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Gao J, Li X, Zheng Y, Qin Q, Chen D. Recent Advances in Sample Preparation and Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Techniques for Detecting Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Edible Oils: 2010 to Present. Foods 2024; 13:1714. [PMID: 38890942 PMCID: PMC11171805 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are considered to be potentially genotoxic and carcinogenic to humans. For non-smoking populations, food is the main source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure. Due to their lipophilic nature, oils and fats rank among the food items with the highest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content. Consequently, the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils is critical for the promotion of human health. This paper reviews sample pretreatment methods, such as liquid-phase-based extraction methods, adsorbent-based extraction methods, and the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method, combined with detection techniques like mass spectrometry and chromatography-based techniques for accurate quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils since 2010. An overview on the advances of the methods discussed herein, along with a commentary addition of current challenges and prospects, will guide researchers to focus on developing more effective detection methods and control measures to reduce the potential risks and hazards posed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xingyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qian Qin
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Di Chen
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Zhu Z, Xu Y, Huang T, Yu Y, Bassey AP, Huang M. The contamination, formation, determination and control of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in meat products. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Monitoring and Occurrence of Heavy PAHs in Pomace Oil Supply Chain Using a Double-Step Solid-Phase Purification and HPLC-FLD Determination. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182737. [PMID: 36140863 PMCID: PMC9498164 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental and processing contaminants generated by both spontaneous and anthropogenic incomplete combustion processes of organic matter. Contamination of PAHs in vegetable oils can result from several factors and processes, including environmental contamination, oil processing, and migration from food contact materials. The determination of PAHs in edible oil presents a challenge because of the complexity of the matrix. Since PAHs are present at lower levels than triglycerides, it is necessary to isolate the compounds of interest from the rest of the matrix. To this purpose, a new purification approach based on a double solid-phase extraction (SPE) step followed by high performance liquid chromatography–fluorometric detector (HPLC-FLD) analysis was developed. The method involves a first purification step by using a 5 g silica SPE cartridge, previously washed with dichloromethane (20 mL), dried completely, and then conditioned with n-hexane (20 mL). The triglycerides are retained by the silica, while the PAH-containing fraction is eluted with a mixture of n-hexane/dichloromethane (70/30, v/v). After evaporation, the residue is loaded on a 5 g amino SPE cartridge and eluted with n-hexane/toluene (70/30, v/v) before HPLC-FLD analysis. The focus was the evaluation of the contribution of the various phases of the pomace oil supply chain in terms of the heavy PAHs (PAH8) concentration. Data collected showed that pomace contamination increased (by 15 times) as storage time increased. In addition, the process of pomace drying, which is necessary to reduce its moisture content before solvent extraction of the residual oil, appeared to significantly contribute to the total heavy PAHs content, with increases in value by up to 75 times.
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A facile molecularly imprinted column coupled to GC-MS/MS for sensitive and selective determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and study on their migration in takeaway meal boxes. Talanta 2022; 243:123385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yan XT, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Li GH, Feng XS. Source, Sample Preparation, Analytical and Inhibition Methods of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Food (Update since 2015). SEPARATION & PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2021.1977321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-ting Yan
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-hui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Bertoz V, Purcaro G, Conchione C, Moret S. A Review on the Occurrence and Analytical Determination of PAHs in Olive Oils. Foods 2021; 10:324. [PMID: 33546477 PMCID: PMC7913741 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental and processing contaminants, which may contaminate vegetable oils due to atmospheric fall-out or bad production practices. Due to their carcinogenic and toxic effects, surveillance schemes and mitigation strategies are needed to monitor human exposure to PAHs. In particular, due to the lipophilic nature of these substances, edible oils may present unsafe levels of these compounds. Among these, olive oil, and in particular extra virgin olive oil, is a high-value commodity, also known for its health benefits. Therefore, the occurrence of contaminants in this product is not only of health concern but also causes economic and image damage. In this review, an overview of the occurrence of PAHs in all categories of olive oil is provided, as well as a description of the official methods available and the analytical developments in the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bertoz
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (V.B.); (C.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège Bât, G1 Chimie des Agro-Biosystèmes, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Chiara Conchione
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (V.B.); (C.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Sabrina Moret
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (V.B.); (C.C.); (S.M.)
