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He Y, Li C, Yang M, Wang C, Guo H, Liu J, Liu H. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Mechanisms of Accumulation and Conversion of Folate Derivatives during Germination of Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Seeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3800-3813. [PMID: 38327020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Folate was enriched during quinoa germination, while molecular mechanisms were not well understood. In this study, three quinoa varieties were selected for germination, and changes in substrate content and enzyme activity of the folate biosynthesis pathway were monitored. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate (5-CH3-THF) and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (5-CHO-THF) were significantly enriched in quinoa sprouts. Among the selected varieties, QL-2 exhibited the lowest content of the oxidation product MeFox and the highest total folate content. Based on transcriptome analysis, the p-ABA branch was found to be crucial for folate accumulation, while the pterin branch served as a key control point for the one carbon pool by folate pathway, which limited further folate biosynthesis. In the one carbon pool by folate pathway, genes CqMTHFR and CqAMT significantly contributed to the enrichment of 5-CH3-THF and 5-CHO-THF. Findings gained here would facilitate the potential application of quinoa sprouts as an alternative strategy for folate supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan He
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cui Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Miao Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | | | - Haiyun Guo
- Hebei Tongfu Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haijie Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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2
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Du H, Li T, Xue Q, Tian Y, Hu Y. Optimization and validation of folate extraction from Moringa oleifera leaves powder. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-023-01876-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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3
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Weber N, Kouřimská L, Kulma M, Petříčková D, Seufert F, Rychlik M. Folate contents in insects as promising food components quantified by stable isotope dilution. Front Nutr 2022; 9:970255. [PMID: 36159461 PMCID: PMC9499261 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.970255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerning the increasing population, edible insects are of growing interest due to several advantages such as sustainable production and as a source of high-quality nutrients. One of the less studied nutrients are folates, in the context of insects is folates, which play an important role in human metabolism. In the article, we describe how six different insect species are reared and extracted for five common folate vitamers by high-performance liquid chromatography interfaced with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For this purpose, house crickets (Acheta domesticus—adults), Jamaican field crickets (Gryllus assimilis—adults), discoid cockroaches (Blaberus discoidalis—nymphs), migratory locusts (Locusta migratoria—adults), mealworms (Tenebrio molitor), and lesser mealworms (Alphitobius diaperinus) were investigated. The total folate content differs between 59.1 ± 6.50 and 143 ± 11.1 μg/100 g. Also, the feed, which was adapted to the needs of the insects and differed for some species, was extracted for their total folate content. The four different feed compositions (rapeseed, chicken feed, bramble leaves, and a mix of chicken feed, wheat bran, and carrot/apples) showed a folate content of about 100 μg/100 g, except for hay, where the content was 300 μg/100 g. In general, the insect folate content is comparable to other food and seems to be a promising source of folates. However, the amount of consumption needed to meet the requirement must also be considered. Moreover, the effect of different influencing factors is not yet entirely clear and needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Weber
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Research Department Life Science Engineering, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- *Correspondence: Nadine Weber,
| | - Lenka Kouřimská
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha-Suchdol, Czechia
| | - Martin Kulma
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha-Suchdol, Czechia
| | - Dora Petříčková
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha-Suchdol, Czechia
| | - Franziska Seufert
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Research Department Life Science Engineering, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Research Department Life Science Engineering, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Knutsen HK, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Peláez C, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Cubadda F, Abrahantes JC, Dumas C, Ercolano V, Titz A, Pentieva K. Conversion of calcium-l-methylfolate and (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid glucosamine salt into dietary folate equivalents. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07452. [PMID: 36034319 PMCID: PMC9399872 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the conversion of calcium‐l‐methylfolate and (6S)‐5‐methyltetrahydrofolic acid glucosamine salt (collectively called 5‐MTHF hereafter) into dietary folate equivalents (DFE). Following a systematic review, the conclusions of the opinion are based on one intervention study in adults for intakes < 400 μg/day and three intervention studies in adults for intakes ≥ 400 μg/day. At intakes below 400 μg/day, folic acid (FA) is assumed to be linearly related to responses of biomarkers of intake and status and is an appropriate comparator for deriving a DFE conversion factor for 5‐MTHF. It is proposed to use the same factor as for folic acid for conversion of 5‐MTHF into DFE for intakes < 400 μg/day. As such intake levels are unlikely to be exceeded through fortified food consumption, the conversion factor of 1.7 relative to natural food folate (NF) could be applied to 5‐MTHF added to foods and to food supplements providing < 400 μg/day. At 400 μg/day, 5‐MTHF was found to be more bioavailable than folic acid and a conversion factor of 2 is proposed for this intake level and for higher intakes. The derived DFE equations are DFE = NF + 1.7 × FA + 1.7 × 5‐MTHF for fortified foods and food supplements providing intakes < 400 μg/day; and DFE = NF + 1.7 × FA + 2.0 × 5‐MTHF for food supplements providing intakes ≥ 400 μg/day. Although this assessment applies to calcium‐L‐methylfolate and 5‐MTHF glucosamine salt, it is considered that the influence of the cation on bioavailability is likely to be within the margin of error of the proposed DFE equations. Therefore, the proposed equations can also be applied to 5‐MTHF associated with other cations.
