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Zhou X, Tian T, Li X, Liu S, Zhang Q. A high-accuracy measurement procedure for salbutamol, ractopamine, and clenbuterol in pork by isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2024; 459:140357. [PMID: 39003851 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
In-depth research into the precise evaluation of enzymatic digestion efficiency and the selection of a suitable deuterium-labelled internal standard remains a gap in the accurate determination of β2-agonists in animal-derived food by isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC-MS/MS). In this study, the enzymatic digestion conditions were optimized by monitoring the presence of β2-agonist conjugates in positive samples, which proved to be reliable for ensuring complete enzymatic digestion. Comparative analysis of deuterium-labelled internal standards for salbutamol (SAL), ractopamine (RAC), and clenbuterol (CLB) revealed that CLB-D6 and SAL-D9 were less effective in compensating for matrix effects due to hydrogen‑deuterium exchange during MS fragment formation. Consequently, SAL-D3, RAC-D3 and CLB-D9 were chosen for the implementation of ID-LC-MS/MS. The developed method demonstrates high accuracy and precision, with the average recoveries ranging from 93.8% to 107.3% with RSD <6.1%, which can provide higher-order measurement results for β2-agonists in pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Tian Tian
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiuqin Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Shuyu Liu
- Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100029, China.
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2
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Pedan V, Koehling R, Drexel L, Breitruck K, Rueck A, Rohn S, Rienitz O, Pramann A, Seidel T, Allenspach E, Obkircher M. Combination of Standard Addition and Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry for the Accurate Determination of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Infant Formula. Foods 2024; 13:2377. [PMID: 39123568 PMCID: PMC11311545 DOI: 10.3390/foods13152377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In the melamine scandals of the early 2000s, different companies of the dairy industry cheated their products by applying chemical substances to feign a higher content of nitrogen. However, this had a severe toxic impact on the kidney health of consumers. As a result, tremendous effort was put into the prevention of further harm to the public. In the present study, a fast-screening method for the determination of melamine and cyanuric acid in infant formula was developed. While a 1D-LC approach is faster and easier to set up, a 2D-LC approach allows for a more accurate result with better selectivity and sensitivity. For both instrumental approaches, the signal ratio of the isotopologues was crucial and had a dominant effect on the results and the measurement uncertainty. For this reason, the different contributions to the measurement uncertainty were determined experimentally using Matched Standard Addition-IDMS and compared to the Exact Matching Double IDMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilisa Pedan
- Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH (Subsidiary of Merck KGaA), Industriestrasse 25, 9471 Buchs, SG, Switzerland; (V.P.); (L.D.); (K.B.); (A.R.); (T.S.); (E.A.); (M.O.)
| | - Rudolf Koehling
- Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH (Subsidiary of Merck KGaA), Industriestrasse 25, 9471 Buchs, SG, Switzerland; (V.P.); (L.D.); (K.B.); (A.R.); (T.S.); (E.A.); (M.O.)
| | - Lukas Drexel
- Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH (Subsidiary of Merck KGaA), Industriestrasse 25, 9471 Buchs, SG, Switzerland; (V.P.); (L.D.); (K.B.); (A.R.); (T.S.); (E.A.); (M.O.)
| | - Kathrin Breitruck
- Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH (Subsidiary of Merck KGaA), Industriestrasse 25, 9471 Buchs, SG, Switzerland; (V.P.); (L.D.); (K.B.); (A.R.); (T.S.); (E.A.); (M.O.)
| | - Alexander Rueck
- Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH (Subsidiary of Merck KGaA), Industriestrasse 25, 9471 Buchs, SG, Switzerland; (V.P.); (L.D.); (K.B.); (A.R.); (T.S.); (E.A.); (M.O.)
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Olaf Rienitz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (O.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Axel Pramann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (O.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Tim Seidel
- Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH (Subsidiary of Merck KGaA), Industriestrasse 25, 9471 Buchs, SG, Switzerland; (V.P.); (L.D.); (K.B.); (A.R.); (T.S.); (E.A.); (M.O.)
| | - Eric Allenspach
- Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH (Subsidiary of Merck KGaA), Industriestrasse 25, 9471 Buchs, SG, Switzerland; (V.P.); (L.D.); (K.B.); (A.R.); (T.S.); (E.A.); (M.O.)
| | - Markus Obkircher
- Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH (Subsidiary of Merck KGaA), Industriestrasse 25, 9471 Buchs, SG, Switzerland; (V.P.); (L.D.); (K.B.); (A.R.); (T.S.); (E.A.); (M.O.)
