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Ghislain M, Reyrolle M, Sotiropoulos JM, Pigot T, Plaisance H, Le Bechec M. Study of the Chemical Ionization of Organophosphate Esters in Air Using Selected Ion Flow Tube-Mass Spectrometry for Direct Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:865-874. [PMID: 35416666 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters are an emerging environmental concern since they spread persistently across all environmental compartments (air, soil, water, etc.). Measurements of semivolatile organic compounds are important but not without challenges due to their physicochemical properties. Selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) can be relevant for their analysis in air because it is a direct analytical method without separation that requires little preparation and no external calibration. SIFT-MS is based on the chemical reactivity of analytes with reactant ions. For volatile and semivolatile organic compound analysis in the gas phase, knowledge of ion-molecule reactions and kinetic parameters is essential for the utilization of this technology. In the present work, we focused on organophosphate esters, semivolatile compounds that are now ubiquitous in the environment. The ion-molecule reactions of eight precursor ions that are available in SIFT-MS (H3O+, NO+, O2•+, OH-, O•-, O2•-, NO2-, and NO3-) with six organophosphate esters were investigated. The modeling of ion-molecule reaction pathways by calculations supported and complemented the experimental work. Organophosphate esters reacted with six of the eight precursor ions with characteristic reaction mechanisms, such as protonation with hydronium precursor ions and association with NO+ ions, while nucleophilic substitution occurred with OH-, O•-, and O2•-. No reaction was observed with NO2- and NO3- ions. This work shows that the direct analysis of semivolatile organic compounds is feasible using SIFT-MS with both positive and negative ionization modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Ghislain
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Marine Reyrolle
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Jean-Marc Sotiropoulos
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Thierry Pigot
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Hervé Plaisance
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Mickael Le Bechec
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, 64000 Pau, France
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Desauziers V, Sicre E, Vignau-Laulhère J, Bourrigaud S, Plaisance H. Suspension of pheromone microcapsules on vine leaves acting as passive dispensers against pests. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:14975-14986. [PMID: 34623586 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16878-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pheromones are increasingly used as alternatives to pesticides to protect vineyards against L. botrana, a key grape pest. To diffuse (7E,9Z)-7,9-dodecadien-1-ylacetate, the L. botrana pheromone, passive, or aerosol dispensers are commonly applied. This paper deals with another method based on spraying an aqueous formulation, Lobesia Pro Spray, containing the pheromone encapsulated in a resin. The objectives were to assess the ability of vine leaves to act as pheromone dispensers and to check that encapsulation protects the plant from pheromone penetration. Laboratory testing based on an emission cell combined with airborne pheromone measurements by active sampling on sorbent tubes followed by ATD-GC-MS analysis was developed to accurately characterise the release of the pheromone into the air. Release kinetics analysis performed on the vine leaves showed a high pheromone release (about 30% of the sprayed quantity) the first day of the test. The release rate then decreased rapidly to reach about 650 mg/day/ha after 4 days. Kinetic modelling showed that it would be possible to maintain an effective airborne concentration of pheromone for approximately 12 days. Release tests were also carried out on glass, PVC and blotting paper. The results obtained showed that the vine leaves behaved as a non-absorbent material, implying that the pheromone used in the Lobesia Pro Spray formulation did not penetrate the plant. These first results prove the feasibility of using vine leaves as pheromone dispensers for a sprayed formulation and the ability to optimise the treatment conditions (dose and frequency) through laboratory testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Desauziers
- IPREM, IMT Mines Ales, Universite de Pau Et Des Pays de L'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Pau, France.
