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Method of kinetic characterization of immunoreagents for development of express high-sensitive assays for detection of ochratoxin A and heart fatty acids binding protein. MethodsX 2022; 9:101911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Burdanova MG, Kharlamova MV, Kramberger C, Nikitin MP. Applications of Pristine and Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene, and Graphene Nanoribbons in Biomedicine. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3020. [PMID: 34835783 PMCID: PMC8626004 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review is dedicated to a comprehensive description of the latest achievements in the chemical functionalization routes and applications of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and graphene nanoribbons. The review starts from the description of noncovalent and covalent exohedral modification approaches, as well as an endohedral functionalization method. After that, the methods to improve the functionalities of CNMs are highlighted. These methods include the functionalization for improving the hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, blood circulation time and tumor accumulation, and the cellular uptake and selectivity. The main part of this review includes the description of the applications of functionalized CNMs in bioimaging, drug delivery, and biosensors. Then, the toxicity studies of CNMs are highlighted. Finally, the further directions of the development of the field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Burdanova
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskii Pereulok 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia;
- Department of Physics, Moscow Region State University, Very Voloshinoy Street, 24, 141014 Mytishi, Russia
| | - Marianna V. Kharlamova
- Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskii Pereulok 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia;
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/2, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Kramberger
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Strudlhofgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Maxim P. Nikitin
- Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskii Pereulok 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia;
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Guo X, Liu R, Li H, Wang J, Yuan Z, Zhang W, Sang S. A Novel NiFe 2O 4/Paper-Based Magnetoelastic Biosensor to Detect Human Serum Albumin. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5286. [PMID: 32947837 PMCID: PMC7570998 DOI: 10.3390/s20185286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, a novel NiFe2O4/paper-based magnetoelastic (ME) biosensor was developed for rapid, sensitive, and portable detection of human serum albumin (HSA). Due to the uniquely magnetoelastic effect of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles and the excellent mechanical properties of the paper, the paper-based ME biosensor transforms the surface stress signal induced by the specific binding of HSA and antibody modified on the paper into the electromagnetic signal. The accumulated binding complex generates a compressive stress on the biosensor surface, resulting in a decrease in the biosensor's static magnetic permeability, which correlates to the HSA concentrations. To improve the sensitivity of the biosensor, the concentration of NiFe2O4 nanofluid and the impregnated numbers of the NiFe2O4 nanofluid-impregnated papers were optimized. The experimental results demonstrated that the biosensor exhibited a linear response to HSA concentrations ranging from 10 μg∙mL-1 to 200 μg∙mL-1, with a detection limit of 0.43 μg∙mL-1, which is significantly lower than the minimal diagnosis limit of microalbuminuria. The NiFe2O4/paper-based ME biosensor is easy to fabricate, and allows the rapid, highly-sensitive, and selective detection of HSA, providing a valuable analytical device for early monitoring and clinical diagnosis of microalbuminuria and nephropathy. This study shows the successful integration of the paper-based biosensor and the ME sensing analytical method will be a highly-sensitive, easy-to-use, disposable, and portable alternative for point-of-care monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shengbo Sang
- MicroNano System Research Center, Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education and College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China; (X.G.); (R.L.); (H.L.); (J.W.); (Z.Y.); (W.Z.)
