1
|
Cortés-Bautista S, Molins-Legua C, Campíns-Falcó P. Miniaturized liquid chromatography in environmental analysis. A review. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465101. [PMID: 38941795 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The greater and more widespread use of chemicals, either from industry or daily use, is leading to an increase in the discharge of these substances into the environment. Some of these are known to be hazardous to humans and the environment and are regulated, but there is a large and increasing number of substances which pose a potential risk even at low concentration and are not controlled. In this context, new techniques and methodologies are being developed to deal with this concern. Miniaturized liquid chromatography (LC) emerges as a greener and more sensitive alternative to conventional LC. Furthermore, advances in instrument miniaturization have made possible the development of portable LC instrumentation which may become a promising tool for in-situ monitoring. This work reviews the environmental applications of miniaturized LC over the last 15 years and discusses the different instrumentation, including off- and on-line pretreatment techniques, chromatographic conditions, and contributions to the environmental knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Cortés-Bautista
- Department Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Molins-Legua
- Department Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - P Campíns-Falcó
- Department Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rodríguez-Palma CE, Herráez-Hernández R, Campíns-Falcó P. Study of the degradation of diphenyl-ether herbicides aclonifen and bifenox in different environmental waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 336:139238. [PMID: 37330060 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of the diphenyl-ether herbicides aclonifen (ACL) and bifenox (BF) in water samples has been studied under different laboratory conditions, using in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) coupled to capillary liquid chromatography (capLC). The working conditions were selected in order to detect also bifenox acid (BFA), a compound formed as a result of the hydroxylation of BF. Samples (4 mL) were processed without any previous treatment, which allowed the detection of the herbicides at low ppt levels. The effects of temperature, light and pH on the degradation of ACL and BF have been tested using standard solutions prepared in nanopure water. The effect of the sample matrix has been evaluated by analysing different environmental waters spiked with the herbicides, namely ditch water, river water and seawater. The kinetics of the degradation have been studied and the half-life times (t1/2) have been calculated. The results obtained have demonstrated that the sample matrix is the most important parameter affecting the degradation of the tested herbicides. The degradation of both ACL and BF was much faster in ditch and river water samples, where t1/2 values of only a few days were observed. However, both compounds showed a better stability in seawater samples, where they can persist for several months. In all matrices ACL was found to be more stable than BF. In samples where BF had been substantially degraded, BFA was also detected, although the stability of this compound was also limited. Other degradation products have been detected along the study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E Rodríguez-Palma
- MINTOTA Research Group, Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química. Universitat de València. Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - R Herráez-Hernández
- MINTOTA Research Group, Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química. Universitat de València. Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain.
| | - P Campíns-Falcó
- MINTOTA Research Group, Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química. Universitat de València. Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cruz JC, Souza IDD, Lanças FM, Queiroz MEC. Current advances and applications of online sample preparation techniques for miniaturized liquid chromatography systems. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1668:462925. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
4
|
Kataoka H. In-tube solid-phase microextraction: Current trends and future perspectives. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1636:461787. [PMID: 33359971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) was developed about 24 years ago as an effective sample preparation technique using an open tubular capillary column as an extraction device. IT-SPME is useful for micro-concentration, automated sample cleanup, and rapid online analysis, and can be used to determine the analytes in complex matrices simple sample processing methods such as direct sample injection or filtration. IT-SPME is usually performed in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography using an online column switching technology, in which the entire process from sample preparation to separation to data analysis is automated using the autosampler. Furthermore, IT-SPME minimizes the use of harmful organic solvents and is simple and labor-saving, making it a sustainable and environmentally friendly green analytical technique. Various operating systems and new sorbent materials have been developed to improve its extraction efficiency by, for example, enhancing its sorption capacity and selectivity. In addition, IT-SPME methods have been widely applied in environmental analysis, food analysis and bioanalysis. This review describes the present state of IT-SPME technology and summarizes its current trends and future perspectives, including method development and strategies to improve extraction efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kataoka
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Nishigawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ponce-Rodríguez HD, Verdú-Andrés J, Herráez-Hernández R, Campíns-Falcó P. Exploring hand-portable nano-liquid chromatography for in place water analysis: Determination of trimethylxanthines as a use case. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 747:140966. [PMID: 32768766 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Analytical performance and optimization of figures of merit of a portable nano liquid chromatograph (NanoLC) with UV detection at 255 nm have been established for in place analysis. Methylxanthines: caffeine, theophylline and theobromine were selected as target analytes. A fast lab method based on IT-SPME coupled on line with capillary liquid chromatograph (CapLC) with diode array detection (DAD) was employed for comparative studies. IT-SPME and solid phase extraction were coupled off-line to NanoLC for improving instrumental parameters, mainly detection capacity and selectivity. IT-SPME or SPE/portable NanoLC based methods were superior in terms of chromatographic resolution and organic solvent consumption per sample, around 200 μL vs 10 mL for IT-SPME-CapLC-DAD. Limits of detection (LODs) obtained with the SPE/portable NanoLC were 2-10 ng/mL, which can be suitable for testing the presence of the analytes in several environmental waters in the field. As predictable, the lab method provided better LODs, between 0.1 and 0.5 ng/mL. Good linearity was achieved for both methods and precision was similar for them (≤7%). Both systems were tested for the analysis of real water samples with suitable results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H D Ponce-Rodríguez
- MINTOTA Research Group, Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; Departamento de Control Químico, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Ciudad Universitaria, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - J Verdú-Andrés
- MINTOTA Research Group, Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain
| | - R Herráez-Hernández
- MINTOTA Research Group, Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain.
