Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Fidder
- TNO-CBRN Protection, P.O. Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ruud Busker
- TNO-CBRN Protection, P.O. Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Jeong WH, Lee JY, Lim KC, Kim HS. Identification and Study of Biomarkers from Novichok-Inhibited Butyrylcholinesterase in Human Plasma. Molecules 2021; 26:3810. [PMID: 34206601 PMCID: PMC8270327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify biomarkers of ethyl (1-(diethylamino)ethylidene)phosphoramidofluoridate (A234)- or methyl (1-(diethylamino)ethylidene)phosphoramidofluoridate (A232)-inhibited butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), we investigated nonapeptide adducts containing the active site serine, which plays a key role in enzyme activity, using LC-MS/HRMS. Biomarkers were acquired as expected, and they exhibited a significant amount of fragment ions from the inhibiting agent itself, in contrast to the MS2 spectra of conventional nerve agents. These biomarkers had a higher abundance of [M+2H]2+ ions than [M+H]+ ions, making doubly charged ions more suitable for trace analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Hyeon Jeong
- Agency for Defense Development (ADD), P.O. Box 35, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34186, Korea; (J.-Y.L.); (K.-C.L.); (H.-S.K.)
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John H, Richter A, Thiermann H. Evidence of sulfur mustard poisoning by detection of the albumin-derived dipeptide biomarker C(-HETE)P after nicotinylation. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1593-1602. [PMID: 34145783 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM, bis[2-chloroethyl]-sulfide) is a banned chemical warfare agent that was frequently used in recent years and led to numerous poisoned victims who developed painful erythema and blisters. Post-exposure analysis of SM incorporation can be performed by the detection of human serum albumin (HSA)-derived peptides. HSA alkylated by SM contains a hydroxyethylthioethyl (HETE)-moiety bound to the cysteine residue C34 yielding the dipeptide biomarker C(-HETE)P after pronase-catalyzed proteolysis. We herein present a novel procedure for the selective precolumn nicotinylation of its N-terminus using 1-nicotinoyloxy-succinimide. The reaction was carried out for 2 h at ambient temperature with a yield of 81%. The derivative NA-C(-HETE)P was analyzed by micro liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem-mass spectrometry working in the selected reaction monitoring mode (μLC-ESI MS/MS SRM). The derivative was shown to be stable in the autosampler at 15°C for at least 24 h. The single protonated precursor ion (m/z 428.1) was subjected to collision-induced dissociation yielding product ions at m/z 116.1, m/z 137.0, and m/z 105.0 used for selective monitoring without any plasma-derived interferences. NA-C(-HETE)P showed a mass spectrometric response superior to the non-derivatized dipeptide thus yielding larger peak areas (factor 1.3 ± 0.2). The lower limit of identification corresponded to 80 nM SM spiked to plasma in vitro. The presented procedure was applied to real case plasma samples from 2015 collected in the Middle East confirming SM poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald John
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Annika Richter
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
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Isenberg SL, Carter MD, Moon JL, Laughlin S, Petway M, Mojica MA, Rood JE, Gursky AK, Sheppard CI, Bagarozzi DA, Pirkle JL, Johnson RC. The Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Chemical Biomarker Recovery from Mixed Chemical/Biological Threat Exposure Specimens. J Appl Lab Med 2021; 5:273-280. [PMID: 32445395 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfz022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irradiative sterilization of clinical specimens prior to chemical laboratory testing provides a way to not only sterilize pathogens and ensure laboratorian safety but also preserve sample volume and maintain compatibility with quantitative chemical diagnostic protocols. Since the compatibility of clinical biomarkers with gamma irradiation is not well characterized, a subset of diagnostic biomarkers ranging in molecular size, concentration, and clinical matrix was analyzed to determine recovery following gamma irradiation. METHODS Sample irradiation of previously characterized quality control materials (QCs) at 5 Mrad was carried out at the Gamma Cell Irradiation Facility at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, GA. Following irradiation, the QCs were analyzed alongside non-irradiated QCs to determine analyte recovery between dosed and control samples. RESULTS Biomarkers for exposure to abrin, ricin, and organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) were analyzed for their stability following gamma irradiation. The diagnostic biomarkers included adducts to butyrylcholinesterase, abrine, and ricinine, respectively, and were recovered at over 90% of their initial concentration. CONCLUSIONS The results from this pilot study support the implementation of an irradiative sterilization protocol for possible mixed-exposure samples containing both chemical and biological threat agents (mixed CBTs). Furthermore, irradiative sterilization significantly reduces a laboratorian's risk of infection from exposure to an infectious agent without compromising chemical diagnostic testing integrity, particularly for diagnostic assays in which the chemical analyte has been shown to be fully conserved following a 5 Mrad irradiative dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Isenberg
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Melissa D Carter
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jonathan L Moon
- Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sarah Laughlin
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Marla Petway
- Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mike A Mojica
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Julia E Rood
- Epidemiology Elective Program at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alexis K Gursky
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cody I Sheppard
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Dennis A Bagarozzi
- Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - James L Pirkle
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rudolph C Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Rybal’chenko IV, Baigil’diev TM, Rodin IA. Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis for the Determination of the Markers and Biomarkers of Chemical Warfare Agents. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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John H, Thiermann H. Poisoning by organophosphorus nerve agents and pesticides: An overview of the principle strategies and current progress of mass spectrometry-based procedures for verification. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2021; 19:20-31. [PMID: 34820662 PMCID: PMC8601002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence of poisoning with organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents requires biomedical verification. OP nerve agents undergo common biotransformation pathways producing valuable biomarkers. Internationally accepted methods target remaining poison, hydrolysis products and protein-adducts. Mass spectrometry-based methods provide optimum selectivity and sensitivity for identification. Methods, strategies, current proceedings, quality criteria and real cases of poisoning are presented.
Intoxication by organophosphorus (OP) poisons, like nerve agents and pesticides, is characterized by the life-threatening inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) caused by covalent reaction with the serine residue of the active site of the enzyme (phosphylation). Similar reactions occur with butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and serum albumin present in blood as dissolved proteins. For forensic purposes, products (adducts) with the latter proteins are highly valuable long-lived biomarkers of exposure to OP agents that are accessible by diverse mass spectrometric procedures. In addition, the evidence of poison incorporation might also succeed by the detection of remaining traces of the agent itself, but more likely its hydrolysis and/or enzymatic degradation products. These relatively short-lived molecules are distributed in blood and tissue, and excreted via urine. This review presents the mass spectrometry-based methods targeting the different groups of biomarkers in biological samples, which are already internationally accepted by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), introduces novel approaches in the field of biomedical verification, and outlines the strict quality criteria that must be fulfilled for unambiguous forensic analysis.
