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Plavchak CL, Smith WC, Bria CRM, Williams SKR. New Advances and Applications in Field-Flow Fractionation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2021; 14:257-279. [PMID: 33770457 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091520-052742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Field-flow fractionation (FFF) is a family of techniques that was created especially for separating and characterizing macromolecules, nanoparticles, and micrometer-sized analytes. It is coming of age as new nanomaterials, polymers, composites, and biohybrids with remarkable properties are introduced and new analytical challenges arise due to synthesis heterogeneities and the motivation to correlate analyte properties with observed performance. Appreciation of the complexity of biological, pharmaceutical, and food systems and the need to monitor multiple components across many size scales have also contributed to FFF's growth. This review highlights recent advances in FFF capabilities, instrumentation, and applications that feature the unique characteristics of different FFF techniques in determining a variety of information, such as averages and distributions in size, composition, shape, architecture, and microstructure and in investigating transformations and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Plavchak
- Laboratory for Advanced Separation Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA;
| | - William C Smith
- Laboratory for Advanced Separation Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA;
| | | | - S Kim Ratanathanawongs Williams
- Laboratory for Advanced Separation Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA;
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Gigault J, El Hadri H, Reynaud S, Deniau E, Grassl B. Asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation methods to characterize submicron particles: application to carbon-based aggregates and nanoplastics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6761-6769. [PMID: 28948363 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the last 10 years, asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation (AF4) has been one of the most promising approaches to characterize colloidal particles. Nevertheless, despite its potentialities, it is still considered a complex technique to set up, and the theory is difficult to apply for the characterization of complex samples containing submicron particles and nanoparticles. In the present work, we developed and propose a simple analytical strategy to rapidly determine the presence of several submicron populations in an unknown sample with one programmed AF4 method. To illustrate this method, we analyzed polystyrene particles and fullerene aggregates of size covering the whole colloidal size distribution. A global and fast AF4 method (method O) allowed us to screen the presence of particles with size ranging from 1 to 800 nm. By examination of the fractionating power F d, as proposed in the literature, convenient fractionation resolution was obtained for size ranging from 10 to 400 nm. The global F d values, as well as the steric inversion diameter, for the whole colloidal size distribution correspond to the predicted values obtained by model studies. On the basis of this method and without the channel components or mobile phase composition being changed, four isocratic subfraction methods were performed to achieve further high-resolution separation as a function of different size classes: 10-100 nm, 100-200 nm, 200-450 nm, and 450-800 nm in diameter. Finally, all the methods developed were applied in characterization of nanoplastics, which has received great attention in recent years. Graphical Absract Characterization of the nanoplastics by asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation within the colloidal size range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gigault
- Laboratoire Géosciences Rennes, UMR6118, CNRS - Université de Rennes 1, Av. Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Hind El Hadri
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, IPREM, UMR 5254, CNRS-Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2 avenue P. Angot, Technopôle Hélioparc, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Stéphanie Reynaud
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, IPREM, UMR 5254, CNRS-Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2 avenue P. Angot, Technopôle Hélioparc, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Elise Deniau
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, IPREM, UMR 5254, CNRS-Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2 avenue P. Angot, Technopôle Hélioparc, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Bruno Grassl
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, IPREM, UMR 5254, CNRS-Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2 avenue P. Angot, Technopôle Hélioparc, 64000, Pau, France
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Williams PS. Fractionating power and outlet stream polydispersity in asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. Part II: programmed operation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:317-334. [PMID: 27838749 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (As-FlFFF) is a widely used technique for analyzing polydisperse nanoparticle and macromolecular samples. The programmed decay of cross flow rate is often employed. The interdependence of the cross flow rate through the membrane and the fluid flow along the channel length complicates the prediction of elution time and fractionating power. The theory for their calculation is presented. It is also confirmed for examples of exponential decay of cross flow rate with constant channel outlet flow rate that the residual sample polydispersity at the channel outlet is quite well approximated by the reciprocal of four times the fractionating power. Residual polydispersity is of importance when online MALS or DLS detection are used to extract quantitative information on particle size or molecular weight. The theory presented here provides a firm basis for the optimization of programmed flow conditions in As-FlFFF. Graphical abstract Channel outlet polydispersity remains significant following fractionation by As-FlFFF under conditions of programmed decay of cross flow rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stephen Williams
- Cambrian Technologies Inc., 1772 Saratoga Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44109, USA.
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