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Agyenim-Boateng KG, Zhang S, Islam MS, Gu Y, Li B, Azam M, Abdelghany AM, Qi J, Ghosh S, Shaibu AS, Gebregziabher BS, Feng Y, Li J, Li Y, Zhang C, Qiu L, Liu Z, Liang Q, Sun J. Profiling of naturally occurring folates in a diverse soybean germplasm by HPLC-MS/MS. Food Chem 2022; 384:132520. [PMID: 35217465 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Soybean is a rich source of folates. We optimised the extraction and detection of folates from soybean seeds by HPLC-MS/MS and analysed the folate content and composition of 1074 accessions. Total folate content ranged from 64.51 to 691.24 μg/100 g fresh weight, with 10-fold variation, and 60 elite accessions with over 400 μg/100 g of total folate were identified. The most abundant component was 5-CHO-H4folate, which accounted for an average of 60% of total folate content. Seed-coat colour, seed weight, ecoregion, and accession type significantly affected soybean folate content. Furthermore, 5-CH3-H4folate correlated positively with seed protein (r = 0.24***) and negatively with oil (r = -0.26***). The geographical distribution of folate according to accession origin revealed that accessions from Northeast China contain higher amounts of total folate and 5-CHO-H4folate. This study provides comprehensive and novel insights into the folate profile of soybean, which will benefit soybean breeding for folate enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwadwo Gyapong Agyenim-Boateng
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shengrui Zhang
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Md Shariful Islam
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongzhe Gu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI)/Key Laboratory of Germplasm and Biotechnology (MARA), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bin Li
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Muhammad Azam
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ahmed M Abdelghany
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Crop Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt
| | - Jie Qi
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Suprio Ghosh
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Abdulwahab S Shaibu
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Department of Agronomy, Bayero University, Kano 700001, Nigeria
| | - Berhane Sibhatu Gebregziabher
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Crop Sciences Research Department, Mehoni Agricultural Research Center, Maichew 7020, Ethiopia
| | - Yue Feng
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Li
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI)/Key Laboratory of Germplasm and Biotechnology (MARA), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunyi Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI)/Key Laboratory of Germplasm and Biotechnology (MARA), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhangxiong Liu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI)/Key Laboratory of Germplasm and Biotechnology (MARA), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Qiuju Liang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Junming Sun
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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6
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Pferdmenges LE, Schröter A, Lohmayer R, Striegel L, Rychlik M, Müller A, Meinhardt AK, Trierweiler B, Hartmann BM, Frommherz L. Characterization of the nutrient composition of German beer styles for the German nutrient database. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Liu F, Edelmann M, Piironen V, Kariluoto S. The Bioaccessibility of Folate in Breads and the Stability of Folate Vitamers during in vitro Digestion. Food Funct 2022; 13:3220-3233. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Both the liberation and stability of endogenous folate are relevant to the bioaccessibility of folate. Since folates are unstable, in addition to studying the natural folate content in foods, bioaccessibility...
