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Extraction of selected benzothiazoles, benzotriazoles and benzenesulfonamides from environmental water samples using a home-made sol-gel silica-based mixed-mode zwitterionic sorbent modified with graphene. Talanta 2023; 256:124315. [PMID: 36739742 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel sol-gel silica-based mixed-mode zwitterionic sorbent modified with graphene microparticles was synthesized. Thanks to the inclusion of multiple functional groups and graphene microparticles to exert a wide range of intermolecular/interionic interactions including dipole-dipole interactions, ion-exchange interactions and π-π interactions, the sorbent showed high retention in the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of benzothiazoles, benzotriazoles and benzenesulfonamides. The SPE protocol was optimized in terms of pH, sample loading volume and elution conditions using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The method based on SPE followed by LC-HRMS was validated. Apparent recoveries at two levels of concentration were in the range from 48 to 85% (in most cases) in matrices such as influent wastewater, matrix effect was lower than ±30% in most cases, method detection and quantification limits being lower than 20 ng/L and repeatability and reproducibility between days were lower than 18% (n = 4). River, effluent and influent wastewaters samples were analyzed, obtaining concentrations ranging from 3 to 175 ng/L in river samples, from 12 to 499 ng/L in effluent samples and from 15 to 632 ng/L in influent samples, when the compounds were above the method quantification limits.
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Development of sol-gel silica-based mixed-mode zwitterionic sorbents for determining drugs in environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463237. [PMID: 35752147 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Four novel mixed-mode zwitterionic silica-based functionalized with strong moieties sorbents were synthesized and evaluated through solid-phase extraction (SPE) to determine acidic and basic drugs in environmental water samples. All sorbents had the same functionalization: quaternary amine and sulfonic groups and C18 chains so that hydrophobic and strong cationic exchange (SCX) and strong anionic exchange (SAX) interactions could be exploited, in addition, two of them had carbon microparticles embedded. All sorbents retained both acidic and basic compounds in the preliminary assays but only the basic compounds were retained selectively through ionic exchange interactions when a clean-up step was introduced. The SPE method was therefore optimized to promote the selective retention of the basic compounds, initially with the two best-performing sorbents. After optimization of the SPE protocol, these sorbents were evaluated for the analysis of environmental water samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method with the best-performing sorbent was then validated with 100 mL of river samples and 50 mL of effluent wastewater samples in terms of apparent recoveries (%Rapp) spiking samples at 50 ng/L (river) and 200 ng/L (river and effluent), matrix effect, linear range, method quantification and detection limits, repeatability, and reproducibility. It should be highlighted that %Rapp ranged from 40 to 85% and matrix effects ranged from -17 to -4% for spiked river samples. When the method was applied to river and effluent wastewater samples, most compounds were found in the range from 24 to 1233 ng/L with detection limits from 1 to 5 ng/L.
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Sorribes-Soriano A, Esteve-Turrillas FA, Armenta S, Herrero-Martínez JM. Dual mixed-mode poly (vinylpyridine-co-methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)-based sorbent for acidic and basic drug extraction from oral fluid samples. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1167:338604. [PMID: 34049628 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a dual mixed-mode polymer sorbent was prepared via one-step thermally initiated polymerization of 4-vinylpyridine (VP), methacrylic acid (MAA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) for the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of basic and acidic drugs. The use of VP and MAA as ionizable functional monomers allowed the tailoring of ion-exchange and hydrophobic features of the polymer. The obtained polymer was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Next, the retention behavior of dual mixed-mode polymer towards basic and acidic drugs was investigated. Moreover, the practical capability of this novel material was tested for the extraction of relevant drugs such as cocaine, 3-methylmethcathinone, and diazepam in oral fluid samples. Recovery values (at different spiked levels in blank oral fluid samples), ranging from 69 to 99%, and limits of detection (LODs), between 0.10 and 0.25 μg L-1, were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Sorribes-Soriano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de València, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | | | - Sergio Armenta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de València, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
