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Marešová L, Moos M, Opekar S, Kazek M, Eichler C, Šimek P. A validated HPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of ecdysteroid hormones in subminimal amounts of biological material. J Lipid Res 2024:100640. [PMID: 39244035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Ecdysteroids represent a large class of polyhydroxylated steroids which, due to their anabolic properties, are marketed as dietary supplements. Some ecdysteroids also act as important hormones in arthropods, where they regulate molting, development, and reproduction and many of these insects are miniature organisms that contain submicroliter levels of circulating biofluids Analysis of ecdysteroids is further complicated by their very low abundance, large fluctuations during development, and difficult access to a pooled sample, which is important for quantitative measurements. In this work, we propose a new method that overcomes the described difficulties and allows validated quantification of four ecdysteroids in minimal amounts of biological material. After methanolic extraction, detectability of the ecdysteroids is increased 16- to 20-fold by conversion to their 14,15-anhydrooximes. These are further purified by pipette tip solid phase extraction (PT-SPE) on a three-layer sorbent and subjected to HPLC-MS/MS analysis. Full validation was achieved using hemolymph from larvae of the firebug Pyrrhocoris apterus as a blank matrix and by the determination of ecdysteroids in a single Drosophila larva. The LLOQs for the four target ecdysteroids (20-hydroxyecdysone, ecdysone, makisterone A, and 2-deoxyecdysone) were 0.01; 0.1; 0.05; 0.025 pg·mL-1 (20; 200; 100; 50 fmol·mL-1) respectively, with very good accuracy, precision (RSD < 15%) and recoveries (96% - 119.9%).The general suitability of the new method was demonstrated by quantification of ecdysteroids in various biological materials including human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Marešová
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628, Prague
| | - Martin Moos
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Opekar
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michalina Kazek
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Clemens Eichler
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šimek
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South Bohemia, J. Boreckého 1167/27, 370 11 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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2
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Pilkova A, Sima M, Hartinger JM, Nikrynova Nguyen TMP, Maresova V, Kurcova I, Slanar O, Widimsky J. Novel approach to adherence assessment based on parent drug and metabolite pharmacokinetics: pilot study with spironolactone. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2024; 168:117-123. [PMID: 36472169 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2022.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate adherence to spironolactone in a group of unselected patients with arterial hypertension by analysis of measured serum spironolactone and canrenone concentrations according to a proposed two-step decision scheme based on pharmacokinetic considerations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Simulation of serum concentration-time profiles of spironolactone and canrenone based on population pharmacokinetic parameters described in literature and a body weight-normalized spironolactone dose / canrenone level nomogram derived from a group of adherent patients with conservatively treated primary hyperaldosteronism, were used to create a two-step decision scheme. 71 outpatients treated with spironolactone for resistant hypertension with spironolactone and canrenone serum concentrations measured between 2018 and 2021 were analyzed according to the proposed scheme. We compared our proposed methodology to the standard approach for adherence testing. RESULTS With the most sensitive traditional approach to adherence assessment through detectable serum concentrations of spironolactone and/or canrenone, 9 (12.7%) non-adherent patients were identified. With our two-step assessment of adherence, we were able to identify 18 (25.4%) non-adherent patients. CONCLUSION Consideration of the pharmacokinetic properties of parental drug and its metabolite led to improved sensitivity in non-adherence detection in patients with arterial hypertension. This approach enables better interpretation of measured spironolactone and canrenone serum concentrations and should be used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Pilkova
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Sima
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Miroslav Hartinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thi Minh Phuong Nikrynova Nguyen
- Third Internal Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Maresova
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Toxicology Laboratory, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Kurcova
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Toxicology Laboratory, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Slanar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Widimsky
- Third Internal Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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3
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Abady MM, Jeong JS, Kwon HJ. Simultaneous quantification of 11 antiepileptic drugs using limited isotope-labeled internal standards in LC-MS/MS: An accuracy assessment. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1240:124143. [PMID: 38761469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to establish an LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously analyze 11 antiepileptic drugs with a particular focus on maintaining accuracy while reducing the number of isotope-labeled internal standards employed for cost-effectiveness. By applying a water/acetonitrile gradient elution containing 0.1 % formic acid and 2 mM ammonium formate as the mobile phase, optimal sensitivity for the target drugs could be obtained in positive ESI mode in LC-MS/MS. After optimizing various extraction techniques, extraction with 70 % acetonitrile was selected as it provided good recoveries (>93 %) for all targets without matrix effects. Accuracies within 3 % were achieved from the combination of six internal standards, while accuracies of 5 % and 10 % were obtained by reducing the number of internal standards to four and two, respectively, for more economical analysis. The accuracy of the established method was maintained in hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperalbuminemia sera, suggesting that it can be successfully applied to individual serum samples with various properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam M Abady
- Organic Metrology Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Ji-Seon Jeong
- Organic Metrology Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Jeong Kwon