| | - Elodie Sicre
- M2i Development, Bâtiment ChemStart'Up Pôle 2, 2 allée Le Corbusier, Lacq, France
| | - Jane Vignau-Laulhère
- M2i Development, Bâtiment ChemStart'Up Pôle 2, 2 allée Le Corbusier, Lacq, France
| | - Sylvain Bourrigaud
- M2i Development, Bâtiment ChemStart'Up Pôle 2, 2 allée Le Corbusier, Lacq, France
| | - Hervé Plaisance
- IPREM, IMT Mines Ales, Universite de Pau Et Des Pays de L'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Pau, France
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Da Ros S, Curran K. Modelling and parameter estimation of diethyl phthalate partitioning behaviour on glass and aluminum surfaces. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131414. [PMID: 34265716 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the partitioning behaviour of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), such as phthalates, between different materials and their surrounding air is of extreme importance for quantifying levels of human exposure to these compounds, which have been associated with adverse health effects. Phthalates' partitioning behaviour also represents a key property for modelling and assessing polymer degradation mechanisms associated with plasticiser loss. However, the characterisation of phthalates partitioning behaviour has been reported only for a limited number of compounds, mainly involving di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) and di-isodecyl phtahalate (DIDP), while the characterisation of diethyl phthalate (DEP) partitioning has been overlooked. As one of the first plasticisers employed in the production of semi-synthetic plastics produced industrially in the late 19th and early 20th century, DEP plays an important role for understanding stability issues associated with historically significant artefacts in museum collections and archives. Here we show that the partitioning behaviour of DEP between borosilicate glass and aluminum surfaces and their surrounding air can be described by an exponential function of temperature, presenting a model to describe this relationship for the first time. Model parameters are estimated using nonlinear regression from experimental measurements acquired using 109 samples which have been equilibrated at different temperatures between 20 and 80 °C in sealed environments. Measured partition coefficients have been predicted accurately by our proposed model. The knowledge of DEP equilibrium distribution between adsorptive surfaces and neighbouring environments will be relevant for developing improved mathematical descriptions of degradation mechanisms related to plasticiser loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simoní Da Ros
- UCL Institute for Sustainable Heritage, University College London, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London, WC1H 0NN, United Kingdom.
| | - Katherine Curran
- UCL Institute for Sustainable Heritage, University College London, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London, WC1H 0NN, United Kingdom.
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Plaisance H, Ghislain M, Desauziers V. Assessment of gas-phase concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants at the material surface using a midget emission cell coupled to solid-phase microextraction. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1186:339100. [PMID: 34756255 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Actual methods for on-site measurement of gaseous concentrations of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) at the material surface (y0) are not yet sufficiently developed mainly due to sampling difficulties. These concentrations are the key data to improve knowledge about indoor sources and human exposure to SVOCs. To the end, a specific emission cell coupled to solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was developed. The main challenge with this method is calibration because of very low volatility of SVOCs and static sampling mode. In this study, a generating system of organophosphate flame retardants (OFRs) using polyurethane foam as source combined with an active sampling method with Tenax tubes was proposed as a novel calibration device for SPME-based method. The generating system delivered stable OFR concentrations after 190 h of operation with a variation not exceeding ±5%. It allowed to obtain robust calibrations for tris-(2-chloropropyl)-phosphate (TCPP) and tri-butyl-phosphate (TBP) measured with the emission cell coupled to SPME-based method, define the optimal sampling requirements and achieve reproducible and accurate measurements of y0 at μg.m-3 level. TCPP and TBP gas-phase concentrations at the polyurethane foam surface (y0) were followed up over more 228 days under controlled temperature conditions. A high stability of these concentrations was observed showing that polyurethane foam acts as a stable and continuous source of organophosphate flame retardants indoors. This novel method should be useful for assessing the dynamic of emissions from indoor sources and potential exposure to SVOCs in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herve Plaisance
- IPREM, IMT Mines Ales, Universite de Pau et des Pays de L'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Pau, France.
| | - Mylene Ghislain
- IPREM, IMT Mines Ales, Universite de Pau et des Pays de L'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Pau, France
| | - Valerie Desauziers
- IPREM, IMT Mines Ales, Universite de Pau et des Pays de L'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Pau, France
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Recent Applications and Newly Developed Strategies of Solid-Phase Microextraction in Contaminant Analysis: Through the Environment to Humans. SEPARATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/separations6040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review aims to describe the recent and most impactful applications in pollutant analysis using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technology in environmental, food, and bio-clinical analysis. The covered papers were published in the last 5 years (2014–2019) thus providing the reader with information about the current state-of-the-art and the future potential directions of the research in pollutant monitoring using SPME. To this end, we revised the studies focused on the investigation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), pesticides, and emerging pollutants (EPs) including personal care products (PPCPs), in different environmental, food, and bio-clinical matrices. We especially emphasized the role that SPME is having in contaminant surveys following the path that goes from the environment to humans passing through the food web. Besides, this review covers the last technological developments encompassing the use of novel extraction coatings (e.g., metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, PDMS-overcoated fiber), geometries (e.g., Arrow-SPME, multiple monolithic fiber-SPME), approaches (e.g., vacuum and cold fiber SPME), and on-site devices. The applications of SPME hyphenated with ambient mass spectrometry have also been described.
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