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Orlov A, Pushkarev A, Znoyko S, Novichikhin D, Bragina V, Gorshkov B, Nikitin P. Multiplex label-free biosensor for detection of autoantibodies in human serum: Tool for new kinetics-based diagnostics of autoimmune diseases. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 159:112187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Pushkarev A, Orlov A, Znoyko S, Novichikhin D, Bragina V, Sizikov A, Alipour E, Ghourchian H, Nikitin A, Sorokin G, Gorshkov B, Nikitin P. Data on characterization of glass biochips and validation of the label-free biosensor for detection of autoantibodies in human serum. Data Brief 2020; 30:105648. [PMID: 32426427 PMCID: PMC7225373 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The data represent in-depth characterization of a novel method for highly sensitive simultaneous measuring in human serum of both critical parameters of autoantibodies: concentration and native kinetics. The latter refers to autoantibody interaction with free, not immobilized, antigen. The method and related biosensors are based on the spectral-correlation and spectral-phase interferometry. The data cover: multi-factor optimization and quantitative characterization of the developed affordable single-used biochips, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) control of chemical modifications of the surface during fabrication; antibody screening; optimization and verification of protocols for label-free biosensing in human serum; mathematical model for fitting experimental data and calculation of kinetic constants of interaction of autoantibodies with free antigen; comprehensive verification of the method specificity; correlation between the data obtained with the developed biosensor and with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); comparison of analytical characteristics of the developed biosensor with the most advanced label-based methods. The data importance is confirmed by a companion paper (DOI 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112187), which shows that the combination of mentioned autoantibody parameters is promising for more accurate criteria for early diagnostics and efficient therapy of autoimmune disorders. The obtained data can be used in development of a wide range of biosensors, both label-free and based on various labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.V. Pushkarev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskii per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | - A.V. Orlov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskii per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | - S.L. Znoyko
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - D.O. Novichikhin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - V.A. Bragina
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A.A. Sizikov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskii per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | - E. Alipour
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran
| | - H. Ghourchian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran
| | - A.I. Nikitin
- Volga branch of Moscow Automobile and Road State Technical University, Cheboksary 428000, Russia
| | - G.M. Sorokin
- Chuvash State University, 15 Moskovskij Ave., Cheboksary, 428015, Russia
| | - B.G. Gorshkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - P.I. Nikitin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Gauglitz G. Critical assessment of relevant methods in the field of biosensors with direct optical detection based on fibers and waveguides using plasmonic, resonance, and interference effects. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3317-3349. [PMID: 32313998 PMCID: PMC7214504 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Direct optical detection has proven to be a highly interesting tool in biomolecular interaction analysis to be used in drug discovery, ligand/receptor interactions, environmental analysis, clinical diagnostics, screening of large data volumes in immunology, cancer therapy, or personalized medicine. In this review, the fundamental optical principles and applications are reviewed. Devices are based on concepts such as refractometry, evanescent field, waveguides modes, reflectometry, resonance and/or interference. They are realized in ring resonators; prism couplers; surface plasmon resonance; resonant mirror; Bragg grating; grating couplers; photonic crystals, Mach-Zehnder, Young, Hartman interferometers; backscattering; ellipsometry; or reflectance interferometry. The physical theories of various optical principles have already been reviewed in detail elsewhere and are therefore only cited. This review provides an overall survey on the application of these methods in direct optical biosensing. The "historical" development of the main principles is given to understand the various, and sometimes only slightly modified variations published as "new" methods or the use of a new acronym and commercialization by different companies. Improvement of optics is only one way to increase the quality of biosensors. Additional essential aspects are the surface modification of transducers, immobilization strategies, selection of recognition elements, the influence of non-specific interaction, selectivity, and sensitivity. Furthermore, papers use for reporting minimal amounts of detectable analyte terms such as value of mass, moles, grams, or mol/L which are difficult to compare. Both these essential aspects (i.e., biochemistry and the presentation of LOD values) can be discussed only in brief (but references are provided) in order to prevent the paper from becoming too long. The review will concentrate on a comparison of the optical methods, their application, and the resulting bioanalytical quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Gauglitz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Brittain WJ, Brandsetter T, Prucker O, Rühe J. The Surface Science of Microarray Generation-A Critical Inventory. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:39397-39409. [PMID: 31322854 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microarrays are powerful tools in biomedical research and have become indispensable for high-throughput multiplex analysis, especially for DNA and protein analysis. The basis for all microarray processing and fabrication is surface modification of a chip substrate and many different strategies to couple probe molecules to such substrates have been developed. We present here a critical assessment of typical biochip generation processes from a surface science point of view. While great progress has been made from a molecular biology point of view on the development of qualitative assays and impressive results have been obtained on the detection of rather low concentrations of DNA or proteins, quantitative chip-based assays are still comparably rare. We argue that lack of stable and reliable deposition chemistries has led in many cases to suboptimal quantitative reproducibility, impeded further progress in microarray development and prevented a more significant penetration of microarray technology into the diagnostic market. We suggest that surface-attached hydrogel networks might be a promising strategy to achieve highly sensitive and quantitatively reproducible microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Brittain