- Organic Metrology Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Lass J, Leroux S, Kõrgvee LT, Varendi H, Kipper K, Takkis K, Aro R, Metsvaht T, Oselin K, Pfister M, Soeorg H, van den Anker J, Lutsar I. Pharmacokinetics of oral spironolactone in infants up to 2 years of age. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 80:239-248. [PMID: 38041740 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-023-03599-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Spironolactone is a potassium sparing diuretic used for decades. Until now, pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of spironolactone have not been conducted in infants and therefore pediatric dosing is based on expert opinion. We aimed to describe the PK profiles of spironolactone and its main metabolites (7alpha-thiomethylspironolactone (TMS) and canrenone (CAN)) in infants up to two years of age. METHODS The PK of spironolactone and its main metabolites were evaluated following an oral administration of spironolactone (1 mg/kg/dose) to pediatric patients with chronic heart failure, ascites, and/or oedema. The plasma concentration of spironolactone and metabolites (TMS and CAN) was determined using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Based on rich sampling PK data, the estimation of population PK parameters was performed using nonlinear mixed-effects modelling software Monolix 2018R2. RESULTS A total of 150 spironolactone, 158 TMS, and 158 CAN concentrations from 23 patients (ages: 3 days-21 months; median weight 4.3 kg (2.2-12.6)) were available for PK analysis. A one-compartment model for spironolactone, TMS, and CAN best fitted the data. The median (range) of individual estimated apparent clearance values were 47.7 (11.9-138.1) L/h for spironolactone, 9.7 (1.5-66.9) L/h for TMS, and 1.0 (0.2-5.9) L/h for CAN. The disposition of spironolactone and metabolites was mainly affected by size of the patient: body weight explained 22% of inter-individual variability of spironolactone clearance. None of the undesirable effects of spironolactone was documented during the study period. CONCLUSION The pharmacokinetics of spironolactone and its metabolites was highly variable between patients below 2 years of age. Body weight explained a significant part of this variability; this highlights the need to take it into account for dosing prescription in this population. (Clinical trial Registration Number 2013-001189-40).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Lass
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
- Pharmacy Department, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Stephanie Leroux
- University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Paediatric Department, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Lenne-Triin Kõrgvee
- Haematology and Oncology Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Heili Varendi
- Neonatal Unit, Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karin Kipper
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Analytical Services International, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Kalev Takkis
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rudolf Aro
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tuuli Metsvaht
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kersti Oselin
- Oncology Department, North Estonian Medical Centre, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marc Pfister
- University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hiie Soeorg
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Johannes van den Anker
- University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Irja Lutsar
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Maiellaro M, Bottillo G, Cavallo A, Camera E. Comparison between ammonium formate and ammonium fluoride in the analysis of stratum corneum lipids by reversed phase chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2024; 14:40. [PMID: 38167931 PMCID: PMC10762128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipids are key constituents of the barrier function in the human stratum corneum (SC), which is the outermost layer of the epidermis and amenable to non-invasive sampling by tape stripping. The three major lipid classes in the SC, i.e., ceramides, fatty acids, and cholesterol, present equimolar concentration. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LCMS) is elective in profiling lipids in the SC in both positive and negative ion modes. Nevertheless, the latter one allows for the simultaneous detection of the three major epidermal components of the SC. Determination of ceramides in the SC poses analytical challenges due to their wide range of structures and concentrations especially in the case of limited sample amounts. Ammonium formate is a commonly used modifier added to the mobile phase to assist ionization. However, it introduces uncertainty in the identification of ceramides when operating in negative ion mode, even with high resolution MS. We tested the advantages of using fluoride in the lipid profiling of SC and unambiguous identification of ceramides subclasses. The use of fluoride enhanced the ionization of ceramides, regardless the specific substructure, solved misidentification issues, and was successfully applied to the simultaneous detection of all three lipid classes in the human SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Maiellaro
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute - IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Grazia Bottillo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute - IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Cavallo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute - IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Camera
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute - IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
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Al-Hashimi NN, Alfattah HA, El-Sheikh AH, Hamed SH, Abu Safieh KA. Eco-friendly solvent bar microextraction based on a natural deep eutectic solvent and multivariate optimization for simultaneous determination of spironolactone and canrenone in urine and plasma samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:3031-3043. [PMID: 38079037 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Simultaneous measurement of spironolactone and canrenone in urine and plasma provides valuable insight into renal function, and therapeutic efficacy and can be utilized to identify potential health risks and ensure patient safety throughout treatment. By adopting greener methods to analyze these compounds, significant reductions in the environmental impact of such studies can be achieved. For this purpose, a sensitive and eco-friendly solvent bar microextraction method using natural deep eutectic solvent (NDE) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was developed to determine spironolactone and canrenone in urine and plasma samples. The extraction solvents were synthesized using NDE-based terpenoids containing menthol and camphor in various ratios. The extraction efficiency percentage (EE%) of both drugs was measured using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD), and 29 extraction tests were conducted to determine the optimum conditions. Although all parameters were found to be significant, the extraction and elution times were critical for isolating the target analytes. Under optimized conditions, the linear dynamic ranges for spironolactone (SPI)/canrenone (CAN) were 11.7-104/13.1-104 μg L-1 and 21.7-104/24.6-104 μg L-1 in urine and plasma samples, respectively with R2 ≥ 0.993. The ranges of intra-/interprecision (relative standard deviation (RSD) %, n = 5) were 1.31-9.17%/ 2.4-11% with extraction recovery ≥ 88.6% for both drugs. The comparison findings with previously published methods confirmed that the developed NDE-solvent bar microextraction (SBME)-HPLC-DAD method for spironolactone and canrenone analysis displayed confident sensitivity, feasible operation, and simple analysis. Furthermore, the method's applicability and effectiveness were proven by successfully analyzing spironolactone and its metabolite canrenone in patients' urine and plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil N Al-Hashimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Al-Zarqa 13133, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa, Jordan.