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8
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Olasupo IO, Liang Q, Zhang C, Islam MS, Li Y, Yu X, He C. Agronomic Biofortification of Cayenne Pepper Cultivars with Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and Chili Residue in a Chinese Solar Greenhouse. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112398. [PMID: 34835523 PMCID: PMC8623771 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Agronomic biofortification of horticultural crops using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) under crop residue incorporation systems remains largely underexploited. Bacillus subtilis (B1), Bacillus laterosporus (B2), or Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (B3) was inoculated on soil containing chili residue, while chili residue without PGPR (NP) served as the control. Two hybrid long cayenne peppers, succeeding a leaf mustard crop were used in the intensive cultivation study. Net photosynthesis, leaf stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, photosynthetic water use efficiency, shoot and root biomass, and fruit yield were evaluated. Derivatives of folate, minerals, and nitrate contents in the pepper fruits were also assessed. B1 elicited higher net photosynthesis and photosynthetic water use efficiency, while B2 and B3 had higher transpiration rates than B1 and NP. B1 and B3 resulted in 27–36% increase in pepper fruit yield compared to other treatments, whereas B3 produced 24–27.5% and 21.9–27.2% higher 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and total folate contents, respectively, compared to B1 and NP. However, chili residue without PGPR inoculation improved fruit calcium, magnesium, and potassium contents than the inoculated treatments. ‘Xin Xian La 8 F1’ cultivar had higher yield and plant biomass, fruit potassium, total soluble solids, and total folate contents compared to ‘La Gao F1.’ Agronomic biofortification through the synergy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and chili residue produced better yield and folate contents with a trade-off in the mineral contents of the greenhouse-grown long cayenne pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibraheem Olamide Olasupo
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (I.O.O.); (Y.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Qiuju Liang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.L.); (C.Z.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Chunyi Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.L.); (C.Z.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Md Shariful Islam
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.L.); (C.Z.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Yansu Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (I.O.O.); (Y.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xianchang Yu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (I.O.O.); (Y.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Chaoxing He
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (I.O.O.); (Y.L.); (X.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Martin CJ, Torkamaneh D, Arif M, Pauls KP. Genome-Wide Association Study of Seed Folate Content in Common Bean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:696423. [PMID: 34531882 PMCID: PMC8438126 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.696423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived folates (Vitamin B9) are essential components of the human diet. They provide one-carbon units that are required for the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, and folate deficiency is associated with numerous adverse health conditions. The development of high-folate cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and other staple crops is an important tool to combat folate deficiency. A population of 96 P. vulgaris accessions, representing major North American market classes, was grown in 2 years in Ontario, Canada. The population was genotyped for 5,361 molecular markers with an Illumina Infinium platform. Total folate was extracted from mature seeds using the tri-enzyme extraction method and quantified based on a microbiological assay with Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Significant genetic diversity for folate content was observed among the population in both years of study, and folate content had a range 113-222 μg per 100 g of seeds. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seed folate content were identified based on a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Six QTL were identified on Chr. 4, 6, 8, and 11, with three in each year of field trials. Both QTL on Chr. 11 occurred in genomic regions that were syntenic to seed folate QTL detected in previous work with P. vulgaris, Z. mays, and O. sativa. Candidate genes were identified for these QTL that might be targets for the development of molecular markers for selecting P. vulgaris cultivars with improved seed folate content. This work reports the largest survey of genetic diversity for seed folate content in P. vulgaris and identified several genotypes, including SCN4, Bat 93, OAC Redstar, and Pompadour 1014, that would be useful for breeding beans with higher than average folate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Joe Martin
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Davoud Torkamaneh
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Karl Peter Pauls
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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10
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Zhang H, De Silva D, Dissanayaka D, Warkentin TD, Vandenberg A. Validated B vitamin quantification from lentils by selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2021; 359:129810. [PMID: 33957327 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A validated method for B vitamin separation and quantification from lentil seeds using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (UHPLC-SRM MS) was reported. The use of three enzymes (acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and rat serum) with a 4 h incubation was sufficient to convert bound B vitamins into their free forms. Twenty B vitamers were selected and a 5-min UHPLC-SRM MS method was optimized for rapid analysis. This method was applied to quantify B vitamin concentration during lentil seed germination over a 5-day period. Total B vitamins increased up to 1.5-fold on day 5 (from 39.2 µg/g to 60.6 µg/g of dry weight) comparing with dry seeds. Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) was the most abundant B vitamin in both dry seeds (34.2%) and in germinated seeds (17.7%-24.5% of total B vitamins); B8 (biotin) and B12 (cyanocobalamin) were not detected in lentil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zhang
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Devini De Silva
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Dilanganie Dissanayaka
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Thomas D Warkentin
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Albert Vandenberg
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Canada
