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Vega-Hernández MÁ, Munguía-Quintero MF, Rosas-Aburto A, Alcaraz-Cienfuegos J, Valdivia-López MDLÁ, Hernández-Luna MG, Vivaldo-Lima E. Effect of teak wood lignocellulose pretreatment on the performance of cellulose-graft-(net-poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)) for water absorption and dye removal. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133482. [PMID: 38942409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose modified hydrogels can be produced directly from raw biopolymers in novel cellulose solvents such as NaOH/urea aqueous solution. The effect of cellulose characteristics on the synthesis of a cellulose-graft-(net-poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)) and its performance as water absorbent/methylene blue dye removal material is analyzed. Three cellulose samples, one analytical grade and two obtained from teak wood sawdust with different pretreatments (one alkaline and the other, a novel one known as (gas phase) acid pretreatment) were compared. The starting raw celluloses were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and viscosity in cupri ethylenediamine hydroxide (CED) solution, whereas the chemically modified materials were characterized by SEM, FTIR, and TGA. The pretreatment used influences composition, crystallinity index and degree of polymerization (DP) of the cellulose obtained. The modified material produced with cellulose from alkaline pretreatment showed the highest swelling ratio in water absorption tests at room temperature (12,714 %); in contrast, the one with cellulose from acid pretreatment showed the lowest swelling ratio (7,470 %). However, this difference is not so significative in dye removal tests, where absorption capacity is 139 and 140 mg/g, respectively. The results indicate that cellulose composition, particularly structures with significant hemicellulose and lignin remaining content, has a major effect on the performance of modified materials for water absorption, and degree of polymerization has a major effect on adsorption capacity of methylene blue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Vega-Hernández
- Facultad de Química (FQ), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - María Fernanda Munguía-Quintero
- Facultad de Química (FQ), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Alberto Rosas-Aburto
- Facultad de Química (FQ), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Jorge Alcaraz-Cienfuegos
- Facultad de Química (FQ), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - María de Los Ángeles Valdivia-López
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Martín G Hernández-Luna
- Facultad de Química (FQ), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima
- Facultad de Química (FQ), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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2
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Sulaeva I, Sto̷pamo FG, Melikhov I, Budischowsky D, Rahikainen JL, Borisova A, Marjamaa K, Kruus K, Eijsink VGH, Várnai A, Potthast A. Beyond the Surface: A Methodological Exploration of Enzyme Impact along the Cellulose Fiber Cross-Section. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3076-3086. [PMID: 38634234 PMCID: PMC11094719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite the wide range of analytical tools available for the characterization of cellulose, the in-depth characterization of inhomogeneous, layered cellulose fiber structures remains a challenge. When treating fibers or spinning man-made fibers, the question always arises as to whether the changes in the fiber structure affect only the surface or the entire fiber. Here, we developed an analysis tool based on the sequential limited dissolution of cellulose fiber layers. The method can reveal potential differences in fiber properties along the cross-sectional profile of natural or man-made cellulose fibers. In this analytical approach, carbonyl groups are labeled with a carbonyl selective fluorescence label (CCOA), after which thin fiber layers are sequentially dissolved with the solvent system DMAc/LiCl (9% w/v) and analyzed with size exclusion chromatography coupled with light scattering and fluorescence detection. The analysis of these fractions allowed for the recording of the changes in the chemical structure across the layers, resulting in a detailed cross-sectional profile of the different functionalities and molecular weight distributions. The method was optimized and tested in practice with LPMO (lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase)-treated cotton fibers, where it revealed the depth of fiber modification by the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sulaeva
- Core
Facility Analysis of Lignocellulosics (ALICE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Fredrik Gjerstad Sto̷pamo
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU − Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ivan Melikhov
- Institute
of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Strasse
24, A-3430 Tulln
an der Donau, Austria
| | - David Budischowsky
- Institute
of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Strasse
24, A-3430 Tulln
an der Donau, Austria
| | - Jenni L. Rahikainen
- Solutions
for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Anna Borisova
- Solutions
for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kaisa Marjamaa
- Solutions
for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kristiina Kruus
- Solutions
for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU − Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU − Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute
of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Strasse
24, A-3430 Tulln
an der Donau, Austria
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3
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Azougagh O, Jilal I, Jabir L, El-Hammi H, Essayeh S, Mohammed N, Achalhi N, El Yousfi R, El Idrissi A, El Ouardi Y, Laatikainen K, Abou-Salama M, El Barkany S. Dissolution mechanism of cellulose in a benzyltriethylammonium/urea deep eutectic solvent (DES): DFT-quantum modeling, molecular dynamics and experimental investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:22870-22888. [PMID: 37587837 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02335d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a benzyltriethylammonium/urea DES was investigated as a new green and eco-friendly medium for the progress of organic chemical reactions, particularly the dissolution and the functionalization of cellulose. In this regard, the viscosity-average molecular weight of cellulose (M̄w) during the dissolution/regeneration process was investigated, showing no significant degradation of the polymer chains. Moreover, X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that the cellulose dissolution process in the BTEAB/urea DES decreased the crystallinity index from 87% to 75%, and there was no effect on type I cellulose polymorphism. However, a drastic impact of the cosolvents (water and DMSO) on the melting point of the DES was observed. Besides, to understand the evolution of cellulose-DES interactions, the formation mechanism of the system was studied in terms of H-bond density and radial distribution function (RDF) using molecular dynamics modeling. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) was used to evaluate the topological characteristics of the polymeric system such as potential energy density (PED), laplacian electron density (LED), energy density, and kinetic energy density (KED) at bond critical points (BCPs) between the cellulose and the DES. The quantum theory of atoms in molecules (AIM), Bader's quantum theory (BQT), and reduced density gradient (RDG) scatter plots have been exploited to estimate and locate non-covalent interactions (NCIs). The results revealed that the dissolution process is attributed to the physical interactions, mainly the strong H-bond interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Azougagh
- Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Environment (LMCME), Department of Chemistry, Faculty Multidisciplinary Nador, Mohammed 1st University, P. B. 300, Nador 62700, Morocco.
