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Woźniak MK, Banaszkiewicz L, Aszyk J, Wiergowski M, Jańczewska I, Wierzba J, Kot-Wasik A, Biziuk M. Development and validation of a method for the simultaneous analysis of fatty acid ethyl esters, ethyl sulfate and ethyl glucuronide in neonatal meconium: application in two cases of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3093-3105. [PMID: 33758986 PMCID: PMC8043868 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy constitutes one of the leading preventable causes of birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders in the exposed children. Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) have been studied as potential biomarkers of alcohol consumption. However, most analytical approaches proposed for their analysis in meconium samples consist of separated extraction procedures requiring the use of two meconium aliquots, which is costly in terms of both time and materials. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for the simultaneous extraction of 9 FAEEs, EtG and EtS from one meconium aliquot. The sample was homogenized using methanol, and then FAEEs were extracted with hexane while EtG and EtS were isolated using acetonitrile. Then, extracts were applied to solid-phase extraction columns and analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (FAEEs) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (EtG and EtS). Calibration curves were linear with r values greater than 0.99. The LODs ranged from 0.8 to 7.5 ng/g for FAEEs and were 0.2 ng/g and 0.8 ng/g for EtS and EtG, respectively. LOQs ranged from 5 to 25 ng/g for FAEEs and were 1 ng/g and 2.5 ng/g for EtS and EtG, respectively. Accuracies and precisions were between 93.8 and 107% and between 3.5 and 9.7%, respectively. The recovery values ranged from 89.1 to 109%. The method proved to be sensitive, specific, simple and fast and allowed for the reduction of the amount of organic solvent used for extraction compared to other published data while higher recoveries were obtained. The method was used for analysis of meconium samples in two cases of mothers who were consuming alcohol during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kacper Woźniak
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 3A Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie Str., 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland. .,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Laura Banaszkiewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Justyna Aszyk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.,Pharmaceutical Plant Polpharma SA, 19 Pelplińska Str., 83-200, Starogard Gdański, Poland
| | - Marek Wiergowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 3A Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie Str., 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Iwona Jańczewska
- Department of Neonatology, The University Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 3A Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie Str., 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jolanta Wierzba
- Department of Internal and Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine Institute of Nursing and Midwifery, Medical University of Gdańsk, 3A Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie Str., 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Kot-Wasik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marek Biziuk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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Cheng CT, Ostrea Jr EM, Alviedo JNB, Banadera FP, Thomas RL. Fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium: A biomarker of fetal alcohol exposure and effect. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:380-386. [PMID: 33210553 PMCID: PMC7885053 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220971562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine if meconium fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) in rat pups is a good biomarker of prenatal exposure and effect to alcohol, three groups of pregnant rats were studied: one control (pair fed) and two treatment groups given 25% alcohol at 2.2 or 5.5 g-1 kg-1 d-1. The pups were delivered on day 20 and, for each dam, were separated into a male and female group. The body, brain, intestines, and placenta of the pups were obtained, weighed, and stored at -20°C. The pups' intestines (as surrogate of meconium) from each group were pooled, and meconium was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy for FAEE. The meconium showed the following FAEE: ethyl palmitate, ethyl stearate, and ethyl linolenate and were only found in the alcohol-treated group and with high specificity but low sensitivity. Mean body weight of the pups was lower in the treatment groups compared to the control groups. Ethyl palmitate concentration correlated negatively to the pups' mean body and brain weights. Therefore, ethyl palmitate, stearate, and linolenate, in meconium of rat pups prenatally exposed to alcohol, are useful biomarkers of prenatal alcohol exposure, with ethyl palmitate a good biomarker of adverse effect on the pups' body and brain weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie T Cheng
- Hutzel Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Enrique M Ostrea Jr
- Hutzel Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Joseph NB Alviedo
- Hutzel Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Felix P Banadera
- Hutzel Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ronald L Thomas
- Hutzel Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Malaca S, Marchei E, Barceló Martín B, Minutillo A, Pichini S. Novel fast ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and extraction of ethylglucuronide in meconium samples. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1471-1475. [PMID: 31177632 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Malaca
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia -- UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Emilia Marchei
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Bernardino Barceló Martín
- Clinical Toxicology Unit, Clinical Analysis Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IdISPa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Adele Minutillo
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Detection of in utero ethanol exposure via ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate analysis in umbilical cord and placenta. Forensic Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-018-0439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abernethy C, McCall KE, Cooper G, Favretto D, Vaiano F, Bertol E, Mactier H. Determining the pattern and prevalence of alcohol consumption in pregnancy by measuring biomarkers in meconium. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2018; 103:F216-F220. [PMID: 28676561 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-311686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the feasibility of determining the pattern and prevalence of alcohol consumption in pregnancy by measuring ethanol biomarkers in meconium. DESIGN Population-based observational study. SETTING Inner-city maternity unit in Scotland, UK. POPULATION Random sample of singleton infants delivered after 36 completed weeks' gestation. METHODS Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) and ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in meconium were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Samples were frozen at -20°C before analysis. Results were compared anonymously with demographic data including maternal age, parity, smoking, ethnicity and postcode and with infant gestation, birth weight and head circumference. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. RESULTS 235 samples of meconium were analysed (70% of eligible babies). Only four (1%) of mothers declined to participate. FAAEs were detected in all, including four samples below the limit of quantification (10 ng/g). 98 (42%) samples had FAEE concentrations >600 ng/g. EtG was detectable in 93 (40%) samples; in 35 (15%) EtG concentration was >30 ng/g. No mother reported heavy alcohol consumption in pregnancy. FAAE concentration correlated with EtG (Pearson's coefficient; p<0.001). There was no association between either biomarker and maternal age, parity, smoking, ethnicity or postcode, or infant gestation, birth weight or head circumference. CONCLUSION Measurement of ethanol biomarkers in meconium is a feasible tool for determining the pattern and prevalence of alcohol consumption in pregnancy. Data suggest that at least 15% of pregnant women in the west of Scotland are consuming significant quantities of alcohol during latter pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen E McCall
- Neonatal Unit, Princess Royal Maternity Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gail Cooper
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, New York, USA
| | - Donata Favretto
- Forensic Toxicology Division, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Vaiano
- Forensic Toxicology Division, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bertol
- Forensic Toxicology Division, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Helen Mactier
- Neonatal Unit, Princess Royal Maternity Hospital, Glasgow, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Abstract
Drug use during pregnancy constitutes a major preventable worldwide public health issue. Birth defects, growth retardation and neurodevelopmental disorders are associated with tobacco, alcohol or drugs of abuse exposure during pregnancy. Besides these adverse health effects, drug use during pregnancy also raises legal and social concerns. Identification and quantification of drug markers in maternal and newborn biological samples offers objective evidence of exposure and complements maternal questionnaires. We reviewed the most recent analytical methods for quantifying drugs of abuse, tobacco, alcohol and psychotropic drugs in maternal, newborn and maternal-fetal unit biological samples by gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. In addition, manuscripts comparing the usefulness of different biological samples to detect drug exposure during pregnancy were reviewed.
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