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Marassi V, Giordani S, Placci A, Punzo A, Caliceti C, Zattoni A, Reschiglian P, Roda B, Roda A. Emerging Microfluidic Tools for Simultaneous Exosomes and Cargo Biosensing in Liquid Biopsy: New Integrated Miniaturized FFF-Assisted Approach for Colon Cancer Diagnosis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9432. [PMID: 38067805 PMCID: PMC10708636 DOI: 10.3390/s23239432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The early-stage diagnosis of cancer is a crucial clinical need. The inadequacies of surgery tissue biopsy have prompted a transition to a less invasive profiling of molecular biomarkers from biofluids, known as liquid biopsy. Exosomes are phospholipid bilayer vesicles present in many biofluids with a biologically active cargo, being responsible for cell-to-cell communication in biological systems. An increase in their excretion and changes in their cargo are potential diagnostic biomarkers for an array of diseases, including cancer, and they constitute a promising analyte for liquid biopsy. The number of exosomes released, the morphological properties, the membrane composition, and their content are highly related to the physiological and pathological states. The main analytical challenge to establishing liquid biopsy in clinical practice is the development of biosensors able to detect intact exosomes concentration and simultaneously analyze specific membrane biomarkers and those contained in their cargo. Before analysis, exosomes also need to be isolated from biological fluids. Microfluidic systems can address several issues present in conventional methods (i.e., ultracentrifugation, size-exclusion chromatography, ultrafiltration, and immunoaffinity capture), which are time-consuming and require a relatively high amount of sample; in addition, they can be easily integrated with biosensing systems. A critical review of emerging microfluidic-based devices for integrated biosensing approaches and following the major analytical need for accurate diagnostics is presented here. The design of a new miniaturized biosensing system is also reported. A device based on hollow-fiber flow field-flow fractionation followed by luminescence-based immunoassay is applied to isolate intact exosomes and characterize their cargo as a proof of concept for colon cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Marassi
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.M.); (S.G.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (P.R.)
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (C.C.)
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Giordani
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.M.); (S.G.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (P.R.)
| | - Anna Placci
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.M.); (S.G.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (P.R.)
| | - Angela Punzo
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (C.C.)
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristiana Caliceti
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (C.C.)
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Renewable Sources, Environment, Sea and Energy—CIRI FRAME, University of Bologna, 40131 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrofood Research—CIRI Agrofood, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Andrea Zattoni
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.M.); (S.G.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (P.R.)
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (C.C.)
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Reschiglian
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.M.); (S.G.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (P.R.)
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (C.C.)
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Roda
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.M.); (S.G.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (P.R.)
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (C.C.)
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.M.); (S.G.); (A.P.); (A.Z.); (P.R.)
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (C.C.)
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Larson NR, Bou-Assaf GM. Increasing the Resolution of Field-Flow Fractionation with Increasing Crossflow Gradients. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16138-16143. [PMID: 37874938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The resolution of flow field-flow fractionation (flow FFF) depends primarily on the crossflow rate and its change over time. In this work, we demonstrate a method for modulation of the crossflow rate during separation that increases the peak-to-peak resolution of the resulting fractograms. In classical FFF methods, the crossflow rate is either maintained constant or decreased during the separation of the different species. In this work, higher resolution between peaks was achieved by a novel gradient method in which the crossflow is increased briefly during separation to allow stronger retention of the later eluting peaks. We first outline the theoretical basis by which improved separation is achieved. We confirm our hypothesis by quantifying the impact of increasing crossflow on the resolution between a monoclonal antibody monomer and its high-molecular-weight aggregate. We then demonstrate that this method is applicable to two different FFF methods (AF4 and HF5) and various pharmaceutically relevant samples (monoclonal antibodies and adeno-associated viruses). Finally, we hypothesize that increasing the force perpendicular to the laminar flow as described here is broadly applicable to all FFF methods and improves the quality of FFF-based separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Larson
- Pharmaceutical Operations & Technology, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - George M Bou-Assaf
- Pharmaceutical Operations & Technology, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Giordani S, Marassi V, Placci A, Zattoni A, Roda B, Reschiglian P. Field-Flow Fractionation in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Molecules 2023; 28:6201. [PMID: 37687030 PMCID: PMC10488451 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Field-flow fractionation (FFF) is a family of single-phase separative techniques exploited to gently separate and characterize nano- and microsystems in suspension. These techniques cover an extremely wide dynamic range and are able to separate analytes in an interval between a few nm to 100 µm size-wise (over 15 orders of magnitude mass-wise). They are flexible in terms of mobile phase and can separate the analytes in native conditions, preserving their original structures/properties as much as possible. Molecular biology is the branch of biology that studies the molecular basis of biological activity, while biotechnology deals with the technological applications of biology. The areas where biotechnologies are required include industrial, agri-food, environmental, and pharmaceutical. Many species of biological interest belong to the operational range of FFF techniques, and their application to the analysis of such samples has steadily grown in the last 30 years. This work aims to summarize the main features, milestones, and results provided by the application of FFF in the field of molecular biology and biotechnology, with a focus on the years from 2000 to 2022. After a theoretical background overview of FFF and its methodologies, the results are reported based on the nature of the samples analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Giordani
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy (V.M.)
| | - Valentina Marassi
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy (V.M.)