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Indapurkar AS, Eangoor P, Yeh JS, Vakkalanka M, Cashman JR, Knaack JS. A Method for Diagnosing Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure in Humans using Liquid Chromatography Coupled Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 46:bkaa197. [PMID: 33367644 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are commonly utilized worldwide for agricultural purposes and pose a health threat through air, ground, and water contamination. Here, we present a convenient method for diagnosing exposure to OP pesticides in humans. This immunoprecipitation method relies on extraction of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), a biomarker of OP poisoning that adducts OP compounds, from human serum using agarose beads conjugated to anti-BChE antibodies. Extracted BChE was then digested with pepsin and analyzed for unadducted and OP-adducted peptides by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). To characterize and validate this method, pooled human plasma was exposed to parathion and dichlorvos to form diethoxyphospho, aged ethoxyphospho and dimethoxyphospho adducts with BChE. Untreated plasma was also analyzed for unadducted peptides. Additionally, samples were analyzed using Ellman's assay to measure BChE functional activity. The percent inhibition of BChE was 53.5±5.76 and 95.2±0.37%, respectively, for plasma treated with parathion for 1 hour and 24 hours. The percent inhibition was 97.2±0.98 for plasma treated with dichlorvos for 1 hour. The percent inhibition was 97.9±0.41% when the plasma treated with parathion for 1 hour, parathion for 24 hour and dichlorvos for 1 hour were mixed. Individual adducts were quantified in a single chromatographic run. Untreated plasma contained 26.4±1.87 ng/mL of unadducted BChE and no adducted peptides. In contrast, the plasma sample treated with both pesticides contained no unadducted BChE, but did contain 9.46±1.10, 10.9±0.98 and 14.1±1.10 ng/mL of diethoxyphospho, aged-ethoxy, and dimethoxyphospho peptides, respectively. The ability to identify and measure BChE and BChE adducts to parathion and dichlorvos is expected to be useful for diagnosing human exposure to multiple OP pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta S Indapurkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, Georgia, 30341, United States
| | - Padmanabhan Eangoor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, Georgia, 30341, United States
| | - Jihee Stephanie Yeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, Georgia, 30341, United States
| | - Manideepika Vakkalanka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, Georgia, 30341, United States
| | - John R Cashman
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, California, 92121, United States
| | - Jennifer S Knaack
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, Georgia, 30341, United States
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Mirbabaei F, Mohammad-Khah A, Babri M, Naseri MT. Verification of exposure to sarin nerve agent through the chemical analysis of red blood cell samples. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Chromatographic analysis of chemical warfare agents and their metabolites in biological samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Fu F, Chen J, Zhao P, Lu X, Gao R, Chen D, Liu H, Wang H, Pei C. Tracing and attribution of V-type nerve agents in human exposure by strategy of assessing the phosphonylated and disulfide adducts on ceruloplasmin. Toxicology 2020; 430:152346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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18
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An interdigitated microelectrode based aptasensor for real-time and ultratrace detection of four organophosphorus pesticides. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 150:111879. [PMID: 31767346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
With increasing industrialization of food production, residues of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are more frequently found in the environment including rivers, lakes and soils. Extended exposure to OPs, even at a level below 1 nM, may lead to liver and central nervous system damages in humans and animals, while existing detection methods are not sensitive enough to detect OPs at trace levels. We presented a simple-to-use aptasensor to rapidly detect broad-spectrum OPs with high sensitivity. DNA aptamer was modified on the surface of a micro interdigitated electrode chip, and AC electrokinetics was employed to accelerate the binding of OP molecules to the aptamer probe. The sensing strategy directly measured the interfacial capacitance whose change rate was adopted as a quantitative indicator of recognition events, with a sample to result detection time of 30 s. This aptasensor had a wide linear range of (fM ~ nM), and the detection limit reached (0.24-1.67) fM for four highly-toxic OPs, with good specificity. It still showed good activity after being stored in non-refrigerated environment for at least 14 days. This aptasensor as well as the detection method offer a promising solution for on-site and real-time sensitive OP detection.
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Dubrovskii Y, Murashko E, Chuprina O, Beltyukov P, Radilov A, Solovyev N, Babakov V. Mass spectrometry based proteomic approach for the screening of butyrylcholinesterase adduct formation with organophosphates. Talanta 2019; 197:374-382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Stavrianidi AN, Braun AV, Stekolshchikova EA, Baygildiev TM, Rodin IA, Rybalchenko IV. Selection of Recording Conditions and Study of Fragmentation of a Peptide Biomarker of Sarin by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934818140137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Purification of recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase on Hupresin®. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1102-1103:109-115. [PMID: 30384187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Affinity chromatography on procainamide-Sepharose has been an important step in the purification of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) since its introduction in 1978. The procainamide affinity gel has limitations. In the present report a new affinity gel called Hupresin® was evaluated for its ability to purify truncated, recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase (rHuBChE) expressed in a stably transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary cell line. We present a detailed example of the purification of rHuBChE secreted into 3940 mL of serum-free culture medium. The starting material contained 13,163 units of BChE activity (20.9 mg). rHuBChE was purified to homogeneity in a single step by passage over 82 mL of Hupresin® eluted with 0.1 M tetramethylammonium bromide in 20 mM TrisCl pH 7.5. The fraction with the highest specific activity of 630 units/mg contained 11 mg of BChE. Hupresin® is superior to procainamide-Sepharose for purification of BChE, but is not suitable for purifying native AChE because Hupresin® binds AChE so tightly that AChE is not released with buffers, but is desorbed with denaturing solvents such as 50% acetonitrile or 1% trifluoroacetic acid. Procainamide-Sepharose will continue to be useful for purification of AChE.