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Texas State University , 601 University Drive , San Marcos , Texas 78666 , United States
- Department of Microsystems Engineering , University of Freiburg , Georges-Köhler-Allee 103 , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
| | - Thomas Brandsetter
- Department of Microsystems Engineering , University of Freiburg , Georges-Köhler-Allee 103 , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
| | - Oswald Prucker
- Department of Microsystems Engineering , University of Freiburg , Georges-Köhler-Allee 103 , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Department of Microsystems Engineering , University of Freiburg , Georges-Köhler-Allee 103 , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
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Orlov A, Znoyko S, Pushkarev A, Mochalova E, Guteneva N, Lunin A, Nikitin M, Nikitin P. Data on characterization and validation of assays for ultrasensitive quantitative detection of small molecules: Determination of free thyroxine with magnetic and interferometric methods. Data Brief 2018; 21:1603-1611. [PMID: 30480074 PMCID: PMC6240640 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.10.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The presented data refer to optimization and quantitative characterization of a rapid lateral flow assay based on high-affinity bifunctional ligand and magnetic nanolabels, which was developed for detection of small molecules of thyroid hormones. The results were obtained by several techniques, including the magnetic particle quantification method, spectral-correlation interferometry and spectral-phase interferometry, dynamic light scattering, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The long-term stability of "antibody - magnetic nanoparticle" conjugates is shown. The assay specificity is confirmed, and verification of successful combination of magnetic particles and antibodies is demonstrated. The kinetic and equilibrium dissociation constants are determined for interactions between thyroxine and monoclonal antibodies. The obtained data could be used for design of other platforms for detection of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.V. Orlov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia
| | - S.L. Znoyko
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - A.V. Pushkarev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia
| | - E.N. Mochalova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia
| | - N.V. Guteneva
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia
| | - A.V. Lunin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia
| | - M.P. Nikitin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia
| | - P.I. Nikitin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow 119991, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 31 Kashirskoe shosse, Moscow 115409, Russia
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Tregubov AA, Nikitin PI, Nikitin MP. Advanced Smart Nanomaterials with Integrated Logic-Gating and Biocomputing: Dawn of Theranostic Nanorobots. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10294-10348. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Tregubov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 1A Kerchenskaya St, Moscow 117303, Russia
| | - Petr I. Nikitin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Maxim P. Nikitin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 1A Kerchenskaya St, Moscow 117303, Russia
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Znoyko SL, Orlov AV, Pushkarev AV, Mochalova EN, Guteneva NV, Lunin AV, Nikitin MP, Nikitin PI. Ultrasensitive quantitative detection of small molecules with rapid lateral-flow assay based on high-affinity bifunctional ligand and magnetic nanolabels. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1034:161-167. [PMID: 30193630 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An ultrasensitive lateral-flow assay is developed for rapid quantitative detection of small molecules on-site. The conceptual novelty, which transfers lateral-flow assays to the category of highly sensitive quantitative systems, is due to employment of a bifunctional ligand combined with volumetric registration of magnetic nanolabels. The ligand provides extremely high affinity for trapping the nanolabels and, simultaneously, efficiently competes with the analyzed molecules for the limited quantity of antigen-binding sites on the nanolabels. The developed assay has been demonstrated as the first express method for measuring in human serum of free thyroxine (fT4). The limit of detection is 20 fМ or 16 fg/ml at the assay time <30 min with the dynamic range of 3 orders. Besides, we present the results of first characterization of kinetic parameters of interaction between free thyroxine and monoclonal antibody, as well as of competitive relationship between fT4 and fT4-biotin. The proposed universal platform can be used for ultrasensitive detection of small molecules in human in vitro diagnostics, veterinary, biosafety and counter-terrorism, food quality control, environmental monitoring, etc., as well as for search of new, previously undetectable, diagnostic markers in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey L Znoyko
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey V Orlov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskii per, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | - Averyan V Pushkarev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskii per, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | - Elizaveta N Mochalova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskii per, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | - Natalia V Guteneva
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskii per, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | - Afanasy V Lunin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskii per, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | - Maxim P Nikitin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskii per, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | - Petr I Nikitin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St, Moscow, 119991, Russia; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 31 Kashirskoe shosse, Moscow, 115409, Russia.