| | - Husam Abed Alfattah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Al-Zarqa 13115, P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Amjad H El-Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Al-Zarqa 13115, P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Saja H Hamed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Al-Zarqa 13133, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Kayed A Abu Safieh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Al-Zarqa 13115, P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa, Jordan
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Gqamana PP, Victoria Zhang Y. High-Throughput Quantitative LC-MS/MS Analysis of Barbiturates in Human Urine. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2737:91-101. [PMID: 38036813 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3541-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
We hereby present a fast, high-throughput, and clinical LC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous analysis of barbiturates in human urine. It is deployed as a quantitative assay for phenobarbital, butalbital, pentobarbital/amobarbital, and secobarbital, as well as for confirmations following positive immunoassay drug screens in patient urine. Briefly, urine specimens are processed via dilute and shoot, i.e., by mixing the sample with 20 times volume of internal standard reagent and injecting 50 μL of that mixture into the analytical instrument. Chromatographic separation is performed using a reversed-phase C18 column in a mobile-phase system doped with <1 mM ammonium fluoride. Mass spectrometric detection occurs via negative-mode electrospray ionization multiple reaction monitoring in the TSQ Quantiva triple-quadrupole instrument. All the analytes in the mixture are detected and quantified simultaneously with respect to internal calibration in the range 20-2500 ng/mL. However, the assay cannot distinguish pentobarbital from amobarbital, which are isobaric analytes. Nonetheless, the assay is sensitive, robust, and amenable to harmonization with other assays that employ barbiturate cutoffs in the range of 20-150 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putuma P Gqamana
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Y Victoria Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Souihi A, Mohai MP, Martin JW, Kruve A. Mobile phase and column chemistry selection for high sensitivity non-targeted LC/ESI/HRMS screening of water. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1274:341573. [PMID: 37455083 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Systematic selection of mobile phase and column chemistry type can be critical for achieving optimal chromatographic separation, high sensitivity, and low detection limits in liquid chromatography electrospray high resolution mass spectrometry (LC/MS). However, the selection process is challenging for non-targeted screening where the compounds of interest are not preselected nor available for method optimization. To provide general guidance, twenty different mobile phase compositions and four columns were compared for the analysis of 78 compounds with a wide range of physicochemical properties (logP range from -1.46 to 5.48), and analyte sensitivity was compared between methods. The pH, additive type, column, and organic modifier had significant effects on the analyte response factors, and acidic mobile phases (e.g. 0.1% formic acid) yielded highest sensitivity. In some cases, the effect was attributable to the difference in organic modifier content at the time of elution, depending on the mobile phase and column chemistry. Based on these findings, 0.1% formic acid, 0.1% ammonia and 5.0 mM ammonium fluoride were further evaluated for their performance in non-targeted LC/ESI/HRMS analysis of wastewater treatment plan influent and effluent, using a data dependent MS2 acquisition and two different data processing workflows (MS-DIAL, patRoon 2.1) to compare number of detected features and sensitivity. Both data-processing workflows indicated that 0.1% formic acid yielded the highest number of features in full scan spectrum (MS1), as well as the highest number of features that triggered fragmentation spectra (MS2) when dynamic exclusion was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Souihi
- Department of Environmental and Materials Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miklos Peter Mohai
- Department of Environmental and Materials Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Department of Environmental and Materials Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Simultaneous Measurement of Cortisol, Cortisone, Dexamethasone and Additional Exogenous Corticosteroids by Rapid and Sensitive LC-MS/MS Analysis. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010248. [PMID: 36615443 PMCID: PMC9821861 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The simultaneous measurement of dexamethasone and cortisol has proven the ability to increase the diagnostic performance of the overnight dexamethasone-suppression test. Furthermore, the therapeutic drug monitoring of administered corticosteroid drugs could represent a crucial tool for investigating unexpected variations of steroid hormones' circulating levels. In this work, an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of cortisol, cortisone, dexamethasone and six additional exogenous corticosteroids in the serum/plasma matrix was developed and validated in compliance with the ISO/IEC requirements. To assess the efficiency of the validated method, serum samples of 75 patients undergoing the dexamethasone-suppression test and 21 plasma samples of patients under immunosuppressive treatment after kidney transplant were analyzed. In all dexamethasone-suppression test samples, it was possible to measure the circulating levels of cortisol, cortisone and dexamethasone. Concentrations of the latter were for all tested patients above the proposed cutoff for the dexamethasone-suppression test's results, and the cortisol concentrations showed good correlation with the ones measured by routine immunometric analysis, therefore confirming the screening outcome for all enrolled patients. Prednisone was detected and quantified in all enrolled patients, confirming the use of such a corticosteroid for immunosuppressive therapy. Thanks to these two applications, we proved the overall performance of the developed LC-MS/MS method for four target analytes. The future implementation of such an analytical tool in the clinical biochemistry laboratory's routine will guarantee a single and versatile tool for simultaneously monitoring dexamethasone-suppression-test results and corticosteroid drugs' administration.