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22
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Timperley CM, Forman JE, Abdollahi M, Al-Amri AS, Alonso IP, Baulig A, Borrett V, Cariño FA, Curty C, Berrutti DG, Kovarik Z, Martínez-Álvarez R, Mikulak R, Mourão NMF, Ponnadurai R, Neffe S, Raza SK, Rubaylo V, Takeuchi K, Tang C, Trifirò F, van Straten FM, Vanninen PS, Zaitsev V, Waqar F, Zina MS, Blum MM, Gregg H, Fischer E, Sun S, Yang P. Advice on chemical weapons sample stability and storage provided by the Scientific Advisory Board of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons to increase investigative capabilities worldwide. Talanta 2018; 188:808-832. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Shaner RL, Coleman RM, Schulze N, Platanitis K, Brown AA, Seymour C, Kaplan P, Perez J, Hamelin EI, Johnson RC. Investigation of dried blood sampling with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to confirm human exposure to nerve agents. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1033:100-107. [PMID: 30172315 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed to detect and quantify organophosphate nerve agent (OPNA) metabolites in dried blood samples. Dried blood spots (DBS) and microsampling devices are alternatives to traditional blood draws, allowing for safe handling, extended stability, reduced shipping costs, and potential self-sampling. DBS and microsamplers were evaluated for precision, accuracy, sensitivity, matrix effects, and extraction recovery following collection of whole blood containing five OPNA metabolites. The metabolites of VX, Sarin (GB), Soman (GD), Cyclosarin (GF), and Russian VX (VR) were quantitated from 5.0 to 500 ng mL-1 with precision of ≤16% and accuracy between 93 and 108% for QC samples with controlled volumes. For unknown spot volumes, OPNA metabolite concentrations were normalized to total blood protein to improve interpretation of nerve agent exposures. This study provides data to support the use of DBS and microsamplers to collect critical exposure samples quickly, safely, and efficiently following large-scale chemical exposure events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Shaner
- Emergency Response Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Rebecca M Coleman
- Emergency Response Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Nicholas Schulze
- ORISE Fellow, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Kelsey Platanitis
- ORISE Fellow, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Ashli A Brown
- ORISE Fellow, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Craig Seymour
- Battelle Memorial Institute at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Pearl Kaplan
- ORISE Fellow, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Jonas Perez
- Emergency Response Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Elizabeth I Hamelin
- Emergency Response Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
| | - Rudolph C Johnson
- Emergency Response Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
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Lee JY. Comparison of Efficiency of Purification (from Human Plasma) of a Nerve Agent Adduct of Butyrylcholinesterase Between the Affinity Gel Method and Immunomagnetic Separation. J Chromatogr Sci 2018; 56:248-253. [PMID: 29244127 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methyl phosphonothiolate (VX) is a highly toxic chemical warfare agent because it inhibits cholinesterase (ChE) activity in the nervous system. Inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity by VX is due to formation of a phosphorylated BChE adduct; this adduct in human plasma can serve as a biomarker of exposure to nerve agents. We compared purification efficiency between the procainamide affinity gel method and immunomagnetic separation (IMS) for the nerve agent adduct of BChE in plasma and then optimized the sample preparation by purifying BChE to measure biomarkers of human exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents. The purification efficiency of IMS was 5-fold greater than that of the procainamide affinity gel method because the antibody conjugate with protein G magnetic beads ensured highly selective capture and high recovery of VX-inhibited BChE from plasma. Protein isolation and extraction of the adduct of VX-inhibited BChE from plasma were made more specific by IMS. A 50 µL of the IMS solution was enough to bind VX-inhibited BChE in up to 0.5 mL of plasma. Nonetheless, the IMS method has a limitation in terms of reutilization of the complexes antibody-magnetic beads. We expect that this approach can be used to quantify other types of organophosphorus adducts in human plasma, thus serving as a possible general assay for biomarkers of exposure to nerve agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Lee
- Agency for Defense Development (ADD), PO Box 35-5, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
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25
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Quantitation of saxitoxin in human urine using immunocapture extraction and LC–MS. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:229-239. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: An immunomagnetic capture protocol for use with LC–MS was developed for the quantitation of saxitoxin (STX) in human urine. Materials & methods: This method uses monoclonal antibodies coupled to magnetic beads. STX was certified reference material grade from National Research Council, Canada. Analysis was carried out using LC–MS. Results: With an extraction efficiency of 80%, accuracy and precision of 93.0–100.2% and 5.3–12.6%, respectively, and a dynamic range of 1.00–100 ng/ml, the method is well suited to quantify STX exposures based on previously reported cases. Conclusion: Compared with our previously published protocols, this method has improved selectivity, a fivefold increase in sensitivity and uses only a third of the sample volume. This method can diagnose future toxin exposures and may complement the shellfish monitoring programs worldwide.
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Yang M, Zhao Y, Wang L, Paulsen M, Simpson CD, Liu F, Du D, Lin Y. Simultaneous detection of dual biomarkers from humans exposed to organophosphorus pesticides by combination of immunochromatographic test strip and ellman assay. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 104:39-44. [PMID: 29306031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel sandwich immunoassay based immunochromatographic test strip (ICTS) has been developed for simultaneously measuring both butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity and the total amount of BChE (including inhibited and active enzyme) from 70 μLpost-exposure human plasma sample. The principle of this method is based on the BChE monoclonal antibody (MAb) capable of acting as both capture antibody and detection antibody. The BChE MAb which was immobilized on the test line was able to recognize both organophosphorus BChE adducts (OP-BChE) and BChE and provided equal binding affinity, permitting detection of the total enzyme amount in post-exposure human plasma samples. The formed immunocomplexes on the test line can further be excised from the test-strip for subsequent off-line measurement of BChE activity using the Ellman assay. Therefore, dual biomarkers of BChE activity and phosphorylation (OP-BChE) will be obtained simultaneously. The whole sandwich-immunoassay was performed on one ICTS, greatly reducing analytical time. The ICTS sensor showed excellent linear responses for assaying total amount of BChE and active BChE ranging from 0.22 to 3.58nM and 0.22-7.17nM, respectively. Both the signal detection limits are 0.10nM. We validated the practical application of the proposed method to measure 124 human plasma samples from orchard workers and cotton farmers with long-term exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OPs). The results were in highly agreement with LC/MS/MS which verified our method is extremely accurate. Combining the portability and rapidity of test strip and the compatibility of BChE MAb as both capture antibody and detection antibody, the developed method provides a baseline-free, low-cost and rapid tool for in-field monitoring of OP exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Yang
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States; Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| | - Limin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael Paulsen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Christopher D Simpson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Du
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States.
| | - Yuehe Lin
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States.