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Ložnjak Švarc P, Oveland E, Strandler HS, Kariluoto S, Campos-Giménez E, Ivarsen E, Malaviole I, Motta C, Rychlik M, Striegel L, Jakobsen J. Collaborative study: Quantification of total folate in food using an efficient single-enzyme extraction combined with LC-MS/MS. Food Chem 2020; 333:127447. [PMID: 32688304 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of the specific folate vitamers to estimate total folate in foods is not standardized. A collaborative study, including eight European laboratories, was conducted in order to determine the repeatability and reproducibility of the method for folate quantification in foods using the plant-origin γ-glutamyl hydrolase as part of the extraction procedure. The seven food samples analyzed represent the food groups; fruits, vegetables, dairy products, legumes, offal, fish, and fortified infant formula. The homogenization step was included, and six folate vitamers were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. Total folate content, expressed as folic acid equivalent, was 17-490 μg/100 g in all samples. Horwitz ratio values were within the acceptable range (0.60-1.94), except for fish. The results for fortified infant formula, a certified reference material (NIST 1869), confirmed the trueness of the method. The collaborative study is part of a standardization project within the Nordic Committee on Food Analysis (NMKL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Ložnjak Švarc
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Eystein Oveland
- Institute of Marine Research, P. O. Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Susanna Kariluoto
- University of Helsinki, Department of Food and Nutrition, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Esther Campos-Giménez
- Nestle Research, Route du Jorat 57, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
| | - Elise Ivarsen
- Eurofins Vitamin Testing, Ladelundvej 85, 6600 Vejen, Denmark.
| | | | - Carla Motta
- National Health Institute, Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Max-von-Imhof Forum 2, DE-85354 Freising, Germany; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4069, Australia.
| | - Lisa Striegel
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Max-von-Imhof Forum 2, DE-85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Jette Jakobsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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12
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Islam MS, Mehmood S, Zhang C, Liang Q. Identification of the prepared foods promising for dietary folate intake in Beijing, China. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:6557-6567. [PMID: 33312540 PMCID: PMC7723199 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze folate content and composition in foods consumed daily by Chinese people. The concentration of seven folate derivatives in sixty-four selected foods was determined by a liquid-chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry method. The total folate levels ranged from 0.28 to 129 µg/100 g fresh weight, with an average of 21.18 μg/100 g. The highest folate content was found in boiled egg yolk and waxy corn (>120 µg/100 g), abundant folate levels in cooked vegetables such as hot pepper, spinach, soybean sprout, stem lettuce, coriander, and broccoli (44-72 µg/100 g), and lowest in Coca Cola (0.28 µg/100 g). 5-Methyl-tetrahydrofolate was the major folate derivative in various foods, accounting for 72% of the total folates on average, with the highest being 90% in egg yolk. These data will enable estimation of the daily folate intake and allow dietary recommendations to improve folate status in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shariful Islam
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shahid Mehmood
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chunyi Zhang
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qiuju Liang
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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13
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Folate monoglutamate in cereal grains: Evaluation of extraction techniques and determination by LC-MS/MS. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Gmelch L, Wirtz D, Witting M, Weber N, Striegel L, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Rychlik M. Comprehensive Vitamer Profiling of Folate Mono- and Polyglutamates in Baker's Yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a Function of Different Sample Preparation Procedures. Metabolites 2020; 10:E301. [PMID: 32717862 PMCID: PMC7464241 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10080301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Folates are a group of B9 vitamins playing an important role in many metabolic processes such as methylation reactions, nucleotide synthesis or oxidation and reduction processes. However, humans are not able to synthesize folates de novo and thus rely on external sources thereof. Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has been shown to produce high amounts of this vitamin but extensive identification of its folate metabolism is still lacking. Therefore, we optimized and compared different sample preparation and purification procedures applying solid phase extraction (SPE). Strong anion exchange (SAX), C18 and hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced (HLB) materials were tested for their applicability in future metabolomics studies. SAX turned out to be the preferred material for the quantitative purification of folates. Qualification of several folate vitamers was achieved by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-ToF-MS) measurements and quantification was performed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) applying stable isotope dilution assays (SIDAs). The oxidation product s-pyrazino-triazine (MeFox) was included into the SIDA method for total folate determination and validation. Applying the best protocol (SAX) in regard to folate recovery, we analyzed 32 different vitamers in different polyglutamate states up to nonaglutamates, of which we could further identify 26 vitamers based on tandem-MS (MS2) spectra. Total folate quantification revealed differences in formyl folate contents depending on the cartridge chemistry used for purification. These are supposedly a result of interconversion reactions occurring during sample preparation due to variation in pH adjustments for the different purification protocols. The occurrence of interconversion and oxidation reactions should be taken into consideration in sample preparation procedures for metabolomics analyses with a focus on folates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Gmelch
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; (L.G.); (D.W.); (M.W.); (N.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Daniela Wirtz
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; (L.G.); (D.W.); (M.W.); (N.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Michael Witting
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; (L.G.); (D.W.); (M.W.); (N.W.); (L.S.)