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Braun V, Stuppner H, Risch L, Seger C. Design and Validation of a Sensitive Multisteroid LC-MS/MS Assay for the Routine Clinical Use: One-Step Sample Preparation with Phospholipid Removal and Comparison to Immunoassays. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14691. [PMID: 36499017 PMCID: PMC9736865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid analysis in clinical laboratories is dominated by immunoassays (IAs) that have a high sample turnover but are inherently limited in trueness, precision, and sensitivity. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has proved to be a far more capable tool, delivering better sensitivity, specificity, and the possibility of parallel analysis of multiple steroids and metabolites, providing the endocrinologist with more reliable and comprehensive diagnostic information. An LC-MS/MS assay with gradient elution over less than eight minutes and a one-step sample preparation combining protein precipitation with phospholipid removal of off-line solid-phase extraction was developed and validated. It allowed the quantification of 11-deoxycorticosterone (11-DOC), 11-deoxycortisol (11-DF), 17-OH-progesterone (17P), 21-deoxycortisol (21-DF), androstenedione (ANDRO), aldosterone (ALDO), corticosterone (CC), cortisol (CL), cortisone (CN), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol (E2), progesterone (PROG), and testosterone (TES) in human serum. Interday imprecision was generally better than 15%, trueness was proven by recovery experiments with ISO 17034-certified reference materials, proficiency testing (UK NEQAS), and measuring serum reference standards. In-house comparison against IVD-CE-certified immunoassays (IA) for 17P, ANDRO, CL, DHEAS, E2, PROG, and TES was conducted by assessing leftover routine patient samples and purpose-built patient serum pools. None of the compared routine IAs were meeting the standards of the LC-MS/MS. Insufficient overall comparability was found for ANDRO and 17P (mean bias > +65%). Accuracy limitations at lower concentrations were present in IAs for PROG, E2, and TES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Braun
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine (CCB), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Dr. Risch Ostschweiz AG, Lagerstrasse 30, 9470 Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine (CCB), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lorenz Risch
- Dr. Risch Ostschweiz AG, Lagerstrasse 30, 9470 Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Seger
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine (CCB), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Dr. Risch Ostschweiz AG, Lagerstrasse 30, 9470 Buchs, Switzerland
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11
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Maekawa M, Miyoshi K, Narita A, Sato T, Sato Y, Kumondai M, Kikuchi M, Higaki K, Okuyama T, Eto Y, Sakamaki H, Mano N. Development of a Highly Sensitive and Rapid Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometric Method Using a Basic Mobile Phase Additive to Determine the Characteristics of the Urinary Metabolites for Niemann–Pick Disease Type C. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1259-1268. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aya Narita
- Division of Child Neurology, Tottori University Hospital
| | - Toshihiro Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Yu Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Masaki Kumondai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Masafumi Kikuchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Katsumi Higaki
- Division of Functional Genomics, Research Centre for Bioscience and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University
| | - Torayuki Okuyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development
| | - Yoshikatsu Eto
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute for Neurological Disorders
| | | | - Nariyasu Mano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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12
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Development of a USE/d-SPE and targeted DIA-Orbitrap-MS acquisition methodology for the analysis of wastewater-derived organic pollutants in fish tissues and body fluids. MethodsX 2022; 9:101705. [PMID: 35518922 PMCID: PMC9062737 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals (PhACs) are partially removed during wastewater treatment and end up in the receiving waters. As a result, aquatic biota is continuously exposed to a wide range of potentially hazardous contaminants such as PhACs. Therefore, fish could be a good bio indicator to give a direct measure of the occurrence of PhACs in the aquatic environment. In this study, a robust analytical method has been optimized and validated for the determination of 81 organic compounds, mainly PhACs, in seven wild fish tissue types (liver, muscle, pancreas, kidney, skin, heart, and brain) and two body fluids (plasma and bile). Solid samples extraction was performed combining a procedure based on bead beating tissue homogenization plus ultrasound extraction followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) clean-up using zirconia and C18 sorbents for solid matrices, whereas bile and plasma were diluted. The key aspects of this method are: • The method facilitated the simultaneous extraction of 81 PhACs of a wide range of polarity (logP from -4.9 to 5.6) in tissues with variable lipid content. • The validation was performed using Cyprinus carpio at 20 ng g−1 and 200 ng g−1 for solid tissues, 50 ng mL−1 and 500 ng mL−1 for plasma, and 100 ng mL−1 and 1000 ng mL−1 for bile. Analyte detection was performed in LC-HRMS Q-Exactive Orbitrap system with full scan and targeted data-independent acquisition (DIA) mode for high-confidence and sensitive quantitation in either (+) or (-) ESI mode. • The majority of compounds presented recoveries between 40% and 70% and relative standard deviations (RSD) below 30%.
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13
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Fabregat-Safont D, Pitarch E, Bijlsma L, Matei I, Hernández F. Rapid and sensitive analytical method for the determination of amoxicillin and related compounds in water meeting the requirements of the European union watch list. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1658:462605. [PMID: 34662823 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment is becoming one of the main research focus of scientists and policy makers. Proof of that is the inclusion of four antibiotics, amongst which is amoxicillin, in the EU Watch List (WL) (Decision 2020/1161/EU)) of substances for water monitoring. The accurate quantification of amoxicillin in water at the sub-ppb levels required by the WL is troublesome due to its physicochemical properties. In this work, the analytical challenges related to the determination of amoxicillin, and six related penicillins (ampicillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, penicillin G, penicillin V and oxacillin), have been carefully addressed, including sample treatment, sample stability, chromatographic analysis and mass spectrometric detection by triple quadrupole. Given the low recoveries obtained using different solid-phase extraction cartridges, we applied the direct injection of water samples using a reversed-phase chromatographic column that allowed working with 100% aqueous mobile phase. Matrix effects were evaluated and corrected using the isotopically labelled internal standard or correction factors based on signal suppression observed in the analysis of spiked samples. The methodology developed was satisfactorily validated at 50 and 500 ng L - 1 for the seven penicillins studied, and it was applied to different types of water matrices, revealing the presence of ampicillin in one surface water sample and cloxacillin in three effluent wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fabregat-Safont
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Elena Pitarch
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Ionut Matei
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
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14