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Onder S, Schopfer LM, Cashman JR, Tacal O, Johnson RC, Blake TA, Lockridge O. Use of Hupresin To Capture Red Blood Cell Acetylcholinesterase for Detection of Soman Exposure. Anal Chem 2017; 90:974-979. [PMID: 29172437 PMCID: PMC5757501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Toxicity from acute exposure to nerve
agents and organophosphorus
toxicants is due to irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) in the nervous system. AChE in red blood cells is a surrogate
for AChE in the nervous system. Previously we developed an immunopurification
method to enrich red blood cell AChE (RBC AChE) as a biomarker of
exposure. The goal of the present work was to provide an alternative
RBC AChE enrichment strategy, by binding RBC AChE to Hupresin affinity
gel. AChE was solubilized from frozen RBC by addition of 1% Triton
X-100. Insoluble debris was removed by centrifugation. The red, but
not viscous, RBC AChE solution was loaded on a Hupresin affinity column.
Hemoglobin and other proteins were washed off with 3 M NaCl, while
retaining AChE bound to Hupresin. Denatured AChE was eluted with 1%
trifluoroacetic acid. The same protocol was used for 20 mL of RBC
AChE inhibited with a soman model compound. The acid denatured protein
was digested with pepsin and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem
mass spectrometry on a 6600 Triple-TOF mass spectrometer. A targeted
method identified the aged soman adduct on serine 203 in peptide FGESAGAAS. It was concluded that Hupresin can be used to enrich
soman-inhibited AChE solubilized from 8 mL of frozen human erythrocytes,
yielding a quantity sufficient for detecting soman exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Onder
- Hacettepe University , Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.,Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Lawrence M Schopfer
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - John R Cashman
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute , 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ozden Tacal
- Hacettepe University , Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rudolph C Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Thomas A Blake
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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Bonichon M, Combès A, Desoubries C, Bossée A, Pichon V. Development of immunosorbents coupled on-line to immobilized pepsin reactor and micro liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of butyrylcholinesterase in human plasma. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1526:70-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bielmann A, Curty C, Bochet CG. Solid-Phase Synthesis of the Aged-Nonapeptide-Nerve-Agent Adduct of Butyrylcholinesterase as Reference Materials for Analytical Verification. Helv Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201700198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bielmann
- Spiez Laboratory; Austrasse 3700 Spiez Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | | | - Christian G. Bochet
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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Onder S, David E, Tacal O, Schopfer LM, Lockridge O. Hupresin Retains Binding Capacity for Butyrylcholinesterase and Acetylcholinesterase after Sanitation with Sodium Hydroxide. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:713. [PMID: 29066970 PMCID: PMC5641355 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Hupresin is a new affinity resin that binds butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in human plasma and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) solubilized from red blood cells (RBC). Hupresin is available from the CHEMFORASE company. BChE in human plasma binds to Hupresin and is released with 0.1 M trimethylammonium bromide (TMA) with full activity and 10-15% purity. BChE immunopurified from plasma by binding to immobilized monoclonal beads has fewer contaminating proteins than the one-step Hupresin-purified BChE. However, when affinity chromatography on Hupresin follows ion exchange chromatography at pH 4.5, BChE is 99% pure. The membrane bound AChE, solubilized from human RBC with 0.6% Triton X-100, binds to Hupresin and remains bound during washing with sodium chloride. Human AChE is not released in significant quantities with non-denaturing solvents, but is recovered in 1% trifluoroacetic acid. The denatured, partially purified AChE is useful for detecting exposure to nerve agents by mass spectrometry. Our goal was to determine whether Hupresin retains binding capacity for BChE and AChE after Hupresin is washed with 0.1 M NaOH. A 2 mL column of Hupresin equilibrated in 20 mM TrisCl pH 7.5 was used in seven consecutive trials to measure binding and recovery of BChE from 100 mL human plasma. Between each trial the Hupresin was washed with 10 column volumes of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. A similar trial was conducted with red blood cell AChE in 0.6% Triton X-100. It was found that the binding capacity for BChE and AChE was unaffected by washing Hupresin with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. Hupresin could be washed with sodium hydroxide at least seven times without losing binding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Onder
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | | | - Ozden Tacal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lawrence M. Schopfer
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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31
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Bonichon M, Valbi V, Combès A, Desoubries C, Bossée A, Pichon V. Online coupling of immunoextraction, digestion, and microliquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of sarin and soman-butyrylcholinesterase adducts in human plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:1039-1051. [PMID: 28971225 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agent (OPNA) adducts formed with human butyrylcholinesterase (HuBuChE) can be used as biomarker of OPNA exposure. Indeed, intoxication by OPNAs can be confirmed by the LC/MS2 analysis of a specific HuBuChE nonapeptide on which OPNAs covalently bind. A fast, selective, and highly sensitive online method was developed to detect sarin and soman adducts in plasma, including immunoextraction by anti-HuBuChE antibodies, pepsin digestion on immobilized enzyme reactors (IMER), and microLC/MS2 analysis of the OPNA adducts. The potential of three different monoclonal antibodies, covalently grafted on sepharose, was compared for the extraction of HuBuChE. The online method developed with the most promising antibodies allowed the extraction of up to 100% of HuBuChE contained in plasma and the digestion of 45% of it in less than 40 min. Moreover, OPNA-HuBuChE adducts, aged OPNA adducts, and unadducted HuBuChE could be detected (with S/N > 2000), even in plasma spiked with a low concentration of OPNA (10 ng mL-1). Finally, the potential of this method was compared to approaches involving other affinity sorbents, already described for HuBuChE extraction. Graphical abstract Online coupling of immunoextraction, digestion, and microliquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of organophosphorous nerve agent adducts formed with human butyrylcholinesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Bonichon
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), UMR CNRS-ESPCI Paris, CBI 8231, PSL Research University, ESPCI Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris, France
| | - Valentina Valbi
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), UMR CNRS-ESPCI Paris, CBI 8231, PSL Research University, ESPCI Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Combès
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), UMR CNRS-ESPCI Paris, CBI 8231, PSL Research University, ESPCI Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris, France
| | | | - Anne Bossée
- DGA, CBRN Defence, 5 rue Lavoisier, Vert-le-Petit, France
| | - Valérie Pichon
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), UMR CNRS-ESPCI Paris, CBI 8231, PSL Research University, ESPCI Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris, France. .,UPMC, Sorbonne University, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, France.