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3
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Schleicher S, O'Connor G, Mischnick P. Comparing 13C methyl and deuterated methyl isotopic labeling for the quantification of methyl cellulose patterns using mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1817-1828. [PMID: 36867199 PMCID: PMC10050035 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04622-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The methyl substitution along and among the polymer chains of methyl cellulose (MC) is commonly analyzed by ESI-MS after perdeuteromethylation of the free-OH groups and partial hydrolysis to cello-oligosaccharides (COS). This method requires a correct quantification of the molar ratios of the constituents belonging to a particular degree of polymerization (DP). However, isotopic effects are most pronounced for H/D since their mass difference is 100%. Therefore, we investigated whether more precise and accurate results could be obtained for the methyl distribution of MC by MS of 13CH3 instead of CD3-etherified O-Me-COS. Internal isotope labeling with 13CH3 makes the COS of each DP chemically and physically much more similar, reducing mass fractionation effects, but at the same time requires more complex isotopic correction for evaluation. Results from syringe pump infusion ESI-TOF-MS with 13CH3 and CD3 as isotope label were equal. However, in the case of LC-MS with a gradient system, 13CH3 was superior to CD3. In the case of CD3, the occurrence of a partial separation of the isotopologs of a particular DP resulted in slight distortion of the methyl distribution since the signal response is significantly dependent on the solvent composition. Isocratic LC levels this problem, but one particular eluent-composition is not sufficient for a series of oligosaccharides with increasing DP due to peak broadening. In summary, 13CH3 is more robust to determine the methyl distribution of MCs. Both syringe pump and gradient-LC-MS measurements are possible, and the more complex isotope correction is not a disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schleicher
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Schleinitzstr. 20, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Gavin O'Connor
- Department of Biochemistry, Physikalisch-Technische-Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Mischnick
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Schleinitzstr. 20, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Zhang Y, Li XQ, Guo Z, Zhou X, Li SQ, Li XM, Jiao H, Zhang QH. Assessment of the impact of hydrolysis on bound sulfonamide residue determination in honey using stable isotope dilution ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2021; 361:130094. [PMID: 34029905 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an analytical method based on isotope dilution-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC-MS/MS) was developed as a candidate reference method for the determination of sulfonamides (SAs) in honey. To guarantee the accuracy and authenticity, the impact of hydrolysis on bound SA residues was first investigated by enabling (i) identification of sugar-bound SAs, (ii) clarifying the binding reaction rule between the SAs and sugar, (iii) detection of free SAs and sugar-bound SAs, and (iv) preparation of SA-contaminated honey. Thus, the efficiency of different hydrolysis conditions was assessed by comparing the bound SA content before and after hydrolysis. In addition, optimization of the sample pretreatment procedures and LC conditions to minimize matrix effects by separation from significant matrix interferences was also performed. Satisfactory results in terms of hydrolysis efficiency (approximately 88.3%-99.2%), extraction efficiency (84.2%-105.3%), recovery (95.9%-103.1%), and limit of quantification (0.6-1.5 μg·kg-1) were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiu Qin Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhen Guo
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuang Qing Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiao Min Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hui Jiao
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qing He Zhang
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China.