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Le LHT, Tran-Lam TT, Nguyen HQ, Quan TC, Nguyen TQ, Nguyen DT, Dao YH. A study on multi-mycotoxin contamination of commercial cashew nuts in Vietnam. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Ringbeck B, Bury D, Hayen H, Weiss T, Brüning T, Koch HM. Determination of specific urinary nonylphenol metabolites by online-SPE-LC-MS/MS as novel human exposure biomarkers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1177:122794. [PMID: 34098181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is an endocrine disrupting and ecotoxic substance that has been detected in a variety of environmental matrices. It is utilized for the production of non-ionic nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEO) detergents and other high production volume chemicals. Human biomonitoring data are scarce and mostly limited to the non-oxidized NP, which is ubiquitous in the (laboratory) environment and susceptible to external contamination. Here, we describe a sensitive, precise, accurate and rugged analytical method for the determination of OH-NP and oxo-NP, two potential alkyl-chain-oxidized metabolites of NP in human urine. We used single isomer standards, obtained by custom synthesis, for the quantification of the sum of the respective isomers. After enzymatic hydrolysis of potential urinary phase II conjugates, urine samples were analyzed by online turbulent flow chromatography for analyte enrichment and matrix depletion coupled to reversed phase liquid chromatography with negative electrospray-ionization triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry detection (online-SPE-LC-MS/MS). Quantification was performed by stable isotope dilution analysis. Limits of quantification in urinary matrix were 0.5 µg/L for OH-NP and 0.25 µg/L for oxo-NP. Mean relative recoveries were 101-105% (OH-NP) and 112-117% (oxo-NP) and the method imprecision (CV) in matrix was below 5%. In spite of extensive use restrictions in the EU since 2003, we could quantify OH-NP and oxo-NP in 94% and 47% of spot urine samples from the general German population (n = 32) collected in 2014. Thus, both metabolites seem suitable as sensitive and specific urinary biomarkers of NP exposure for future human biomonitoring population studies. Currently this method is used to quantitatively investigate human NP metabolism and to derive urinary metabolite excretion fractions that can be used to calculate external doses based on urinary biomarker concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Ringbeck
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany.
| | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany.
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster 48149, Germany.
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany.
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany.
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany.
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16
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Lee KM, Han SM, Lee S, Jeong TY, Kim HJ, Min H, Kim KH, Cha S, Oh WK, Lee J. Fluoride-assisted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous analysis of propofol and its metabolites without derivatization in urine. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1652:462360. [PMID: 34246057 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The misuse of propofol for recreational purposes has become a serious social issue. Accordingly, practical and sensitive analytical methods to investigate the chronic abuse and toxicity of propofol are required. However, current propofol determination methods using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) suffer from problems associated with loss in sample preparation due to its volatility and its poor ionization efficiency and collision-induced dissociation in mass spectrometry. Herein, we have developed a sensitive and accurate fluoride-assisted LC-MS/MS method combined with direct-injection for propofol determination. Ionization via fluoride-ion attachment/induced deprotonation, effected by ammonium fluoride in the mobile phase, was found to dramatically improve the sensitivity of propofol without derivatization. Furthermore, direct injection without derivatization enables the simultaneous analysis of propofol and its phase II metabolites without analyte loss. The optimal concentration of ammonium fluoride in the mobile phase was found to be 1 mM under methanol conditions. The linearity is good (R2 ≥ 0.999) and the intra- and inter-day precisions for propofol determination are between 1.9 and 8.7%. The accuracies range from 87.5% to 105.4% and the limits of detection and quantitation for propofol in urine are 0.15 and 0.44 ng mL-1, respectively. The present method was successfully applied to human urine and showed a sufficient sensitivity to determine propofol and five phase II metabolites over 48 h in human urine after administration. Consequently, the fluoride-assisted LC-MS/MS method was demonstrated to be sensitive, accurate, and practical for the determination of propofol and its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Mi Lee
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Moon Han
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwa Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Jeong
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jun Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hophil Min
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hun Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Cha
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaeick Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Geller S, Lieberman H, Kloss A, Ivanov AR. A systematic approach to development of analytical scale and microflow-based liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry metabolomics methods to support drug discovery and development. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1642:462047. [PMID: 33744605 PMCID: PMC8035295 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As the reliance on metabolic biomarkers within drug discovery and development increases, there is also an increased demand for global metabolomics methods to provide broad metabolome coverage and sensitivity towards differences in metabolite expression and reproducibility. A systematic approach is necessary for the development, and evaluation, of metabolomics methods using either conventional techniques or when establishing new methods that allow for additional gains in sensitivity and a reduction in requirements for amounts of a biological sample, such as those seen with methods based on microseparations. We developed a novel standard mixture and used a systematic approach for the development and optimization of optimal, ion-pair free, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) global profiling methods. These methods were scaled-down to microflow-based LC separations and compared with analytical flow ion-pairing reagent containing methods. Average peak volume improvements of 7- and 22-fold were observed in the positive and negative ionization mode microflow methods as compared to the ion-pairing reagent analytical flow methods, respectively. The linear range of the newly developed microflow methods showed up to a 10-fold increase in the lower limit of detection in the negative ionization mode. The developed microflow LC-MS methods were further evaluated using wild-type mouse plasma where up to a 9-fold increase in peak volume was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alla Kloss
- Sanofi, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Alexander R Ivanov
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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18
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Narduzzi L, Royer AL, Bichon E, Guitton Y, Buisson C, Le Bizec B, Dervilly-Pinel G. Ammonium Fluoride as Suitable Additive for HILIC-Based LC-HRMS Metabolomics. Metabolites 2019; 9:E292. [PMID: 31783638 PMCID: PMC6950006 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9120292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC) chromatography is widely applied in metabolomics as a complementary strategy to reverse phase chromatography. Nevertheless, it still faces several issues in terms of peak shape and compounds ionization, limiting the automatic de-convolution and data semi-quantification performed through dedicated software. A way to improve the chromatographic and ionization performance of a HILIC method is to modify the electrostatic interactions of the analytes with both mobile and stationary phases. In this study, using a ZIC-HILIC chromatographic phase, we evaluated the performance of ammonium fluoride (AF) as additive salt, comparing its performance to ammonium acetate (AA). Three comparative criteria were selected: (1) identification and peak quality of 34 standards following a metabolomics-specific evaluation approach, (2) an intraday repeatability test with real samples and (3) performing two real metabolomics fingerprints with the AF method to evaluate its inter-day repeatability. The AF method showed not only higher ionization efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio but also better repeatability and robustness than the AA approach. A tips and tricks section is then added, aiming at improving method replicability for further users. In conclusion, ammonium fluoride as additive salt presents several advantages and might be considered as a step forward in the application of robust HILIC methods in metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Narduzzi
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRA, F-44307 Nantes, France; (A.-L.R.); (E.B.); (Y.G.); (B.L.B.); (G.D.-P.)