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Dafferner AJ, Schopfer LM, Xiao G, Cashman JR, Yerramalla U, Johnson RC, Blake TA, Lockridge O. Immunopurification of Acetylcholinesterase from Red Blood Cells for Detection of Nerve Agent Exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1897-1910. [PMID: 28892361 PMCID: PMC5646370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Nerve agents and
organophosphorus pesticides make a covalent bond
with the active site serine of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), resulting
in inhibition of AChE activity and toxic symptoms. AChE in red blood
cells (RBCs) serves as a surrogate for AChE in the nervous system.
Mass spectrometry analysis of adducts on RBC AChE could provide evidence
of exposure. Our goal was to develop a method of immunopurifying human
RBC AChE in quantities adequate for detecting exposure by mass spectrometry.
For this purpose, we immobilized 3 commercially available anti-human
acetylcholinesterase monoclonal antibodies (AE-1, AE-2, and HR2) plus
3 new monoclonal antibodies. The monoclonal antibodies were characterized
for binding affinity, epitope mapping by pairing analysis, and nucleotide
and amino acid sequences. AChE was solubilized from frozen RBCs with
1% (v/v) Triton X-100. A 16 mL sample containing 5.8 μg of RBC
AChE was treated with a quantity of soman model compound that inhibited
50% of the AChE activity. Native and soman-inhibited RBC AChE samples
were immunopurified on antibody–Sepharose beads. The immunopurified
RBC AChE was digested with pepsin and analyzed by liquid chromatography
tandem mass spectrometry on a 6600 Triple-TOF mass spectrometer. The
aged soman-modified PheGlyGluSerAlaGlyAlaAlaSer (FGESAGAAS) peptide
was detected using a targeted analysis method. It was concluded that
all 6 monoclonal antibodies could be used to immunopurify RBC AChE
and that exposure to nerve agents could be detected as adducts on
the active site serine of RBC AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J Dafferner
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Lawrence M Schopfer
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Gaoping Xiao
- Syd Labs, Inc , Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
| | - John R Cashman
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute , 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Udaya Yerramalla
- Precision Antibody , 91330 Red Branch Rd, Columbia, Maryland 21045, United States
| | - Rudolph C Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Thomas A Blake
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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33
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Characterization of butyrylcholinesterase in bovine serum. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 266:17-27. [PMID: 28189703 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human butyrylcholinesterase (HuBChE) protects from nerve agent toxicity. Our goal was to determine whether bovine serum could be used as a source of BChE. Bovine BChE (BoBChE) was immunopurified from 100 mL fetal bovine serum (FBS) or 380 mL adult bovine serum by binding to immobilized monoclonal mAb2. Bound proteins were digested with trypsin and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results proved that FBS and adult bovine serum contain BoBChE. The concentration of BoBChE was estimated to be 0.04 μg/mL in FBS, and 0.03 μg/mL in adult bovine serum, values lower than the 4 μg/mL BChE in human serum. Nondenaturing gel electrophoresis showed that monoclonal mAb2 bound BoBChE but not bovine acetylcholinesterase (BoAChE) and confirmed that FBS contains BoBChE and BoAChE. Recombinant bovine BChE (rBoBChE) expressed in serum-free culture medium spontaneously reactivated from inhibition by chlorpyrifos oxon at a rate of 0.0023 min-1 (t1/2 = 301 min-1) and aged at a rate of 0.0138 min-1 (t1/2 = 50 min-1). Both BoBChE and HuBChE have 574 amino acids per subunit and 90% sequence identity. However, the apparent size of serum BoBChE and rBoBChE tetramers was much greater than the 340,000 Da of HuBChE tetramers. Whereas HuBChE tetramers include short polyproline rich peptides derived from lamellipodin, no polyproline peptides have been identified in BoBChE. We hypothesize that BoBChE tetramers use a large polyproline-rich protein to organize subunits into a tetramer and that the low concentration of BoBChE in serum is explained by limited quantities of an unidentified polyproline-rich protein.