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Placci
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy (V.M.)
| | - Andrea Zattoni
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy (V.M.)
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Roda
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy (V.M.)
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Reschiglian
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy (V.M.)
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Ventouri IK, Loeber S, Somsen GW, Schoenmakers PJ, Astefanei A. Field-flow fractionation for molecular-interaction studies of labile and complex systems: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1193:339396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Castro-Muñoz R, Serna-Vázquez J, García-Depraect O. Current evidence in high throughput ultrafiltration toward the purification of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and biotechnological protein-type molecules. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:827-837. [PMID: 34538152 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1947182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pressure-driven membrane-based technologies, such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), and nanofiltration (NF), have been successfully implemented in recovering different types of biomolecules and high-value-added compounds from various streams. Especially, UF membranes meet the requirements for separating specific bioproducts in downstream processes, e.g. monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which are recognized as proteins produced mainly by plasma cells. According to the importance and functionality of the mAbs, their recovery is a current challenge with these bioseparations. Nevertheless, mAbs recovery using UF-assisted processes has been smartly performed over the last decade. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reviews of the reported developments using UF technology toward mAbs separation. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to collect and elucidate ongoing research studies implemented for the featured separation of mAbs and other biotechnological protein-type molecules (e.g. adenovirus serotype, extracellular vesicles, red fluorescent protein, cyanovirin-N, among others) via ultrafiltration-aided systems. The literature evidence (e.g. research papers, patents, etc.) has been analyzed and discussed according to the purpose of the study. Importantly, the relevant findings and novel approaches are discussed in detail. To finalize this document, the advantages, drawbacks, and guidelines in applying membrane-based techniques for such a recovery are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Castro-Muñoz
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Toluca de Lerdo, Mexico
| | - Julio Serna-Vázquez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montreal, Canada
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Tan Z, Chen Q, Yin Y, Liu Y, Lin Y, Bai Q, Wu M, Yao W, Xu S, Liu J. Tracking the dissolution behavior of zinc oxide nanoparticles in skimmed milk powder solutions. Food Chem 2021; 365:130520. [PMID: 34252623 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are recently recommended as food additives owing to their outstanding nutritive function. Therefore, understanding their comprehensive information and stability in food samples is highly necessitated. However, the characterization of ZnO NPs in the complex food matrices remains a great challenge, limiting an in-depth understanding of their transformation during food storage. In this study, the hollow fiber flow field-flow fractionation was combined with UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy to assess the dissolution behaviors of ZnO NPs in skimmed milk powder solutions by monitoring the changes in the residual ZnO NPs and the amount of dissolved Zn(II) ions. The simultaneous characterization of these two Zn species in skimmed milk powder solutions was achieved without the need for tedious sample pretreatments, and the dissolution of ZnO NPs in skimmed milk powder solutions had time- and temperature-dependent behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Tan
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yongguang Yin
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yanwanjing Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yaohui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qingsheng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Mengxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuxia Xu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Jingfu Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Marassi V, Maggio S, Battistelli M, Stocchi V, Zattoni A, Reschiglian P, Guescini M, Roda B. An ultracentrifugation - hollow-fiber flow field-flow fractionation orthogonal approach for the purification and mapping of extracellular vesicle subtypes. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1638:461861. [PMID: 33472105 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the course of their life span, cells release a multitude of different vesicles in the extracellular matrix (EVs), constitutively and/or upon stimulation, carrying signals either inside or on their membrane for intercellular communication. As a natural delivery tool, EVs present many desirable advantages, such as biocompatibility and low toxicity. However, due to the complex biogenesis of EVs and their high heterogeneity in size distribution and composition, the characterization and quantification of EVs and their subpopulations still represents an enticing analytical challenge. Centrifugation methods allow to obtain different subpopulations in an easy way from cell culture conditioned medium and biological fluids including plasma, amniotic fluid and urine, but they still present some drawbacks and limitations. An unsatisfactory isolation can limit their downstream analysis and lead to wrong conclusions regarding biological activities. Isolation and characterization of biologically relevant nanoparticles like EVs is crucial to investigate specific molecular and signaling patterns and requires new combined approaches. Our work was focused on HF5 (miniaturized, hollow-fiber flow field-flow fractionation), and its hyphenation to ultracentrifugation techniques, which are the most assessed techniques for vesicle isolation. We exploited model samples obtained from culture medium of murine myoblasts (C2C12), known to release different subsets of membrane-derived vesicles. Large and small EVs (LEVs and SEVs) were isolated by differential ultracentrifugation (UC). Through an HF5 method employing UV, fluorescence and multi-angle laser scattering as detectors, we characterized these subpopulations in terms of size, abundance and DNA/protein content; moreover, we showed that microvesicles tend to hyper-aggregate and partially release nucleic matter. The quali-quantitative information we obtained from the fractographic profiles was improved with respect to Nano Tracking Analysis (NTA) estimation. The SEV population was then further separated using density gradient centrifugation (DGC), and four fractions were submitted again to HF5-multidetection. This technique is based on a fully orthogonal principle, since F4 does not separate by density, and provided uncorrelated information for each of the fractions processed. The "second dimension" achieved with HF5 showed good promise in sorting particles with both different size and content, and allowed to identify the presence of fibrilloid nucleic matter. This analytical bidimensional approach proved to be effective for the characterization of highly complex biological samples such as mixtures of EVs and could provide purified fractions for further biological characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Marassi