| | - Anne-Lise Royer
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRA, F-44307 Nantes, France; (A.-L.R.); (E.B.); (Y.G.); (B.L.B.); (G.D.-P.)
| | - Emmanuelle Bichon
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRA, F-44307 Nantes, France; (A.-L.R.); (E.B.); (Y.G.); (B.L.B.); (G.D.-P.)
| | - Yann Guitton
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRA, F-44307 Nantes, France; (A.-L.R.); (E.B.); (Y.G.); (B.L.B.); (G.D.-P.)
| | - Corinne Buisson
- Département des analyses, Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France;
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRA, F-44307 Nantes, France; (A.-L.R.); (E.B.); (Y.G.); (B.L.B.); (G.D.-P.)
| | - Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRA, F-44307 Nantes, France; (A.-L.R.); (E.B.); (Y.G.); (B.L.B.); (G.D.-P.)
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19
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Ferreira-Nunes R, Ferreira LA, Gratieri T, Cunha-Filho M, Gelfuso GM. Stability-indicating analytical method of quantifying spironolactone and canrenone in dermatological formulations and iontophoretic skin permeation experiments. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4656. [PMID: 31322746 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A simple, stability-indicating, chromatographic method of quantifying spironolactone (SPI) and its metabolite, canrenone (CAN), in the presence of excipients typical in dermatological formulations and skin matrices in studies of passive and iontophoretic permeation was proposed and validated here. SPI and CAN were separated using a reversed-phase column with a mobile phase of methanol-water (60:40, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Data were collected with a UV detector at 238 and 280 nm, with retention times of 6.2 and 7.9 min for SPI and CAN, respectively. The method was precise, accurate and linear (r2 > 0.99) in a concentration range of 1-30 μg/mL, and recovery rates of SPI and CAN from the different skin layers exceeded 85%. The method was not only sensitive (LOD of 0.05 and 0.375 μg/mL and LOQ of 0.157 and 1.139 μg/mL for SPI and CAN, respectively) but also selective against skin matrices and highly representative components of topical formulations. The method moreover demonstrated SPI's degradation in iontophoresis by applying Pt-AgCl electrodes and its continued drug stability using Ag-AgCl electrodes. Altogether, the method proved valuable for quantifying SPI and CAN and may be applied in developing and controlling the quality of dermatological products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ferreira-Nunes
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Larissa A Ferreira
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Tais Gratieri
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Cunha-Filho
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Gelfuso
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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20
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Chang SH, Lai YH, Huang CN, Peng GJ, Liao CD, Kao YM, Tseng SH, Wang DY. Multi-residue analysis using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for detection of 20 coccidiostats in poultry, livestock, and aquatic tissues. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:703-716. [PMID: 31324286 PMCID: PMC9307037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed a novel analysis method based on liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to allow the simultaneous identification of 20 coccidiostats in eight matrix categories, including the muscles of chicken, swine, cow, and fish as well as chicken eggs, bovine milk, and porcine viscera. In the pretreatment procedure, acetonitrile/methanol (95:5, v/v) containing 1% formic acid, 5 g of sodium acetate, and 6.0 g of anhydrous magnesium sulfate was used for extraction, followed by a clean-up procedure using n-hexane saturated with ACN to facilitate the elimination of analytes from high lipid samples. Chromatographic separations were achieved using a Poroshell 120SB C18 column and operated with a gradient mobile phase system consisting of methanol (with 0.1% formic acid) and 5 mM ammonium formate, and the MS detection was monitored simultaneously. The method was validated in accordance with the Guidelines for the Validation of Food Chemical Methods by the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration. The limit of quantitation among 8 matrices were 0.5-2 ng g-1. The proposed method proved highly effective in detecting the presence of targeted veterinary drugs, providing a high degree of precision and accuracy over a broad range of matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Hsien Chang
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, 161-2 Kunyang St., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 11561,
Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Lai
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, 161-2 Kunyang St., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 11561,
Taiwan
| | - Chih-Neng Huang
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, 161-2 Kunyang St., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 11561,
Taiwan
| | - Guan-Jhih Peng
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, 161-2 Kunyang St., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 11561,
Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ding Liao
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, 161-2 Kunyang St., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 11561,
Taiwan
| | - Ya-Min Kao
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, 161-2 Kunyang St., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 11561,
Taiwan
| | - Su-Hsiang Tseng
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, 161-2 Kunyang St., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 11561,
Taiwan
| | - Der-Yuan Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, 161-2 Kunyang St., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 11561,
Taiwan
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21
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Takkis K, Veigure R, Metsvaht T, Hallik M, Ilmoja ML, Starkopf J, Kipper K. A sensitive method for the simultaneous UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of milrinone and dobutamine in blood plasma using NH 4F as the eluent additive and ascorbic acid as a stabilizer. CLINICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY (DEL MAR, CALIF.) 2019; 12:23-29. [PMID: 34841076 PMCID: PMC8620135 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinms.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to develop and validate an HPLC-MS/MS method suitable for quantifying two important cardiovascular drugs, milrinone and dobutamine, in neonatal and paediatric patients' blood plasma samples. Sufficiently low LLOQ levels were required to obtain adequate pharmacokinetic data for the evaluation of optimal dosing. Since the specifics of the patient group set some restrictions on the available sample volume, the method was designed to use only 20 µL of plasma for the analysis. Analytes were separated chromatographically in a biphenyl column using a conventional water-methanol-formic acid eluent with the addition of ammonium fluoride. The latter provided a significant signal enhancement in positive ion mode detection for both analytes allowing the LLOQ to reach below 1 ng/mL. Matrix matched calibration was linear in the range of 1-300 ng/mL, between-run accuracy remained within 107-115%, and precision within 4.8-7.4% for both analytes over the calibration range (including LLOQ level). Dobutamine degradation in plasma samples was prevented by the usage of ascorbic acid. The method was applied to plasma samples of neonates from two pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics studies (n = 38).