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Shevchenko KG, Cherkasov VR, Nikitina IL, Babenyshev AV, Nikitin MP. Smart multifunctional nanoagents for in situ monitoring of small molecules with a switchable affinity towards biomedical targets. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-018-0659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The great diversity of nanomaterials provides ample opportunities for constructing effective agents for biomedical applications ranging from biosensing to drug delivery. Multifunctional nanoagents that combine several features in a single particle are of special interest due to capabilities that substantially exceed those of molecular drugs. An ideal theranostic agent should simultaneously be an advanced biosensor to identify a disease and report the diagnosis and a biomedical actuator to treat the disease. While many approaches were developed to load a nanoparticle with various drugs for actuation of the diseased cells (e.g., to kill them), the nanoparticle-based approaches for the localized biosensing with real-time reporting of the marker concentration severely lag behind. Here, we show a smart in situ nanoparticle-based biosensor/actuator system that dynamically and reversibly changes its structural and optical properties in response to a small molecule marker to allow real-time monitoring of the marker concentration and adjustment of the system ability to bind its biomedical target. Using the synergistic combination of signal readout based on the localized surface plasmon resonance and an original method of fabrication of smart ON/OFF-switchable nanoagents, we demonstrate reversible responsiveness of the system to a model small molecule marker (antibiotic chloramphenicol) in a wide concentration range. The proposed approach can be used for the development of advanced multifunctional nanoagents for theranostic applications.
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Scaffolds for oriented and close-packed immobilization of immunoglobulins. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 89:810-821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Smart materials on the way to theranostic nanorobots: Molecular machines and nanomotors, advanced biosensors, and intelligent vehicles for drug delivery. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1530-1544. [PMID: 28130158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theranostics, a fusion of two key parts of modern medicine - diagnostics and therapy of the organism's disorders, promises to bring the efficacy of medical treatment to a fundamentally new level and to become the basis of personalized medicine. Extrapolating today's progress in the field of smart materials to the long-run prospect, we can imagine future intelligent agents capable of performing complex analysis of different physiological factors inside the living organism and implementing a built-in program thereby triggering a series of therapeutic actions. These agents, by analogy with their macroscopic counterparts, can be called nanorobots. It is quite obscure what these devices are going to look like but they will be more or less based on today's achievements in nanobiotechnology. SCOPE OF REVIEW The present Review is an attempt to systematize highly diverse nanomaterials, which may potentially serve as modules for theranostic nanorobotics, e.g., nanomotors, sensing units, and payload carriers. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Biocomputing-based sensing, externally actuated or chemically "fueled" autonomous movement, swarm inter-agent communication behavior are just a few inspiring examples that nanobiotechnology can offer today for construction of truly intelligent drug delivery systems. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The progress of smart nanomaterials toward fully autonomous drug delivery nanorobots is an exciting prospect for disease treatment. Synergistic combination of the available approaches and their further development may produce intelligent drugs of unmatched functionality.
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