| | - P Campíns-Falcó
- MINTOTA Research Group, Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Serra-Mora P, Herráez-Hernández R, Campíns-Falcó P. Minimizing the impact of sample preparation on analytical results: In-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled on-line to nano-liquid chromatography for the monitoring of tribenuron methyl in environmental waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137732. [PMID: 32172115 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The degradation kinetics and residual levels of the sulfonylurea herbicide tribenuron-methyl (TBM) in different environmental waters were studied using in tube-solid phase microextraction (IT-SPME) coupled on-line to nano-liquid chromatography (nanoLC) and UV diode array detection (DAD). This approach combines the high extraction efficiency of IT-SPME using polymeric coatings reinforced with metal oxide nanoparticles and the high sensitivity attainable by nanoLC, making possible the determination of TBM at low ppb levels (limit of detection, 0.25 ppb) without altering the sample matrix. The present study demonstrated that the preservation of the sample properties is essential to ensure accurate results at these concentration levels due to the high tendency of TBM to hydrolyze, particularly under the acidic conditions involved in most protocols used for sample treatment. The approach used in the present study was applied to evaluate the degradation of this herbicide under different conditions (UV radiation, pH), as well as to study the evolution of its concentration in different environmental waters, namely sea, river, ditch and transition waters. When the samples were exposed to identical conditions, significant differences in the degradation rate of TBM were found depending on the water matrix. The results obtained indicate that this herbicide can persist from several days to weeks depending on the type of water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Serra-Mora
- MINTOTA Research Group, Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Herráez-Hernández
- MINTOTA Research Group, Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - P Campíns-Falcó
- MINTOTA Research Group, Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Innovations in Extractive Phases for In-Tube Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Miniaturized Liquid Chromatography: A Critical Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102460. [PMID: 32466305 PMCID: PMC7287690 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, a great effort has been devoted to the development of new sorbents that can be used to pack or to coat extractive capillaries for in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME). Many of those efforts have been focused on the preparation of capillaries for miniaturized liquid chromatography (LC) due to the reduced availability of capillary columns with appropriate dimensions for this kind of system. Moreover, many of the extractive capillaries that have been used for IT-SPME so far are segments of open columns from the gas chromatography (GC) field, but the phase nature and dimensions are very limited. In particular, polar compounds barely interact with stationary GC phases. Capillary GC columns may also be unsuitable when highly selective extractions are needed. In this work, we provide an overview of the extractive capillaries that have been specifically developed for capillary LC (capLC) and nano LC (nanoLC) to enhance the overall performance of the IT-SPME, the chromatographic separation, and the detection. Different monolithic polymers, such as silica C18 and C8 polymers, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), polymers functionalized with antibodies, and polymers reinforced with different types of carbon nanotubes, metal, and metal oxide nanoparticles (including magnetic nanoparticles), and restricted access materials (RAMs) will be presented and critically discussed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Serra-Mora P, Herráez-Hernández R, Campíns-Falcó P. Bimodal copper oxide nanoparticles doped phase for the extraction of highly polar compounds by in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled on-line to nano-liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1617:460819. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
9
|
Miniaturized liquid chromatography focusing on analytical columns and mass spectrometry: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1103:11-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
10
|
Exploring New Extractive Phases for In-Tube Solid Phase Microextraction Coupled to Miniaturized Liquid Chromatography. SEPARATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/separations6010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) coupled on-line to miniaturized liquid chromatography (LC) has emerged as a powerful tool to address a variety of analytical problems. However, in order to expand its applicability, the development of new sorbents that enhance the efficiency and specificity of the extraction is highly desirable. In this respect, the employment of capillary columns coated with sorbents functionalized with nanoparticles (NPs) replacing the loop of the injection valve (in-valve IT-SPME) is one of the most attractive options. In this work, polymers of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and trimethoxyethylsilane (MTEOS) modified with SiO2 and TiO2 NPs have been synthetized and used for the extraction of a variety of water pollutants, using both Capillary-LC and Nano-LC. Compounds with different chemical structures and polarities such as the artificial sweetener saccharine, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) naphthalene and fluoranthene, and some phenylurea and organophosphorous herbicides have been used as target analytes. The extraction efficiencies found with the synthetized capillaries have been compared to those obtained with commercially available capillaries coated with polydiphenyl-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), nitroterephthalic acid modified polyetilenglicol (FFAP), and polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) phases. The results obtained in this preliminary study showed that, although PS-DVB phase has the strongest affinity for compounds with two or more aromatic rings, the extraction with TEOS-MTEOS coatings modified with NPs is the best option for a majority of the tested compounds. Examples of application are given.