| | - Issam Jilal
- LIMOME Laboratory, Dhar El Mehraz Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, B.P. 1796 Atlas, Fes 30000, Morocco
| | - Loubna Jabir
- Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Environment (LMCME), Department of Chemistry, Faculty Multidisciplinary Nador, Mohammed 1st University, P. B. 300, Nador 62700, Morocco.
| | - Hayat El-Hammi
- Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Environment (LMCME), Department of Chemistry, Faculty Multidisciplinary Nador, Mohammed 1st University, P. B. 300, Nador 62700, Morocco.
| | - Soumya Essayeh
- Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Environment (LMCME), Department of Chemistry, Faculty Multidisciplinary Nador, Mohammed 1st University, P. B. 300, Nador 62700, Morocco.
| | - Nor Mohammed
- Applied Chemistry Unit, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, 32 003 Al Hoceima, Morocco
| | - Nafea Achalhi
- Laboratory Applied Chemistry and Environmental (LCAE-URAC18), Faculty of Sciences of Oujda, Mohammed 1st University, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Ridouan El Yousfi
- Laboratory Applied Chemistry and Environmental (LCAE-URAC18), Faculty of Sciences of Oujda, Mohammed 1st University, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Abderrahmane El Idrissi
- Laboratory Applied Chemistry and Environmental (LCAE-URAC18), Faculty of Sciences of Oujda, Mohammed 1st University, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Youssef El Ouardi
- LIMOME Laboratory, Dhar El Mehraz Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, B.P. 1796 Atlas, Fes 30000, Morocco
- Laboratory of Separation Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, FI-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Katri Laatikainen
- Laboratory of Separation Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, FI-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Mohamed Abou-Salama
- Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Environment (LMCME), Department of Chemistry, Faculty Multidisciplinary Nador, Mohammed 1st University, P. B. 300, Nador 62700, Morocco.
| | - Soufian El Barkany
- Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Environment (LMCME), Department of Chemistry, Faculty Multidisciplinary Nador, Mohammed 1st University, P. B. 300, Nador 62700, Morocco.