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34
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Mathews TP, Carter MD, Johnson D, Isenberg SL, Graham LA, Thomas JD, Johnson RC. High-Confidence Qualitative Identification of Organophosphorus Nerve Agent Adducts to Human Butyrylcholinesterase. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1955-1964. [PMID: 28208252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a data-dependent, high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (ddHRMS/MS) method capable of detecting all organophosphorus nerve agent (OPNA) adducts to human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) was developed. After an exposure event, immunoprecipitation from blood with a BChE-specific antibody and digestion with pepsin produces a nine amino acid peptide containing the OPNA adduct. Signature product ions of this peptic BChE nonapeptide (FGES*AGAAS) offer a route to broadly screen for OPNA exposure. Taking this approach on an HRMS instrument identifies biomarkers, including unknowns, with high mass accuracy. Using a set of pooled human sera exposed to OPNAs as quality control (QC) materials, the developed method successfully identified precursor ions with <1 ppm and tied them to signature product ions with <5 ppm deviation from their chemical formulas. This high mass accuracy data from precursor and product ions, collected over 23 independent immunoprecipitation preparations, established method operating limits. QC data and experiments with 14 synthetic reference peptides indicated that reliable qualitative identification of biomarkers was possible for analytes >15 ng/mL. The developed method was applied to a convenience set of 96 unexposed serum samples and a blinded set of 80 samples treated with OPNAs. OPNA biomarkers were not observed in convenience set samples and no false positive or negative identifications were observed in blinded samples. All biomarkers in the blinded serum set >15 ng/mL were correctly identified. For the first time, this study reports a ddHRMS/MS method capable of complementing existing quantitative methodologies and suitable for identifying exposure to unknown organophosphorus agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Mathews
- Battelle at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Melissa D Carter
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Darryl Johnson
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Samantha L Isenberg
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Leigh Ann Graham
- Battelle at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Jerry D Thomas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Rudolph C Johnson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
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Peng H, Blake TA, Johnson RC, Dafferner AJ, Brimijoin S, Lockridge O. Monoclonal Antibodies That Recognize Various Folding States of Pure Human Butyrylcholinesterase Can Immunopurify Butyrylcholinesterase from Human Plasma Stored at Elevated Temperatures. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:1182-1191. [PMID: 28058292 PMCID: PMC5204208 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human plasma to be analyzed for exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors is stored at 4 °C or lower to prevent denaturation of human butyrylcholinesterase (HuBChE), the biomarker of exposure. Currently published protocols immunopurify HuBChE using antibodies that bind native HuBChE before analysis by mass spectrometry. It is anticipated that the plasma collected from human casualties may be stored nonideally at elevated temperatures of up to 45 °C for days or maybe weeks. At 45 °C, the plasma loses 50% of its HuBChE activity in 8 days and 95% in 40 days. Our goal was to identify a set of monoclonal antibodies that could be used to immunopurify HuBChE from plasma stored at 45 °C. The folding states of pure human HuBChE stored at 4 and 45 °C and boiled at 100 °C were visualized on nondenaturing gels stained with Coomassie blue. Fully active pure HuBChE tetramers had a single band, but pure HuBChE stored at 45 °C had four bands, representing native, partly unfolded, aggregated, and completely denatured, boiled tetramers. The previously described monoclonal B2 18-5 captured native, partly unfolded, and aggregated HuBChE tetramers, whereas a new monoclonal, C191 developed in our laboratory, was found to selectively capture completely denatured, boiled HuBChE. The highest quantity of HuBChE protein was extracted from 45 °C heat-denatured human plasma when HuBChE was immunopurified with a combination of monoclonals B2 18-5 and C191. Using a mixture of these two antibodies in future emergency response assays may increase the capability to confirm exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Peng
- Eppley
Institute, University of Nebraska Medical
Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, United States
| | - Thomas A. Blake
- Division
of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Rudolph C. Johnson
- Division
of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Alicia J. Dafferner
- Eppley
Institute, University of Nebraska Medical
Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, United States
| | - Stephen Brimijoin
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley
Institute, University of Nebraska Medical
Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, United States
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36
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Graham LA, Johnson D, Carter MD, Stout EG, Erol HA, Isenberg SL, Mathews TP, Thomas JD, Johnson RC. A high-throughput UHPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of five aged butyrylcholinesterase biomarkers from human exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [PMID: 27572107 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) are toxic compounds that are classified as prohibited Schedule 1 chemical weapons. In the body, OPNAs bind to butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) to form nerve agent adducts (OPNA-BChE). OPNA-BChE adducts can provide a reliable, long-term protein biomarker for assessing human exposure. A major challenge facing OPNA-BChE detection is hydrolysis (aging), which can continue to occur after a clinical specimen has been collected. During aging, the o-alkyl phosphoester bond hydrolyzes, and the specific identity of the nerve agent is lost. To better identify OPNA exposure events, a high-throughput method for the detection of five aged OPNA-BChE adducts was developed. This is the first diagnostic panel to allow for the simultaneous quantification of any Chemical Weapons Convention Schedule 1 OPNA by measuring the aged adducts methyl phosphonate, ethyl phosphonate, propyl phosphonate, ethyl phosphoryl, phosphoryl and unadducted BChE. The calibration range for all analytes is 2.00-250. ng/mL, which is consistent with similar methodologies used to detect unaged OPNA-BChE adducts. Each analytical run is 3 min, making the time to first unknown results, including calibration curve and quality controls, less than 1 h. Analysis of commercially purchased individual serum samples demonstrated no potential interferences with detection of aged OPNA-BChE adducts, and quantitative measurements of endogenous levels of BChE were similar to those previously reported in other OPNA-BChE adduct assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Ann Graham
- Battelle at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Darryl Johnson
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa D Carter
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily G Stout
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Huseyin A Erol
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Samantha L Isenberg
- Battelle at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas P Mathews
- Battelle at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jerry D Thomas
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rudolph C Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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37
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Liu CC, Huang GL, Xi HL, Liu SL, Liu JQ, Yu HL, Zhou SK, Liang LH, Yuan L. Simultaneous quantification of soman and VX adducts to butyrylcholinesterase, their aged methylphosphonic acid adduct and butyrylcholinesterase in plasma using an off-column procainamide-gel separation method combined with UHPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1036-1037:57-65. [PMID: 27718463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This work describes a novel and sensitive non-isotope dilution method for simultaneous quantification of organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) soman (GD) and VX adducts to butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), their aged methylphosphonic acid (MeP) adduct and unadducted BChE in plasma exposed to OPNA. OPNA-BChE adducts were isolated with an off-column procainamide-gel separation (PGS) from plasma, and then digested with pepsin into specific adducted FGES*AGAAS nonapeptide (NP) biomarkers. The resulting NPs were detected by UHPLC-MS/MS MRM. The off-column PGS method can capture over 90% of BChE, MeP-BChE, VX-BChE and GD-BChE from their respective plasma materials. One newly designed and easily synthesized phosphorylated BChE nonapeptide with one Gly-to-Ala mutation was successfully reported to serve as internal standard instead of traditional isotopically labeled BChE nonapeptide. The linear range of calibration curves were from 1.00-200ngmL-1 for VX-NP, 2.00-200ngmL-1 for GD-NP and MeP-NP (R2≥0.995), and 3.00-200ngmL-1 for BChE NP (R2≥0.990). The inter-day precision had relative standard deviation (%RSD) of <8.89%, and the accuracy ranged between 88.9-120%. The limit of detection was calculated to be 0.411, 0.750, 0.800 and 1.43ngmL-1 for VX-NP, GD-NP, MeP-NP and BChE NP, respectively. OPNA-exposed quality control plasma samples were characterized as part of method validation. Investigation of plasma samples unexposed to OPNA revealed no baseline values or interferences. Using the off-column PGS method combined with UHPLC-MS/MS, VX-NP and GD-NP adducts can be unambiguously detected with high confidence in 0.10ngmL-1 and 0.50ngmL-1 of exposed human plasma respectively, only requiring 0.1mL of plasma sample and taking about four hours without special sample preparation equipment. These improvements make it a simple, sensitive and robust PGS-UHPLC-MS/MS method, and this method will become an attractive alternative to immunomagnetic separation (IMS) method and a useful diagnostic tool for retrospective detection of OPNA exposure with high confidence. Furthermore, using the developed method, the adducted BChE levels from VX and GD-exposed (0.10-100ngmL-1) plasma samples were completely characterized, and the fact that VX being more active and specific to BChE than GD was re-confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Cai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China; Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Gui-Lan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China; Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Hai-Ling Xi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
| | - Shi-Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China; Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China.
| | - Jing-Quan Liu
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Hui-Lan Yu
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Shi-Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China; Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Long-Hui Liang
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
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Naturally Occurring Genetic Variants of Human Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase and Their Potential Impact on the Risk of Toxicity from Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1381-92. [PMID: 27551784 PMCID: PMC5030680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) is the physiologically important target
for organophosphorus toxicants (OP) including nerve agents and pesticides.
