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Liang T, Chen J, Yan R, Jiang H, Li H. Research on Detection of Ultra-Low Concentration Anthrax Protective Antigen Using Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5820. [PMID: 37447669 DOI: 10.3390/s23135820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protective antigen (PA) is an important biomarker for the early diagnosis of anthrax, and the accurate detection of protective antigen under extremely low concentration conditions has always been a hot topic in the biomedical field. To complete the diagnosis of anthrax in a timely manner, it is necessary to detect PA at extremely low concentrations, as the amount of PA produced in the early stage of anthrax invasion is relatively small. Graphene field-effect transistor (Gr-FET) biosensors are a new type of material for preparing biosensors, with the advantages of a short detection time and ultra-low detection limit. METHODS The effect of different concentrations of diluents on the affinity of PA monoclonal antibodies was determined via an ELISA experiment. Combined with the Debye equation, 0.01 × PBS solution was finally selected as the diluent for the experiment. Then, a PA monoclonal antibody was selected as the bio-recognition element to construct a Gr-FET device based on CVD-grown graphene, which was used to detect the concentration of PA while recording the response time, linear range, detection limit, and other parameters. RESULTS The experimental results showed that the biosensor could quickly detect PA, with a linear range of 10 fg/mL to 100 pg/mL and a detection limit of 10 fg/mL. In addition, the biosensor showed excellent specificity and repeatability. CONCLUSIONS By constructing a Gr-FET device based on CVD-grown graphene and selecting a PA monoclonal antibody as the bio-recognition element, a highly sensitive, specific, and repeatable Gr-FET biosensor was successfully prepared for detecting extremely low concentrations of anthrax protective antigen (PA). This biosensor is expected to have a wide range of applications in clinical medicine and biological safety monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liang
- The Institute of NBC Defense PLA Army, Beijing 102205, China
| | | | - Rui Yan
- The Institute of NBC Defense PLA Army, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Huaning Jiang
- The Institute of NBC Defense PLA Army, Beijing 102205, China
- Unit No. 32281 of PLA, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Hexi Li
- The Institute of NBC Defense PLA Army, Beijing 102205, China
- Unit No. 31666 of PLA, Zhangye 610200, China
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Doganay M, Dinc G, Kutmanova A, Baillie L. Human Anthrax: Update of the Diagnosis and Treatment. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13061056. [PMID: 36980364 PMCID: PMC10046981 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13061056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is one of the most important zoonotic diseases which primarily infects herbivores and occasionally humans. The etiological agent is Bacillus anthracis which is a Gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming, nonmotile, rod-shaped bacillus. The spores are resistant to environmental conditions and remain viable for a long time in contaminated soil, which is the main reservoir for wild and domestic mammals. Infections still occur in low-income countries where they cause suffering and economic hardship. Humans are infected by contact with ill or dead animals, contaminated animal products, directly exposed to the spores in the environment or spores released as a consequence of a bioterrorist event. Three classical clinical forms of the disease, cutaneous, gastrointestinal and inhalation, are seen, all of which can potentially lead to sepsis or meningitis. A new clinical form in drug users has been described recently and named “injectional anthrax” with high mortality (>33%). The symptoms of anthrax in the early stage mimics many diseases and as a consequence it is important to confirm the diagnosis using a bacterial culture or a molecular test. With regards to treatment, human isolates are generally susceptible to most antibiotics with penicillin G and amoxicillin as the first choice, and ciprofloxacin and doxycycline serving as alternatives. A combination of one or more antibiotics is suggested in systemic anthrax. Controlling anthrax in humans depends primarily on effective control of the disease in animals. Spore vaccines are used in veterinary service, and an acellular vaccine is available for humans but its use is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Doganay
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, 06510 Ankara, Turkey
- Correspondence:
| | - Gokcen Dinc
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey;
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University, 38280 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ainura Kutmanova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek 720010, Kyrgyzstan;
| | - Les Baillie
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK;