Collapse
|
11
|
Improving the On-Line Extraction of Polar Compounds by IT-SPME with Silica Nanoparticles Modified Phases. SEPARATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/separations5010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
12
|
Zhang X, Wang C, Yang L, Zhang W, lin J, Li C. Determination of eight quinolones in milk using immunoaffinity microextraction in a packed syringe and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1064:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
13
|
In tube-solid phase microextraction-nano liquid chromatography: Application to the determination of intact and degraded polar triazines in waters and recovered struvite. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1513:51-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
14
|
Serra-Mora P, Moliner-Martínez Y, Molins-Legua C, Herráez-Hernández R, Verdú-Andrés J, Campíns-Falcó P. Trends in Online Intube Solid Phase Microextraction. COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
15
|
Song XY, Chen J, Shi YP. Different configurations of carbon nanotubes reinforced solid-phase microextraction techniques and their applications in the environmental analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
16
|
Fumes BH, Andrade MA, Franco MS, Lanças FM. On-line approaches for the determination of residues and contaminants in complex samples. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:183-202. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Henrique Fumes
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos; University of São Paulo, São Carlos; SP Brasil
| | - Mariane Aissa Andrade
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos; University of São Paulo, São Carlos; SP Brasil
| | - Maraíssa Silva Franco
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos; University of São Paulo, São Carlos; SP Brasil
| | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos; University of São Paulo, São Carlos; SP Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pla-Tolós J, Serra-Mora P, Hakobyan L, Molins-Legua C, Moliner-Martinez Y, Campins-Falcó P. A sustainable on-line CapLC method for quantifying antifouling agents like irgarol-1051 and diuron in water samples: Estimation of the carbon footprint. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:611-618. [PMID: 27376916 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, in-tube solid phase microextraction (in-tube SPME) coupled to capillary LC (CapLC) with diode array detection has been reported, for on-line extraction and enrichment of booster biocides (irgarol-1051 and diuron) included in Water Frame Directive 2013/39/UE (WFD). The analytical performance has been successfully demonstrated. Furthermore, in the present work, the environmental friendliness of the procedure has been quantified by means of the implementation of the carbon footprint calculation of the analytical procedure and the comparison with other methodologies previously reported. Under the optimum conditions, the method presents good linearity over the range assayed, 0.05-10μg/L for irgarol-1051 and 0.7-10μg/L for diuron. The LODs were 0.015μg/L and 0.2μg/L for irgarol-1051 and diuron, respectively. Precision was also satisfactory (relative standard deviation, RSD<3.5%). The proposed methodology was applied to monitor water samples, taking into account the EQS standards for these compounds. The carbon footprint values for the proposed procedure consolidate the operational efficiency (analytical and environmental performance) of in-tube SPME-CapLC-DAD, in general, and in particular for determining irgarol-1051 and diuron in water samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Pla-Tolós
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universitat de Valencia, C/ Doctor Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - P Serra-Mora
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universitat de Valencia, C/ Doctor Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - L Hakobyan
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universitat de Valencia, C/ Doctor Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Molins-Legua
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universitat de Valencia, C/ Doctor Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Y Moliner-Martinez
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universitat de Valencia, C/ Doctor Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - P Campins-Falcó
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universitat de Valencia, C/ Doctor Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Application of Carbon Nanotubes Modified Coatings for the Determination of Amphetamines by In-Tube Solid-Phase Microextraction and Capillary Liquid Chromatography. SEPARATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/chromatography3010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
|
19
|
Fernández-Amado M, Prieto-Blanco M, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Prada-Rodríguez D. Strengths and weaknesses of in-tube solid-phase microextraction: A scoping review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 906:41-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
20
|
Nazario CED, Silva MR, Franco MS, Lanças FM. Evolution in miniaturized column liquid chromatography instrumentation and applications: An overview. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1421:18-37. [PMID: 26381569 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to underline the miniaturized LC instrumental system and describe the evolution of commercially available systems by discussing their advantages and drawbacks. Nowadays, there are already many miniaturized LC systems available with a great variety of pump design, interface and detectors as well as efficient columns technologies and reduced connections devices. The solvent delivery systems are able to drive the mobile phase without flow splitters and promote gradient elution using either dual piston reciprocating or syringe-type pumps. The mass spectrometry as detection system is the most widely used detection system; among many alternative ionization sources direct-EI LC-MS is a promising alternative to APCI. In addition, capillary columns are now available showing many possibilities of stationary phases, inner diameters and hardware materials. This review provides a discussion about miniaturized LC demonstrating fundamentals and instrumentals' aspects of the commercially available miniaturized LC instrumental system mainly nano and micro LC formats. This review also covers the recent developments and trends in instrumentation, capillary and nano columns, and several applications of this very important and promising field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Meire R Silva
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maraíssa S Franco
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Lanças
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Evaluation of Carbon Nanotubes Functionalized Polydimethylsiloxane Based Coatings for In-Tube Solid Phase Microextraction Coupled to Capillary Liquid Chromatography. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/chromatography2030515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|