- Applied Chemistry Unit, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, 32 003 Al Hoceima, Morocco
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4
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Assessing the quantification of acetylation in konjac glucomannan via ATR-FTIR and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Wei J, Gao H, Li Y, Nie Y. Research on the degradation behaviors of wood pulp cellulose in ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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6
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Sirviö JA, Lakovaara M. A Fast Dissolution Pretreatment to Produce Strong Regenerated Cellulose Nanofibers via Mechanical Disintegration. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3366-3376. [PMID: 34232615 PMCID: PMC8382242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates a fast dissolution and regeneration pretreatment to produce regenerated cellulose nanofibers (RCNFs) via mechanical disintegration. Two cellulose pulps, namely, birch and dissolving pulps, with degree of polymerizations of 1800 and 3600, respectively, were rapidly dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) by using tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) as aqueous electrolyte at room temperature. When TEAOH (35 wt % in water) was added to the pulp-DMSO dispersion (pulp:DMSO and TEAOH:DMSO weight ratios of 1:90 and 1:9, respectively), 95% of the dissolving pulp and 85% of the birch pulp fibers dissolved almost immediately. Addition of water caused the regeneration of cellulose without any chemical modification and only a minor decrease of DP, whereas the crystallinity structure of cellulose transformed from cellulose I to cellulose II. The regenerated cellulose could then be mechanically disintegrated into nanosized fibers with only a few passes through a microfluidizer, and RCNF showed fibrous structure. The specific tensile strength of the film produced from both RCNFs exceeded 100 kN·m/kg, and overall mechanical properties of RCNF produced from birch pulp were in line with reference CNF produced by using extensive mechanical disintegration. Although the thermal stability of RCNFs was slightly lower compared to their corresponding original cellulose pulp, the onset temperature of degradation of RCNFs was over 270 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Antti Sirviö
- Fibre and Particle Engineering Research
Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Matias Lakovaara
- Fibre and Particle Engineering Research
Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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7
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Zhou C, Wang Y. Recycling of waste cotton fabrics into regenerated cellulose films through three solvent systems: A comparison study. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chufan Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry McGill University Ste Anne de Bellevue Canada
| | - Yixiang Wang
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry McGill University Ste Anne de Bellevue Canada
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8
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Feng C, Du J, Wei S, Qin C, Liang C, Yao S. Effect of p-TsOH pretreatment on separation of bagasse components and preparation of nanocellulose filaments. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200967. [PMID: 33047055 PMCID: PMC7540794 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The efficient separation of bagasse components was achieved by p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) pretreatment. The effects of p-TsOH dosage, reaction temperature and reaction time on cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents were studied. Eighty-five per cent of lignin was dissolved, whereas the cellulose loss was minimal (less than 8.1%). Cellulose-rich water-insoluble residual solids were obtained. The degree of polymerization of cellulose decreased slightly, but the crystallinity index (CrI) increased from 52.0% to 68.1%. It indicated that the highly efficient delignification of bagasse was achieved by p-TsOH pretreatment. The nanocellulose filaments (CNFs) were produced by the treated samples. The physico-chemical properties of CNFs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that the CNFs have smaller average size and higher thermal stability. It provides a new method for CNFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqi Feng
- School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Du
- School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wei
- School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengrong Qin
- School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Liang
- School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangquan Yao
- School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
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9
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Mattonai M, Pawcenis D, Del Seppia S, Łojewska J, Ribechini E. Effect of ball-milling on crystallinity index, degree of polymerization and thermal stability of cellulose. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 270:270-277. [PMID: 30223158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A combined study of crystallinity index (CI), degree of polymerisation (DP) and thermal stability of cellulose was carried out for monitoring the effect of ball-milling. DP and CI are two fundamental quantities that describe the physico-chemical behaviour of cellulose. Milling is a common strategy to reduce cellulose crystallinity. In this work, four different commercially available celluloses were milled at 30, 60 and 120 min, and the changes in DP and CI were monitored using spectroscopic, diffraction and chromatographic techniques. Evolved gas analysis-mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) was also used to evaluate the changes in apparent activation energy (Ea) of the pyrolysis reaction upon different milling times by using model-free isoconversional methods. The results showed substantial decrease in CI values and moderate changes in DP after two-hours of ball-milling. Ea were found in the range 110-140 kJ/mol, and were reduced by 10% on average after two hours of ball-milling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mattonai
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Dominika Pawcenis
- Department of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Serena Del Seppia
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Joanna Łojewska
- Department of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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10
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Silbermann S, Weilach C, Kliba G, Fackler K, Potthast A. Improving molar mass analysis of cellulose samples with limited solubility. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 178:302-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Characterization of Non-Derivatized Cellulose Samples by Size Exclusion Chromatography in Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride/Dimethylsulfoxide (TBAF/DMSO). Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111985. [PMID: 29144402 PMCID: PMC6150196 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper deals with the use of tetrabutylammonium fluoride/dimethylsulfoxide (TBAF/DMSO) to characterize the molar mass distribution of non-derivatized cellulosic samples by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Different cellulose samples with various average degree of polymerization (DP) were first solubilized in this solvent system, with increasing TBAF rates, and then analyzed by SEC coupled to a refractive index detector (RID), using DMSO as mobile phase. The Molar Masses (MM) obtained by conventional calibration were then discussed and compared with suppliers' data and MM determined by viscosimetry measurements. By this non-classic method, molar mass of low DP samples (Avicel® and cotton fibers) have been determined. For high DP samples (α-cellulose and Vitacel®), dissolution with TBAF concentration of 10 mg/mL involved elution of cellulose aggregates in the exclusion volume, related to an incomplete dissolution or the dilution of TBAF molecules in elution solvent, preventing the correct evaluation of their molar mass.
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12
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Tolk J, Reiche A. Vernetzung cellulosischer Materialien: Herstellungsstrategien und analytische Ansätze. CHEM-ING-TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201600186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Tolk
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH; August-Spindler-Straße 11 37079 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Annette Reiche
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH; August-Spindler-Straße 11 37079 Göttingen Deutschland
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