- Research Unit BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Weber
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; (L.G.); (D.W.); (M.W.); (N.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Lisa Striegel
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; (L.G.); (D.W.); (M.W.); (N.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; (L.G.); (D.W.); (M.W.); (N.W.); (L.S.)
- Research Unit BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; (L.G.); (D.W.); (M.W.); (N.W.); (L.S.)
- Research Unit BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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15
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Quantification of folate in food using deconjugase of plant origin combined with LC-MS/MS: A method comparison of a large and diverse sample set. Food Chem 2020; 305:125450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Woortman DV, Fuchs T, Striegel L, Fuchs M, Weber N, Brück TB, Rychlik M. Microalgae a Superior Source of Folates: Quantification of Folates in Halophile Microalgae by Stable Isotope Dilution Assay. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 7:481. [PMID: 32039182 PMCID: PMC6985443 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A multitude of human nutritional supplements based on Chlorella vulgaris biomass has recently been introduced to the specialty food market. In this study, an analysis of total folate contents in Chlorella sp. and a series of marine microalgae was conducted to evaluate folate content in alternative algae-based food production strains. For the first time, total folate content and vitamer distribution in microalgae were analyzed by stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) using LC-MS/MS, which has demonstrated its superiority with respect to folate quantification. Consistently, high folate contents were detected in all examined microalgae samples. High folate concentrations of 3,460 ± 134 μg/100 g dry biomass were detected in freshly cultivated Chlorella vulgaris, notably also in other well-researched microalgae strains. To that end, the highest folate content currently documented for any algae sample was measured in the marine microalgae Picochlorum sp. isolate with values of 6,470 ± 167 μg/100 g dry biomass. This calls for alternative products based on other algae biomass. Our data indicate that freshwater and marine microalgae provide extremely high concentrations of folates, which warrant further studies on the regulation of pteroylpolyglutamates in algae as well as on bioaccessibility, absorption, and retention in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Volker Woortman
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias Fuchs
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Lisa Striegel
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Monika Fuchs
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Nadine Weber
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas B. Brück
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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17
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Jakobsen J, Melse-Boonstra A, Rychlik M. Challenges to Quantify Total Vitamin Activity: How to Combine the Contribution of Diverse Vitamers? Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzz086. [PMID: 31598575 PMCID: PMC6776468 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This state-of-the-art review aims to highlight the challenges in quantifying vitamin activity in foods that contain several vitamers of a group, using as examples the fat-soluble vitamins A and D as well as the water-soluble folate. The absorption, metabolism, and physiology of these examples are described along with the current analytical methodology, with an emphasis on approaches to standardization. Moreover, the major food sources for the vitamins are numerated. The article focuses particularly on outlining the so-called SLAMENGHI factors influencing a vitamer's' ability to act as a vitamin, that is, molecular species, linkage, amount, matrix, effectors of absorption, nutrition status, genetics, host-related factors, and the interaction of these. After summarizing the current approaches to estimating the total content of each vitamin group, the review concludes by outlining the research gaps and future perspectives in vitamin analysis. There are no standardized methods for the quantification of the vitamers of vitamin A, vitamin D, and folate in foods. For folate and β-carotene, a difference in vitamer activity between foods and supplements has been confirmed, whereas no difference has been observed for vitamin D. For differences in vitamer activity between provitamin A carotenoids and retinol, and between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D, international consensus is lacking. The challenges facing each of the specific vitamin communities are the gaps in knowledge about bioaccessibility and bioavailability for each of the various vitamers. The differences between the vitamins make it difficult to formulate a common strategy for assessing the quantitative differences between the vitamers. In the future, optimized stationary digestive models and the more advanced dynamic digestive models combined with in vitro models for bioavailability could more closely resemble in vivo results. New knowledge will enable us to transfer nutrient recommendations into improved dietary advice to increase public health throughout the human life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette Jakobsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alida Melse-Boonstra