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Zhao J, Zhang M, Guo J, Meng F, Liu X, Yu J, Liu L. A novel ISM-SAM strategy, based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis, to compensate for matrix effects in the determination of pyruvic acid. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9042. [PMID: 33395499 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The matrix effect is tricky in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses. Although several methods have been proposed to solve this problem, the results were unsatisfactory. Even fewer studies have assessed the performance of corrective methods. Hence, our study focused on assessing several common corrective methods, and then proposed a new strategy to correct for the matrix effect in GC/MS analyses. METHODS In GC/MS analyses, the internal standard method (ISM) was employed to overcome the matrix effect during the detection of pyruvic acid (PA) in serum samples from a healthy adult female. The accuracy of the ISM was evaluated by comparing it with the standard addition method (SAM). To employ the ISM-SAM strategy, correction factors (CFs) were established by combining the ISM and the SAM based on different groups. The CFs were used to normalize data onto the results of subsequent analyses. RESULTS When using the ISM to detect levels of PA, a serious bias is observed, thereby affecting the conclusions reached. In contrast, more reliable data can be obtained after normalizing results by undertaking the ISM-SAM strategy. The feasibility of this strategy was verified by comparing it with the results of the SAM alone. The ISM-SAM strategy was successfully applied to quantify the PA levels in healthy people and nephrotic syndrome patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that a false outcome was presented when only the ISM was used to adjust the data, and important information would be missed if the correction strategy was not carried out. Therefore, ISM-SAM, as an available correction method, should be adapted to improve the reliability of research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Mingjia Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Fanyu Meng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Jiaying Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Liyan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
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Wu CF, Cheng CM, Hsu YM, Li SS, Huang CY, Chen YH, Kuo FC, Wu MT. Development of analytical method of melamine in placenta from pregnant women by isotope-dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 1:e8599. [PMID: 31677293 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Melamine is ubiquitously present in our daily life. It has a known effect on the kidneys, but it may also adversely affect the reproduction system. We have developed an analytical method for measuring melamine levels in maternal placenta and correlated these levels with melamine concentrations in urine, a necessary step in finding out if melamine might cross the placenta and enter the circulation of the fetus. METHODS We used liquid-liquid extraction, clean up by solid-phase extraction (SPE), and isotope-dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) to measure melamine in placenta specimens. The results of this method were assessed for linearity, limits of quantitation (LOQs), and intra- and inter-assay precision as well as accuracy, matrix effect, and recovery rate. RESULTS Calibration curves indicated good linearity (r >0.995) over concentrations ranging from 5 to 500 ng/mL in placenta specimens, intra- and inter-assay precision from 0.89% to 27.07%, and accuracy from 92.4% to123.5%. Recovery ranged from 63.9 to 83.9%, and the LOQ was 5 ng/mL in placenta (0.2 g). Placental melamine levels ranged from 7.87 to19.64 ng/mL, all detectable (n = 8). Pregnant women with higher levels of urinary melamine had higher placenta melamine levels than those with non-detectable urinary melamine, though the results were not significantly different (p = 0.149, n = 4 in each group). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that pregnant women were exposed to low doses of melamine in their daily lives as measured in urine samples and placenta specimens. It is unclear whether placenta melamine concentrations can better represent long-term exposure than urine or whether melamine in the uterus can enter the fetus via this route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Fang Wu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Mei Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Hsu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sih-Shyan Li
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Huang
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hung Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chen Kuo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics,, E-Da Hospital,, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine,, College of Medicine, I-Shou University,, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Community Medicine,, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University,, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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7
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Antibiotic residues in honey: A review on analytical methods by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Bienvenu JF, Provencher G, Bélanger P, Bérubé R, Dumas P, Gagné S, Gaudreau É, Fleury N. Standardized Procedure for the Simultaneous Determination of the Matrix Effect, Recovery, Process Efficiency, and Internal Standard Association. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7560-7568. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Bienvenu
- Centre de toxicologie du
Québec (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), 945 Wolfe, Québec, Québec, Canada G1 V 5B3
| | - Gilles Provencher
- Centre de toxicologie du
Québec (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), 945 Wolfe, Québec, Québec, Canada G1 V 5B3
| | - Patrick Bélanger
- Centre de toxicologie du
Québec (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), 945 Wolfe, Québec, Québec, Canada G1 V 5B3
| | - René Bérubé
- Centre de toxicologie du
Québec (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), 945 Wolfe, Québec, Québec, Canada G1 V 5B3
| | - Pierre Dumas
- Centre de toxicologie du
Québec (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), 945 Wolfe, Québec, Québec, Canada G1 V 5B3
| | - Sébastien Gagné
- Centre de toxicologie du
Québec (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), 945 Wolfe, Québec, Québec, Canada G1 V 5B3
| | - Éric Gaudreau
- Centre de toxicologie du
Québec (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), 945 Wolfe, Québec, Québec, Canada G1 V 5B3
| | - Normand Fleury
- Centre de toxicologie du
Québec (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), 945 Wolfe, Québec, Québec, Canada G1 V 5B3
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