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Key Words
- Ammonium fluoride
- Ascorbic acid
- CCBV, calculated circulating blood volume
- CPD, citrate phosphate dextrose
- CV, coefficient of variation
- Dobutamine
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- ESI, electrospray ionisation
- EU, European Union
- IS, internal standard
- LC, liquid chromotography
- LLOQ, lowest limit of quantification
- MED, quality control sample at the concentration between ULOQ and 3xLLOQ
- MF, matrix factor
- MRM, multiple reaction monitoring
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry
- MeOH, methanol
- Milrinone
- NH4F, ammonium fluoride
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PD, pharmacodynamics
- PK, pharmacokinetics
- QC, quality control sample
- Signal enhancement
- TOC, total organic carbon
- UHPLC, ultra-high performance liquid chromotography
- UHPLC-MS/MS
- ULOQ, upper limit of quantification
- cAMP, cyclic 3,5 adenosine monophosphate
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalev Takkis
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Analytical Services International, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Rūta Veigure
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tuuli Metsvaht
- Tartu University Hospital, Lunini 6, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maarja Hallik
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tartu University, L. Puusepa 8 - G1. 209, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Tallinn Children's Hospital, Tervise 28, 13419 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mari-Liis Ilmoja
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Tallinn Children's Hospital, Tervise 28, 13419 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Joel Starkopf
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tartu University, L. Puusepa 8 - G1. 209, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology an Intensive Care, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karin Kipper
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Analytical Services International, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
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22
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High-resolution mass spectrometry–based multi-residue method covering relevant steroids, stilbenes and resorcylic acid lactones in a variety of animal-based matrices. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1054:59-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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A simple UHPLC-PDA method with a fast dilute-and-shot sample preparation for the quantification of canrenone and its prodrug spironolactone in human urine samples. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018; 94:29-35. [PMID: 30165207 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nowadays, the treatment of hypertension represents an important issue, particularly in developed countries. While in most cases the standard therapeutic approaches, consisting in the administration of 1 to 3 drugs, are adequate to reach adequate blood pressure levels, in some cases more drugs are needed: this condition is called "resistant hypertension". In this context, the administration of a diuretic, such as spironolactone or canrenoate salts, represents a standard practice. Since a reliable discrimination of real cases of resistant hypertension from cases of poor therapeutic adherence is currently difficult to obtain, the adoption of therapeutic drug monitoring has been suggested as a useful tool for this purpose. In this work, the authors developed and validated a simple, cheap and fast dilute-and-shot method with UHPLC-PDA analysis for the quantification of spironolactone and its metabolite canrenone in human urine samples. METHODS Standards and quality controls were prepared in urine. Only 100 μL of sample were added with 80 μL of internal standard (6,7-dimethyl-2,3-di(2-pyridyl)quinoxaline) working solution and 820 μL of phosphate buffer 10 mM pH 3.2 (phase A):acetonitrile (phase B) 90:10 v:v solution. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Acquity® UPLC HSS T3 1.8 μm 2.1 × 150 mm column, with a binary gradient for 11 min at 40 °C. RESULTS Accuracy, intra-day and inter-day precision, selectivity and sensitivity fitted FDA guidelines for all analytes (LLOQ and LOD were 156.25 ng/mL and 78.12 ng/mL, respectively, for both analytes) and recovery resulted high and reproducible. Method performances were tested on urine samples from hypertensive patients with good results. DISCUSSION This simple analytical method could represent a useful tool for the management of antihypertensive therapy.