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in blood serves as a bioscavenger that
protects AChE in nerve synapses from inhibition by OP. Mass spectrometry
methods can detect exposure to OP by measuring adducts on the active
site serine of plasma BChE. Genetic variants of human AChE and BChE
do exist, but loss of function mutations have been identified only
in the BCHE gene. The most common AChE variant, His353Asn (H322N),
also known as the Yt blood group antigen, has normal AChE activity.
The most common BChE variant, Ala567Thr (A539T) or the K-variant in
honor of Werner Kalow, has 33% reduced plasma BChE activity. The genetic
variant most frequently associated with prolonged response to muscle
relaxants, Asp98Gly (D70G) or atypical BChE, has reduced activity
and reduced enzyme concentration. Early studies in young, healthy
males, performed at a time when it was legal to test nerve agents
in humans, showed that individuals responded differently to the same
low dose of sarin with toxic symptoms ranging in severity from minimal
to moderate. Additionally, animal studies indicated that BChE protects
from toxicants that have a higher reactivity with AChE than with BChE
(e.g., nerve agents) but not from toxicants that have a higher reactivity
with BChE than with AChE (e.g., OP pesticides). As a corollary, we
hypothesize that individuals with genetic variants of BChE may be
at increased risk of toxicity from nerve agents but not from OP pesticides.
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39
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Development of immobilized-pepsin microreactors coupled to nano liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of human butyrylcholinesterase. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1461:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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40
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A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method on in vitro nerve agents poisoning characterization and reactivator efficacy evaluation by determination of specific peptide adducts in acetylcholinesterase. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1450:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Hamelin EI, Blake TA, Perez JW, Crow BS, Shaner RL, Coleman RM, Johnson RC. Bridging the Gap between Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis: Using Dried Blood Spots to Identify Human Exposure to Chemical Agents. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2016; 98630:98630P-98630P9. [PMID: 27942095 DOI: 10.1117/12.2223796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Public health response to large scale chemical emergencies presents logistical challenges for sample collection, transport, and analysis. Diagnostic methods used to identify and determine exposure to chemical warfare agents, toxins, and poisons traditionally involve blood collection by phlebotomists, cold transport of biomedical samples, and costly sample preparation techniques. Use of dried blood spots, which consist of dried blood on an FDA-approved substrate, can increase analyte stability, decrease infection hazard for those handling samples, greatly reduce the cost of shipping/storing samples by removing the need for refrigeration and cold chain transportation, and be self-prepared by potentially exposed individuals using a simple finger prick and blood spot compatible paper. Our laboratory has developed clinical assays to detect human exposures to nerve agents through the analysis of specific protein adducts and metabolites, for which a simple extraction from a dried blood spot is sufficient for removing matrix interferents and attaining sensitivities on par with traditional sampling methods. The use of dried blood spots can bridge the gap between the laboratory and the field allowing for large scale sample collection with minimal impact on hospital resources while maintaining sensitivity, specificity, traceability, and quality requirements for both clinical and forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth I Hamelin
- National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Thomas A Blake
- National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Jonas W Perez
- National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Brian S Crow
- National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Rebecca L Shaner
- National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Rebecca M Coleman
- National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Rudolph C Johnson
- National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341
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42
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Peng H, Brimijoin S, Hrabovska A, Targosova K, Krejci E, Blake TA, Johnson RC, Masson P, Lockridge O. Comparison of 5 monoclonal antibodies for immunopurification of human butyrylcholinesterase on Dynabeads: KD values, binding pairs, and amino acid sequences. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 240:336-45. [PMID: 26343001 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human butyrylcholinesterase (HuBChE) is a stoichiometric bioscavenger of nerve agents and organophosphorus pesticides. Mass spectrometry methods detect stable nerve agent adducts on the active site serine of HuBChE. The first step in sample preparation is immunopurification of HuBChE from plasma. Our goal was to identify monoclonal antibodies that could be used to immunopurify HuBChE on Dynabeads Protein G. Mouse anti-HuBChE monoclonal antibodies were obtained in the form of ascites fluid, dead hybridoma cells stored frozen at -80 °C for 30 years, or recently frozen hybridoma cells. RNA from 4 hybridoma cell lines was amplified by PCR for determination of their nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Full-length light and heavy chains were expressed, and the antibodies purified from culture medium. A fifth monoclonal was purchased. The 5 monoclonal antibodies were compared for ability to capture HuBChE from human plasma on Dynabeads Protein G. In addition, they were evaluated for binding affinity by Biacore and ELISA. Epitope mapping by pairing analysis was performed on the Octet Red96 instrument. The 5 monoclonal antibodies, B2 12-1, B2 18-5, 3E8, mAb2, and 11D8, had similar KD values of 10(-9) M for HuBChE. Monoclonal B2 18-5 outperformed the others in the Dynabeads Protein G assay where it captured 97% of the HuBChE in 0.5 ml plasma. Pairing analysis showed that 3E8 and B2 12-1 share the same epitope, 11D8 and B2 18-5 share the same epitope, but mAb2 and B2 12-1 or mAb2 and 3E8 bind to different epitopes on HuBChE. B2 18-5 was selected for establishment of a stable CHO cell line for production of mouse anti-HuBChE monoclonal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Peng
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Stephen Brimijoin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Anna Hrabovska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Odbojarov 10, Bratislava 83232, Slovakia.