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, Australia
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18
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Striegel L, Weber N, Dumler C, Chebib S, Netzel ME, Sultanbawa Y, Rychlik M. Promising Tropical Fruits High in Folates. Foods 2019; 8:foods8090363. [PMID: 31454879 PMCID: PMC6770070 DOI: 10.3390/foods8090363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As the popularity of tropical fruits has been increasing consistently during the last few decades, nutritional and health-related data about these fruits have been gaining more and more interest. Therefore, we analyzed 35 samples of tropical fruits and vegetables with respect to folate content and vitamer distribution in this study. The fruits and vegetables were selected by their availability in German supermarkets and were grouped according to their plant family. All fruits and vegetables were lyophilized and analyzed by stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results vary from 7.82 ± 0.17 µg/100 g in the horned melon to 271 ± 3.64 µg/100 g in the yellow passion fruit. The yellow passion fruit is a good source for meeting the recommended requirements, as just 110 g are needed to cover the recommended daily intake of 300 µg folate for adults; however, longan fruits, okras, pete beans, papayas, mangos, jack fruits, and feijoas are also good sources of folates. In conclusion, the study gives a good overview of the total folate content in a broad range of tropical fruits and vegetables and shows that some of these fruits definitely have the potential to improve the supply of this critical vitamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Striegel
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Nadine Weber
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Caroline Dumler
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Soraya Chebib
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael E Netzel
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Yasmina Sultanbawa
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany.
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
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19
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Zhang H, Jha AB, De Silva D, Purves RW, Warkentin TD, Vandenberg A. Improved folate monoglutamate extraction and application to folate quantification from wild lentil seeds by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-selective reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1121:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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The use of a plant enzyme for rapid and sensitive analysis of naturally-occurring folates in food by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1594:34-44. [PMID: 30799066 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and reproducible method for analysis of naturally-occurring folates and folic acid in food has been developed and validated. A single-enzyme extraction step, in which a pure recombinant enzyme of plant origin (Arabidopsis thaliana) was used, enabled fast and reproducible deglutamylation during folate extraction within the incubation time of 1 h. Six commonly occurring folate forms (tetrahydrofolate, 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate, 10-formylfolic acid, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, folic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate) were detected and quantified in 9 min using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). 13C5-labeled 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, 13C5-labeled folic acid and 13C5-labeled 5-methyltetrahydrofolate were used as internal standards for the quantification. The method is described by a calibration curve (R2>0.99 and trueness 85-115%), a limit of quantification at 0.1 μg/100 g, trueness at 80-120% in spiked samples and certified reference materials, and a precision <10%. However, the precision in quantification of tetrahydrofolate was not within the acceptable limits due to the lack of use of the corresponding internal standard. An interconversion study of unstable formyl forms was performed which showed that 50% of 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate is converted to 5-formyltetrahydrofolate during the analysis. The developed LC-MS/MS method is a candidate for a future standard method for folate analysis in food.
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21
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22
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Folate stability and method optimization for folate extraction from seeds of pulse crops using LC-SRM MS. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Schittmayer M, Birner-Gruenberger R, Zamboni N. Quantification of Cellular Folate Species by LC-MS after Stabilization by Derivatization. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7349-7356. [PMID: 29792680 PMCID: PMC6011177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Folate
cofactors play a key role in one-carbon metabolism. Analysis
of individual folate species is hampered by the low chemical stability
and high interconvertibility of folates, which can lead to severe
experimental bias. Here, we present a complete workflow that employs
simultaneous extraction and stabilization of folates by derivatization.
We perform reductive methylation employing stable isotope labeled
reagents to retain information on the position and redox state of
one-carbon units as well as the redox state of the pteridine ring.