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Li Y, Wang J, Tian Y, Huang Z, Qian C, Duan Y. The development of a wash-free homogeneous immunoassay method for the detection of tetracycline in environmental samples. Analyst 2021; 146:4918-4926. [PMID: 34250990 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00929j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic residues have become the major source of environmental pollutants. In order to monitor tetracycline (TC) in the environment, we have established a highly sensitive and wash-free homogeneous time-resolved immunoassay. This analytical method was based on a rare earth chelate with excellent fluorescence properties. The cryptate organic ligand had good stability and acted as an antenna for Eu3+ excitation. In a homogeneous system, the Eu3+ cryptate complex was used as a label to bind to antibodies. Under the action of immunoaffinity, fluorescent donors and acceptors were close to each other, which induced the FRET effect to produce proportional fluorescence. Under the optimal parameters, the half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) and limit of detection (LOD, IC10) of TC were 0.4188 ng mL-1 and 0.0106 ng mL-1, respectively. The linear range (IC20-IC80) was 0.0273-9.2645 ng mL-1. With the environmental samples, the recovery rate of TC was 84.3-107.2%, and the standard deviation (RSD) was 4.6-12.9%. The results showed the good sensitivity and reliability of the method. Compared with the traditional ELISA, our method has less background interference, only one step was required without the washing procedure, and the detection result can be obtained by 30 min incubation, which improves the detection efficiency. Because of the characteristics of immunoassays, different pollutants can be monitored by changing the antibodies. This method provides an alternative path for detecting environmental pollutants and has the potential to develop into an on-site detection kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Li
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China. and Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China. and Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Yonghui Tian
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China. and Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China. and Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China. and Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
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Epitope Binning of Novel Monoclonal Anti F1 and Anti LcrV Antibodies and Their Application in a Simple, Short, HTRF Test for Clinical Plague Detection. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030285. [PMID: 33801490 PMCID: PMC8001648 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse monoclonal antibodies were raised against plague disease biomarkers: the bacterial capsular protein fraction 1 (F1) and the low-calcium response—LcrV virulence factor (Vag). A novel tandem assay, employing BioLayer Interferometry (BLI), enabled the isolation of antibodies against four different epitopes on Vag. The tandem assay was carried out with hybridoma supernatants, circumventing the need for antibody purification. The BioLayer assay was further adopted for characterization of epitope-repetitive antigens, enabling the discovery of two unique epitopes on F1. The selected antibodies were purified and applied as “oligo-clonal” reagents for the immuno-detection of both biomarkers. The developed Homogenous Time Resolved Fluorescence (HTRF) tests were short (10 min) and simple (no washing steps), allowing for detection of 10 ng/mL F1 and 2.5 ng/mL Vag. The tests were successfully applied for detection of disease biomarkers produced by various Y. pestis strains during growth in blood culture vials.
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Locke A, Fitzgerald S, Mahadevan-Jansen A. Advances in Optical Detection of Human-Associated Pathogenic Bacteria. Molecules 2020; 25:E5256. [PMID: 33187331 PMCID: PMC7696695 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection is a global burden that results in numerous hospital visits and deaths annually. The rise of multi-drug resistant bacteria has dramatically increased this burden. Therefore, there is a clinical need to detect and identify bacteria rapidly and accurately in their native state or a culture-free environment. Current diagnostic techniques lack speed and effectiveness in detecting bacteria that are culture-negative, as well as options for in vivo detection. The optical detection of bacteria offers the potential to overcome these obstacles by providing various platforms that can detect bacteria rapidly, with minimum sample preparation, and, in some cases, culture-free directly from patient fluids or even in vivo. These modalities include infrared, Raman, and fluorescence spectroscopy, along with optical coherence tomography, interference, polarization, and laser speckle. However, these techniques are not without their own set of limitations. This review summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of utilizing each of these optical tools for rapid bacteria detection and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Locke
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (A.L.); (S.F.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sean Fitzgerald
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (A.L.); (S.F.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (A.L.); (S.F.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Zasada AA. Detection and Identification of Bacillus anthracis: From Conventional to Molecular Microbiology Methods. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E125. [PMID: 31963339 PMCID: PMC7023132 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and reliable identification of Bacillus anthracis is of great importance, especially in the event of suspected deliberate release of anthrax spores. However, the identification of B. anthracis is challenging due to its high similarity to closely related species. Since Amerithrax in 2001, a lot of effort has been made to develop rapid methods for detection and identification of this microorganism with special focus on easy-to-perform rapid tests for first-line responders. This article presents an overview of the evolution of B. anthracis identification methods from the time of the first description of the microorganism until the present day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra A Zasada
- Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
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Homogeneous time-resolved FRET assay for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium using aptamer-modified NaYF4:Ce/Tb nanoparticles and a fluorescent DNA label. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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