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; byFlow srl, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Serena Maggio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Michela Battistelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Vilberto Stocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Zattoni
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; byFlow srl, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Reschiglian
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; byFlow srl, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Guescini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Barbara Roda
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; byFlow srl, Bologna, Italy
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Marioli M, Kok WT. Recovery, overloading, and protein interactions in asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:2327-2338. [PMID: 30790023 PMCID: PMC6459789 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01673-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4), similar to other separation techniques, mass recovery and overloading require special attention in order to obtain quantitative results. We conducted a systematic study with five globular proteins of different molecular weight (36.7–669 kDa) and isoelectric point (4.0–6.5), and ultrafiltration membranes that are commonly used in aqueous AF4, regenerated cellulose (RC) and polyethersulfone (PES). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with ionic strength 0.15 M and pH 7.2 was used as the carrier liquid in this study. The actual molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) was found to be higher than the nominal value and varied between membranes of different chemistry but the same nominal MWCO. Adsorption on the membrane was found to be dependent on the membrane chemistry (RC had lower adsorption compared to PES), and independent of the protein standard for the examined proteins. On the other hand, the mass overloading effects (i.e., higher retention times, peak broadening, and fronting peaks) were significantly more pronounced for γ-globulin than for the other proteins. The overloading effects could be rationalized with the increase of the local viscosity close to the membrane, depending on the properties of the proteins, and we derived theoretical equations that related the dependency of the migration velocity on the protein concentration through this non-ideal viscosity effect. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marioli
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim Th Kok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhang X, Li Y, Shen S, Lee S, Dou H. Field-flow fractionation: A gentle separation and characterization technique in biomedicine. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Marassi V, Di Cristo L, Smith SGJ, Ortelli S, Blosi M, Costa AL, Reschiglian P, Volkov Y, Prina-Mello A. Silver nanoparticles as a medical device in healthcare settings: a five-step approach for candidate screening of coating agents. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171113. [PMID: 29410826 PMCID: PMC5792903 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticle-based antimicrobials can promote a long lasting bactericidal effect without detrimental toxic side effects. However, there is not a clear and complete protocol to define and relate the properties of the particles (size, shape, surface charge, ionic content) with their specific activity. In this paper, we propose an effective multi-step approach for the identification of a 'purpose-specific active applicability window' to maximize the antimicrobial activity of medical devices containing silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) (such as surface coaters), minimizing any consequent risk for human health (safety by design strategy). The antimicrobial activity and the cellular toxicity of four types of Ag NPs, differing in their coating composition and concentration have been quantified. Through the implementation of flow-field flow fractionation, Ag NPs have been characterized in terms of metal release, size and shape. The particles are fractionated in the process while being left unmodified, allowing for the identification of biological particle-specific contribution. Toxicity and inflammatory response in vitro have been assessed on human skin models, while antimicrobial activity has been monitored with both non-pathogenic and pathogenic Escherichia coli. The main benefit associated with such approach is the comprehensive assessment of the maximal effectiveness of candidate nanomaterials, while simultaneously indexing their properties against their safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Marassi
- Department of Chemistry ‘G. Ciamician’, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luisana Di Cristo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Republic of Ireland
| | - Stephen G. J. Smith
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sir Patrick Dun Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Republic of Ireland
| | - Simona Ortelli
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (CNR-ISTEC), National Research Council of Italy, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, RA, Italy
| | - Magda Blosi
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (CNR-ISTEC), National Research Council of Italy, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, RA, Italy
| | - Anna L. Costa
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (CNR-ISTEC), National Research Council of Italy, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, RA, Italy
| | | | - Yuri Volkov
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Republic of Ireland
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Republic of Ireland
- AMBER Centre and CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
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Asymmetrical Flow Field Flow Fractionation: A Useful Tool for the Separation of Protein Pharmaceuticals and Particulate Systems. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-4029-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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