The derivatives are analyzed by a targeted LC(HILIC)-MS/MS method
without the need for deconjugation, thereby also preserving the glutamation
state of folates. The presented method does not only improve analyte
coverage and sensitivity as compared to other published methods, it
also greatly simplifies sample handling and storage. Finally, we report
differences in the response of bacterial and mammalian systems to
pharmacological inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schittmayer
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry , Medical University of Graz , Stiftingtalstrasse 2 , 8010 Graz , Austria.,Institute of Molecular Systems Biology , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland.,Omics Center Graz , BioTechMed-Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry , Medical University of Graz , Stiftingtalstrasse 2 , 8010 Graz , Austria.,Omics Center Graz , BioTechMed-Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
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24
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Micronutrient status assessment in humans: Current methods of analysis and future trends. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Striegel L, Chebib S, Netzel ME, Rychlik M. Improved Stable Isotope Dilution Assay for Dietary Folates Using LC-MS/MS and Its Application to Strawberries. Front Chem 2018; 6:11. [PMID: 29468149 PMCID: PMC5808173 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Folates play an important role in the human body and a deficiency of this vitamin can cause several diseases. Therefore, a reliable analytical method is crucial for the determination of folate vitamers in strawberries and other dietary folate sources. A stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method for analyzing folates in food was developed and validated. The folate vitamers Pteroylmonoglutamic acid, tetrahydrofolate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate were quantified using 13C-labeled internal standards. Validation of the assay was accomplished by determining linearity, precision, recovery, limit of detection, and limit of quantification and revealed to be a precise, sensitive, and accurate method to determine folate vitamers. Strawberries are worldwide consumed and known to be a good dietary source of nutritive compounds. Using this method, folate concentrations in selected commercial strawberry cultivars and experimental breeding lines grown in Germany and Australia were investigated. Total folates varied from 59 to 153 μg/100 g on fresh weight basis. Furthermore, folate content after lyophilizing or freezing did not show any significant differences compared to fresh strawberries. However, significant losses of total folates in pureed strawberries could be observed after 5 days of storage with only 16% of the original concentration retained. In summary, some of the investigated strawberry cultivars/breeding lines can be considered as rich dietary sources of natural folates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Striegel
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Soraya Chebib
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael E Netzel
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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26
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Motta C, Delgado I, Matos AS, Gonzales GB, Torres D, Santos M, Chandra-Hioe MV, Arcot J, Castanheira I. Folates in quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa ), amaranth ( Amaranthus sp.) and buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ): Influence of cooking and malting. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Octavia L, Choo WS. Folate, ascorbic acid, anthocyanin and colour changes in strawberry (Fragaria × annanasa) during refrigerated storage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Ringling C, Rychlik M. Simulation of Food Folate Digestion and Bioavailability of an Oxidation Product of 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9090969. [PMID: 28862677 PMCID: PMC5622729 DOI: 10.3390/nu9090969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating bioavailability data from in vivo studies is time-consuming and expensive. In vitro simulation can help to investigate factors influencing bioavailability or facilitate quantifying the impact of such factors. For folates, an efficient deconjugation of polyglutamates to the corresponding monoglutamates is crucial for bioavailability and highly dependent on the food matrix. Therefore, the bioaccessibility of folates of different foodstuffs was examined using a simulated digestion model with respect to folate stability and the efficiency of deconjugation. For realistic simulated deconjugation, porcine brush border membrane was used during the phase of the simulated digestion in the small intestine. For a better understanding of folate behaviour during digestion, single folate monoglutamates were also investigated with this in vitro digestion model. The results for bioaccessibility were compared with data from a human bioavailability study. They support the idea that both stability and deconjugation have an influence on bioaccessibility and thus on bioavailability. Tetrahydrofolate is probably lost completely or at least to a high extent and the stability of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate depends on the food matrix. Additionally, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate can be oxidised to a pyrazino-s-triazine (MeFox), whose absorption in the human intestinal tract was shown tentatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Ringling
- Division BIOANALYTIK Weihenstephan, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (Z. I. E. L.), Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 10, D-85350 Freising, Germany.
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Division BIOANALYTIK Weihenstephan, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (Z. I. E. L.), Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 10, D-85350 Freising, Germany.
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 10, D-85350 Freising, Germany.
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