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B S, G S, V KR, S G. Microbial synthesis of mammalian metabolites of spironolactone by thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus. Steroids 2018; 136:1-7. [PMID: 29803817 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mesophilic fungi are well recognized as models of mammalian drug metabolism. Thermophilic fungi remained unexplored despite having a unique mechanism of growing at higher temperatures and performing wide diverse reactions. The present investigation is directed to isolate a promising thermophilic fungal strain capable of biotransformation using spironolactone as a model drug. Two-stage fermentation protocol was followed for the process. The transformation of spironolactone was identified by HPLC and structure elucidation of the metabolites was done with the help of LC-MS/MS analysis and previous reports. A strain of Thermomyces lanuginosus isolated from decomposed banana peel waste was found to be most promising in transforming spironolactone to 4 metabolites viz.7α-thiospironolactone (M1) canrenone (M2), 7α-thiomethylspironolactone (M3) and 6β-OH-7α-thiomethylspironolactone (M4), the major mammalian metabolites reported previously. The synthesis of metabolites of spironolactone by T. lanuginosus similar to mammals clearly states that this fungus possess enzyme system similar to mammals. Hence, this fungus has the potential to use as a model organism for studying drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreelatha B
- Department of Microbiology, Kakatiya University, Warangal 506009, Telangana, India
| | - ShyamPrasad G
- Department of Microbiology, Kakatiya University, Warangal 506009, Telangana, India.
| | - Koteshwar Rao V
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Girisham S
- Department of Microbiology, Kakatiya University, Warangal 506009, Telangana, India
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Desfontaine V, Losacco GL, Gagnebin Y, Pezzatti J, Farrell WP, González-Ruiz V, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Applicability of supercritical fluid chromatography - mass spectrometry to metabolomics. I - Optimization of separation conditions for the simultaneous analysis of hydrophilic and lipophilic substances. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1562:96-107. [PMID: 29861304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of SFC-MS for the analysis of a wide range of compounds including lipophilic and highly hydrophilic substances (log P values comprised between -6 and 11), for its potential application toward human metabolomics. For this purpose, a generic unified chromatography gradient from 2 to 100% organic modifier in CO2 was systematically applied. In terms of chemistry, the best stationary phases for this application were found to be the Agilent Poroshell HILIC (bare silica) and Macherey-Nagel Nucleoshell HILIC (silica bonded with a zwitterionic ligand). To avoid system overpressure at very high organic modifier proportion, columns of 100 × 3 mm I.D. packed with sub-3 μm superficially porous particles were selected. In terms of organic modifier, a mixture of 95% MeOH and 5% water was selected, with 50 mM ammonium formate and 1 mM ammonium fluoride, to afford good solubility of analytes in the mobile phase, limited retention for the most hydrophilic metabolites and suitable peak shapes of ionizable species. A sample diluent containing 50%ACN/50% water was employed as injection solvent. These conditions were applied to a representative set of metabolites belonging to nucleosides, nucleotides, small organic acids, small bases, sulfated/sulfonated metabolites, poly-alcohols, lipid related substances, quaternary ammonium metabolites, phosphate-based substances, carbohydrates and amino acids. Among all these metabolites, 65% of the compounds were adequately analyzed with excellent peak shape, 23% provided distorted peak shapes, while only 12% were not detected (mostly metabolites having several phosphate or several carboxylic acid groups).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Desfontaine
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Gioacchino Luca Losacco
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Yoric Gagnebin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julian Pezzatti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - William P Farrell
- Pfizer, Inc., Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Víctor González-Ruiz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Dahmana N, Gabriel D, Gurny R, Kalia YN. Development and validation of a fast and sensitive UHPLC-ESI-MS method for the simultaneous quantification of spironolactone and its metabolites in ocular tissues. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4287. [PMID: 29767448 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are a mainstay for the treatment of immune-mediated conditions and inflammatory diseases. However, their chronic use causes numerous side-effects including delays in corneal and cutaneous wound healing. This is attributed to off-target agonism of the mineralocorticoid receptor, which can be reduced by co-administration of a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist such as spironolactone. The aim of this study was to develop a fast, selective and sensitive UHPLC-ESI-MS method for the simultaneous quantification of spironolactone, its active metabolites (7α-thiomethylspironolactone and canrenone), the latter's water-soluble prodrug potassium canrenoate and the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, in corneal samples (17α-methyltestosterone served as an internal standard). A one-step extraction procedure using MeOH-H2 O (1:1) was validated and employed to recover the analytes from the corneal tissue. Extracts were centrifuged and the supernatant analyzed under isocratic conditions. Compounds were detected using selected ion recording mode. The method satisfied US Food and Drug Administration guidelines with respect to selectivity, precision and accuracy and displayed linearity from 5 to 1000 ng/mL for all of the analytes. The lower limit of quantitation of the method was 5 ng/mL, making it sufficiently sensitive for quantification of the analytes in samples from in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoual Dahmana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Robert Gurny
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Apidel SA, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yogeshvar N Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Takkis K, Aro R, Kõrgvee LT, Varendi H, Lass J, Herodes K, Kipper K. Signal Enhancement in the HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of spironolactone and its metabolites using HFIP and NH 4F as eluent additives. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:3145-3151. [PMID: 28224249 PMCID: PMC5395588 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes an LC-MS/MS method to determine the concentration of spironolactone and its metabolites 7-alpha-methylthiospironolactone and canrenone in blood plasma samples. The resulting assay is simple (using protein precipitation for sample preparation) and sensitive (the lower limit of quantification is close to 0.5 ng/ml) while requiring only 50 μl of plasma, making it especially suitable for analyzing samples obtained from pediatric and neonatal patients where sample sizes are limited. The sensitivity is achieved by using ammonium fluoride as an eluent additive, which in our case amplifies the signal from our analytes in the plasma solution on average about 70 times. The method is fully validated according to the European Medicines Agency's guideline and used for the measurement of pediatric patients' samples in clinical trials for evaluating oral spironolactone's and its metabolites' pharmacokinetics in children up to 2 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalev Takkis
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Rudolf Aro
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Lenne-Triin Kõrgvee
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, N. Lunini 6, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Heili Varendi
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, N. Lunini 6, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Jana Lass
- Pharmacy Department, Tartu University Hospital, L. Puusepa 8, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Microbiology, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Koit Herodes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Karin Kipper
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411, Estonia.
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
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