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Zhang Y, Chen X, Zhang Y. Analytical chemistry, formation, mitigation, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: From food processing to
in vivo
metabolic transformation. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:1422-1456. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiju Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro‐Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaoqian Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro‐Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro‐Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
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Sánchez‐Arévalo CM, Olmo‐García L, Fernández‐Sánchez JF, Carrasco‐Pancorbo A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils: An overview on sample preparation, determination strategies, and relative abundance of prevalent compounds. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:3528-3573. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucía Olmo‐García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Granada Granada Spain
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils and fatty foods: Occurrence, formation, analysis, change and control. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2020; 93:59-112. [PMID: 32711866 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that dozens of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mutagenic, genotoxic and strongly carcinogenic. PAHs are found to be widely present in foods contaminated through multiple paths. Due to their lipophilic nature, these compounds easily accumulate in edible oils and fatty foods where they can range from no detection to over 2000μg/kg. Compared to precursor PAHs, researchers have seldom studied the presence of PAH derivatives, especially in food matrices. This chapter includes the physical and chemical characteristics of PAHs and their types, occurrence, sample pretreatment and instrumental determination methods, and their formation, change and control in edible oils and fatty foods. The occurrence and formation of PAH derivatives in foods are much less investigated compared to those of their precursor PAHs. Although the removal of matrix effects and accuracy remain difficult for current rapid determination methods, a prospective research direction of PAH analysis for large-scale screening is in demand. To date, physical absorption, chemical oxidation and biodegradation have been widely used in PAH removal techniques. Specific types of bacteria, fungi, and algae have also been used to degrade PAHs into harmless compounds. However, most of them can only degrade a range of LPAHs, such as naphthalene, anthracene and phenanthrene. Their ability to degrade HPAHs requires further study. Moreover, it is still a great challenge to maintain food nutrition and flavor during the PAH removal process using these methods.
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10
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Chen D, Shi L, Song G. Distributions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Phthalic Acid Esters in Gums and Soapstocks Obtained from Soybean Oil Refinery. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Chen
- Department of Oil Processing and Engineering, COFCO ET (Xi'an) International Engineering Co., Ltd. Xi'an 710082 China
| | - Longkai Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Gaoxiang Song
- Department of Product Development and Quality Control, Changqingmaixiangyuan (HuBei) Catering Management Food Co., Ltd. Wuhan 430043 China
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11
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Quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalic acid esters in deodorizer distillates obtained from soybean, rapeseed, corn and rice bran oils. Food Chem 2019; 275:206-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Mohammadi A, Malek-Mohammadi Jahani S, Kamankesh M, Jazaeri S, Eivani M, Esmaeili S, Abdi S. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Edible Oil Using Fast and Sensitive Microwave-assisted Extraction and Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2018.1481110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdorreza Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Malek-Mohammadi Jahani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Kamankesh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Laboratory of Spectroscopy & Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran
| | - Sahar Jazaeri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadjavad Eivani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Esmaeili
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Abdi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Guo Y, Zhao WJ, Deng ZF, Wang HB, Peng B, Ma X, Lan C, Zhang SS. Determination of benzo[α]pyrene in edible oil using tetraoxocalix[2]arene[2]triazine bonded silica SPE sorbent. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1356-1365. [PMID: 29856688 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1482010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[α]pyrene (BaP) is a well-known carcinogen in edible oil. In this study, a method combined solid-phase extraction (SPE) with fluorescent detection was developed using tetraoxocalix[2]arene[2]triazine sorbent (SiO2-OCA) for the clean-up and enrichment of BaP. The interaction between SiO2-OCA and BaP involves a donor-acceptor complex mechanism. The experimental procedure was as follows: BaP was extracted from edible oil with DMF/H2O (9:1, v/v). Then, the ratio of DMF/H2O was adjusted to 1:2 prior to SPE. The final concentrate was analysed using a fluorescence detector at excitation and emission wavelengths of 255 and 420 nm. The method was fully validated. The linearity was in the range of 0.1-100 μg kg-1 with a coefficient of 0.999. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.03 and 0.1 μg kg-1, respectively. The average recoveries were in the range of 88.0 - 122.3%. The intraday and interday precisions were 6.8% and 9.2%, respectively. Compared with other methods, the method reported in this article shows a good detection limit, high reproducibility and recovery and linearity over a broad concentration range. This established method was also applied to evaluate real samples. The concentration of six tested samples was below 5 μg kg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Guo
- a College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , PR China
| | - Wen-Jie Zhao