| | - Katarina Targosova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Odbojarov 10, Bratislava 83232, Slovakia.
| | - Eric Krejci
- Université Paris Descartes CNRS UMR 8194, 45 Rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Thomas A Blake
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Rudolph C Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Patrick Masson
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Perez JW, Pantazides BG, Watson CM, Thomas JD, Blake TA, Johnson RC. Enhanced stability of blood matrices using a dried sample spot assay to measure human butyrylcholinesterase activity and nerve agent adducts. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5723-9. [PMID: 25955132 PMCID: PMC4517423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dried matrix spots are safer to handle and easier to store than wet blood products, but factors such as intraspot variability and unknown sample volumes have limited their appeal as a sampling format for quantitative analyses. In this work, we introduce a dried spot activity assay for quantifying butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) specific activity which is BChE activity normalized to the total protein content in a sample spot. The method was demonstrated with blood, serum, and plasma spotted on specimen collection devices (cards) which were extracted to measure total protein and BChE activity using a modified Ellman assay. Activity recovered from dried spots was ∼80% of the initial spotted activity for blood and >90% for plasma and serum. Measuring total protein in the sample and calculating specific activity substantially improved quantification and reduced intraspot variability. Analyte stability of nerve agent adducts was also evaluated, and the results obtained via BChE-specific activity measurements were confirmed by quantification of BChE adducts using a previously established LC-MS/MS method. The spotted samples were up to 10 times more resistant to degradation compared to unspotted control samples when measuring BChE inhibition by the nerve agents sarin and VX. Using this method, both BChE activity and adducts can be accurately measured from a dried sample spot. This use of a dried sample spot with normalization to total protein is robust, demonstrates decreased intraspot variability without the need to control for initial sample volume, and enhances analyte stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas W. Perez
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
| | - Brooke G. Pantazides
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
| | - Caroline M. Watson
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellowship at the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jerry D. Thomas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
| | - Thomas A. Blake
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
| | - Rudolph C. Johnson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
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Johnson D, Carter MD, Crow BS, Isenberg SL, Graham LA, Erol HA, Watson CM, Pantazides BG, van der Schans MJ, Langenberg JP, Noort D, Blake TA, Thomas JD, Johnson RC. Quantitation of ortho-cresyl phosphate adducts to butyrylcholinesterase in human serum by immunomagnetic-UHPLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:683-92. [PMID: 26149113 PMCID: PMC5713888 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (ToCP) is an anti-wear, flame retardant additive used in industrial lubricants, hydraulic fluids and gasoline. The neurotoxic effects of ToCP arise from the liver-activated metabolite 2-(o-cresyl)-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphoran-2-one (cresyl saligenin phosphate or CBDP), which inhibits esterase enzymes including butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Following BChE adduction, CBDP undergoes hydrolysis to form the aged adduct ortho-cresyl phosphoserine (oCP-BChE), thus providing a biomarker of CBDP exposure. Previous studies have identified ToCP in aircraft cabin and cockpit air, but assessing human exposure has been hampered by the lack of a laboratory assay to confirm exposure. This work presents the development of an immunomagnetic-UHPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of unadducted BChE and the long-term CBDP biomarker, oCP-BChE, in human serum. The method has a reportable range from 2.0 ng/ml to 150 ng/ml, which is consistent with the sensitivity of methods used to detect organophosphorus nerve agent protein adducts. The assay demonstrated high intraday and interday accuracy (≥85%) and precision (RSD ≤ 15%) across the calibration range. The method was developed for future analyses of potential human exposure to CBDP. Analysis of human serum inhibited in vitro with CBDP demonstrated that the oCP-BChE adduct was stable for at least 72 h at 4, 22 and 37 °C. Compared to a previously reported assay, this method requires 75% less sample volume, reduces analysis time by a factor of 20 and demonstrates a threefold improvement in sensitivity. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Johnson
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa D. Carter
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian S. Crow
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Samantha L. Isenberg
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Leigh Ann Graham
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H. Akin Erol
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caroline M. Watson
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brooke G. Pantazides
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marcel J. van der Schans
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Technical Sciences, CBRN Protection, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jan P. Langenberg
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Technical Sciences, CBRN Protection, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Noort
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Technical Sciences, CBRN Protection, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas A. Blake
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jerry D. Thomas
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rudolph C. Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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45
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Crow BS, Pantazides BG, Quiñones-González J, Garton JW, Carter MD, Perez JW, Watson CM, Tomcik DJ, Crenshaw MD, Brewer BN, Riches JR, Stubbs SJ, Read RW, Evans RA, Thomas JD, Blake TA, Johnson RC. Simultaneous measurement of tabun, sarin, soman, cyclosarin, VR, VX, and VM adducts to tyrosine in blood products by isotope dilution UHPLC-MS/MS. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10397-405. [PMID: 25286390 DOI: 10.1021/ac502886c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This work describes a new specific, sensitive, and rapid stable isotope dilution method for the simultaneous detection of the organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) tabun (GA), sarin (GB), soman (GD), cyclosarin (GF), VR, VX, and VM adducts to tyrosine (Tyr). Serum, plasma, and lysed whole blood samples (50 μL) were prepared by protein precipitation followed by digestion with Pronase. Specific Tyr adducts were isolated from the digest by a single solid phase extraction (SPE) step, and the analytes were separated by reversed-phase ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) gradient elution in less than 2 min. Detection was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer using time-triggered selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode. The calibration range was characterized from 0.100-50.0 ng/mL for GB- and VR-Tyr and 0.250-50.0 ng/mL for GA-, GD-, GF-, and VX/VM-Tyr (R(2) ≥ 0.995). Inter- and intra-assay precision had coefficients of variation of ≤17 and ≤10%, respectively, and the measured concentration accuracies of spiked samples were within 15% of the targeted value for multiple spiking levels. The limit of detection was calculated to be 0.097, 0.027, 0.018, 0.074, 0.023, and 0.083 ng/mL for GA-, GB-, GD-, GF-, VR-, and VX/VM-Tyr, respectively. A convenience set of 96 serum samples with no known nerve agent exposure was screened and revealed no baseline values or potential interferences. This method provides a simple and highly specific diagnostic tool that may extend the time postevent that a confirmation of nerve agent exposure can be made with confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Crow
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
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