Effervescent-salt-assisted dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction using mesoporous hybrid materials coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of trace-level compounds in complicated plant preparations

Advancements in effervescent-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction for the analysis of emerging pollutants

Emerging pollutants pose an increasing threat to the environment and human well-being, requiring substantial progress in analytical methodologies. Dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (μ-dSPE) has proven successful in detecting and measuring these contaminants, particularly in trace quantities. However, challenges persist in achieving a uniform sorbent distribution and efficient separation from the sample matrix. To address these issues, effervescent-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (EA-μ-dSPE) was developed. This method uses on-site produced carbon dioxide as a dispersing agent, eliminating the need for vortexing or ultrasonication. Due to the sorbent dispersion in the sample solution, the contact surface between the analyte and the sorbent increases, resulting in increased extraction efficiency, reduced extraction time, and promotes of sustainability. Several parameters are critical to the successful execution of this procedure to extract the analytes, including the type and structure of sorbent, composition of dispersing agents, sorbent separation procedure, and type and properties of desorption solvents. The sorbent plays a critical role in successful extraction of emerging pollutants. It is clear that for the extraction of the analyte on the sorbent, proper interaction must be established between the analyte and the sorbent via physical and chemical interactions. This review thoroughly evaluates the underlying principles of the approach, its potential, and the significant advancements that have been documented. It explores the method's capacity to analyse and identify emerging pollutants, emphasising its potential across various sample matrices for enhanced pollutant identification and quantification.

Effervescence-Assisted Microextraction-One Decade of Developments

Dispersive microextraction techniques are key in the analytical sample treatment context as they combine a favored thermodynamics and kinetics isolation of the target analytes from the sample matrix. The dispersion of the extractant in the form of tiny particles or drops, depending on the technique, into the sample enlarges the contact surface area between phases, thus enhancing the mass transference. This dispersion can be achieved by applying external energy sources, the use of chemicals, or the combination of both strategies. Effervescence-assisted microextraction emerged in 2011 as a new alternative in this context. The technique uses in situ-generated carbon dioxide as the disperser, and it has been successfully applied in the solid-phase and liquid-phase microextraction fields. This minireview explains the main fundamentals of the technique, its potential and the main developments reported.

Dopamine-modified magnetic graphene oxide as a recoverable sorbent for the preconcentration of metal ions by an effervescence-assisted dispersive micro solid-phase extraction procedure

Nanomagnetic graphene oxide modified with dopamine (GO-Fe3O4-DA) was synthesized via a very simple procedure. Using GO-Fe3O4-DA as the new adsorbent, the effervescence-assisted dispersive micro solid-phase extraction procedure was exploited for the preconcentrative extraction of Cu(ii), Pb(ii) and Ni(ii) ions. Structural characteristics of the adsorbent were studied via FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD analyses. The rapid dispersion and high adsorption capability of GO-Fe3O4-DA, along with the rapid separation of the adsorbent from the aqueous phase by a magnet, led to a decrease in the extraction time of the target metal ions. In effect, high extraction percentages were attained in a very short time period. In this work, the relative standard deviations (RSD; n = 3) calculated for the proposed method were 1.09, 1.25 and 1.03% for the Pb(ii), Cu(ii) and Ni(ii) ions, respectively, the calibration curve was dynamically linear in the range of 0.25 to 50 μg L-1, and the limits of detection were obtained as 0.5, 0.1, and 0.7 μg L-1. The procedure was also implemented on real sausage (herbal and meaty) samples and a water sample, vouchsafing the success of the proposed method in tackling real samples with a complicated matrix.

Cyclodextrin-assisted liquid-solid extraction for determination of the composition of jujube fruit using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection and quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry

A novel, simple and environmental friendly sample preparation technique based on the use of cyclodextrin has been developed for the extraction of phenolic compounds from jujube samples, the analytes being finally determined by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry was used to characterize the composition of jujube fruit. The present method exhibited higher efficiency for extracting phenolic compositions than Pharmacopoeia heat-reflux approach in term of peak areas. Moreover, compared with traditional ultrasound-assisted extraction, the developed methodology was found without the use of toxic organic solvent, meeting the principles of green chemistry. Validation experiments showed that the proposed method presented good linearity (r(2)>0.9970), satisfactory precision (RSD<7.55%), and high recovery (85.63-105.67%). The limits of detection were from 4.92ng/mL to 142.85ng/mL for eight phenolic compounds. Eventually, the optimized approach was successfully applied to the analysis of jujube fruit.

Quantitative analysis of flavanones from citrus fruits by using mesoporous molecular sieve-based miniaturized solid phase extraction coupled to ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

An analytical procedure based on miniaturized solid phase extraction (SPE) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated for determination of six flavanones in Citrus fruits. The mesoporous molecular sieve SBA-15 as a solid sorbent was characterised by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, compared with reported extraction techniques, the mesoporous SBA-15 based SPE method possessed the advantages of shorter analysis time and higher sensitivity. Furthermore, considering the different nature of the tested compounds, all of the parameters, including the SBA-15 amount, solution pH, elution solvent, and the sorbent type, were investigated in detail. Under the optimum condition, the instrumental detection and quantitation limits calculated were less than 4.26 and 14.29ngmL(-1), respectively. The recoveries obtained for all the analytes were ranging from 89.22% to 103.46%. The experimental results suggested that SBA-15 was a promising material for the purification and enrichment of target flavanones from complex citrus fruit samples.