- b School of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Henan University of Technology , Zhengzhou , PR China
| | - Zhi-Fen Deng
- a College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , PR China
| | - Hong-Bo Wang
- c Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC , Zhengzhou , PR China
| | - Bin Peng
- c Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC , Zhengzhou , PR China
| | - Xue Ma
- a College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , PR China
| | - Chen Lan
- a College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , PR China
| | - Shu-Sheng Zhang
- a College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , PR China
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Zhu Y, Li X, Huang J, Zhao C, Qi J, Jin Q, Wang X. Correlations between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polar components in edible oils during deep frying of peanuts. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cha E, Jeong ES, Han SB, Cha S, Son J, Kim S, Oh HB, Lee J. Ionization of Gas-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Electrospray Ionization Coupled with Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4203-4211. [PMID: 29461802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as nonpolar compounds were ionized to protonated molecular ions [M + H]+ without radical cations and simultaneously analyzed using gas chromatography (GC)/electrospray ionization (ESI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The ionization profile, dissociation, and sensitivity were first investigated to understand the significant behavior of gas-phase PAHs under ESI. The formation of protonated molecular ions of PAHs was distinguished according to the analyte phase and ESI spray solvents. The protonated PAHs exhibited characteristic dissociations, such as H-loss, H2-loss, and acetylene-loss, via competition of internal energy. In addition, GC/ESI-MS/MS resulted in relatively lower concentration levels (better sensitivity) for the limits-of-detection (LODs) of PAHs than liquid chromatography (LC)/ESI-MS/MS, and it seems to result from the characteristic ionization mechanism of the gas-phase analyte under ESI. Furthermore, the LODs of gas-phase PAHs depended on molecular weight and proton affinity (PA). Consequently, we demonstrated the relationship among the analyte phases, sensitivities, and structural characteristics (molecular weight and PA) under ESI. The gas-phase PAHs provided enhanced protonation efficiency and sensitivity using GC/ESI-MS/MS, as their molecular weight and PA increased. Based on these results, we offered important information regarding the behavior of gas-phase analytes under ESI. Therefore, the present GC/ESI-MS/MS method has potential as an alternative method for simultaneous analysis of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Cha
- Doping Control Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792 , Korea
| | - Eun Sook Jeong
- Doping Control Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792 , Korea
| | - Sang Beom Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy , Chung-Ang University , 84 Heukseok-ro , Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974 , Korea
| | - Sangwon Cha
- Department of Chemistry , Hankuk University of Foreign Studies , 81 Oedae-ro , Mohyeon-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si , Gyeongi-do 17035 , Korea
| | - Junghyun Son
- Doping Control Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792 , Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Kyungpook National University , 80 Daehakro , Buk-gu, Daegu 41566 , Korea
| | - Han Bin Oh
- Department of Chemistry , Sogang University , 35 Baekbeom-ro , Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107 , Korea
| | - Jaeick Lee
- Doping Control Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792 , Korea
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Cao G, Ruan D, Chen Z, Hong Y, Cai Z. Recent developments and applications of mass spectrometry for the quality and safety assessment of cooking oil. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Shi LK, Zheng L, Jin QZ, Wang XG. Effects of Adsorption on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Lipid Characteristic, Oxidative Stability, and Free Radical Scavenging Capacity of Sesame Oil. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long-Kai Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Li Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Qing-Zhe Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Xing-Guo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
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Effects of Neutralization, Decoloration, and Deodorization on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons during Laboratory-Scale Oil Refining Process. J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/7824761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of technological operations during oil refining process on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in neutralized, bleached, and deodorized oils was investigated on the basis of laboratory-scale study. Under the best experimental conditions, benzo[a]pyrene decreased by 85.1%, 99.7%, and 40.8% in neutralized, bleached, and deodorized oils, respectively. Total of 16 analytes decreased by 55.7%, 87.5%, and 47.7%, respectively. Bleaching with activated charcoal was the most efficient procedure to reduce PAHs in crude oil. Neutralization had a modest influence on sixteen analytes; however, deodorization was only responsible for a slight decrease in the light PAHs and heavy PAHs contents. Data obtained in this study suggest that the use of activated carbon during oil refining process is highly recommended; moreover, these results provide a useful guidance for oil refining plant to reduce security risk and ensure the quality of the vegetable oil products.
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19
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Shi LK, Zhang DD, Liu YL. Incidence and survey of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible vegetable oils in China. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Shi LK, Zhang DD, Liu YL. Survey of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of vegetable oils and oilseeds by GC-MS in China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:603-11. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1144935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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