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Fontanals N, Zohar J, Borrull F, Ronka S, Marcé RM. Development of a maleic acid-based material to selectively solid-phase extract basic compounds from environmental samples. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1647:462165. [PMID: 33945931 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a novel mixed-mode weak cation-exchange (WCX) material. This material was prepared by means of the functionalization of a mesoporous divinylbenzene (DVB) resin with maleic acid (maleic acid-DVB), which yielded a high carboxylic moiety content resulting in WCX interactions as well as suitable specific surface area for reversed-phase interactions. After the optimization of the solid-phase extraction (SPE) protocol to enhance the selectivity of the sorbent, this material was evaluated as a novel WCX sorbent in the SPE of a group of drugs from environmental water samples. The method is based on SPE followed by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with an Orbitrap analyzer, and was validated and applied for the determination of basic drugs in river, effluent and influent wastewater samples. Maleic acid-DVB sorbent yielded suitable recovery rates (57% to 89%) and an acceptable matrix effect (<32%) thanks to the effective washing step included when these environmental waters were loaded through the novel resin. The method was applied to different environmental water samples and some basic drugs were suitably quantified in these environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fontanals
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel•lí Domingo, 1, Campus Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - J Zohar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - F Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel•lí Domingo, 1, Campus Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - S Ronka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże, Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - R M Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel•lí Domingo, 1, Campus Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Facile Synthesis of Mixed-Mode Weak Anion-Exchange Microspheres via One-Step Pickering Emulsion Polymerization for Efficient Simultaneous Extraction of Strongly and Weakly Acidic Drugs from Reservoir Water. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092089. [PMID: 32937903 PMCID: PMC7570143 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-co-divinylbenzene) (poly(DEAEMA-co-DVB)) microspheres with mixed-mode weak anion-exchange (WAX) character were successfully fabricated for the first time via facile one-step Pickering emulsion polymerization. The obtained poly(DEAEMA-co-DVB) particles had good spherical geometry, uniform particle size in the range of 30-40 µm, a large specific surface area of 575 m2/g, and a pore size range of 5-30 nm, according to the SEM and nitrogen adsorption-desorption results. Using these mixed-mode WAX microspheres as packing material, a reliable and robust analytical method based on solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (SPE-HPLC-UV) was developed for simultaneous determination of six strongly and weakly acidic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, niflumic acid, diflunisal, naproxen, ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, and diclofenac) in reservoir water. Under optimized conditions, it was applicable to preconcentrate up to 500 mL of reservoir water samples on the WAX cartridges with satisfying recoveries (88-96%) for all the NSAIDs tested. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.002-0.025 μg L-1, respectively. Our results showed that the developed mixed-mode WAX poly(DEAEMA-co-DVB) phase containing a tertiary amine with a pKa value of approximately 10.7 could be used for simultaneous clean-up and preconcentration of strongly and weakly acidic organic pollutants in real environmental water, which could not be achieved by single use of quaternary ammonium strong anion-exchange phase or weaker primary and secondary amine anion-exchange.
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Nadal JC, Anderson KL, Dargo S, Joas I, Salas D, Borrull F, Cormack PA, Marcé RM, Fontanals N. Microporous polymer microspheres with amphoteric character for the solid-phase extraction of acidic and basic analytes. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Fontanals N, Borrull F, Marcé RM. Overview of mixed-mode ion-exchange materials in the extraction of organic compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1117:89-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ghamat SN, Talebpour Z, Mehdi A. Click reactions: Recent trends in preparation of new sorbents and stationary phases for extraction and chromatographic applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Sýkora D, Řezanka P, Záruba K, Král V. Recent advances in mixed-mode chromatographic stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:89-129. [PMID: 30427127 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-mode phases have become very popular in the last decade, and the number of new mixed/multi-mode sorbents is growing fast. Unlike single-mode stationary phases, perfectly suited for the separation of the analytes possessing similar physicochemical properties, for instance reversed-phase chromatography for hydrophobic solutes, mixed-mode sorbents providing multimodal interactions can render better separation selectivity for complex mixtures of solutes differing significantly in their physicochemical characteristics. The most frequent modern mixed-mode stationary phases are di/tri-mode sorbents embracing the following interactions, hydrophobic, electrostatic (coulombic), and hydrophilic. According to their structures, it is possible to distinguish silica-based, polymer-based, hybrid, and monolithic mixed-mode stationary phases. Herewith, newly synthesized mixed-mode sorbents developed within the last two and half years are categorized, discussed, and summarized. The main attention is devoted to the description of the synthetic routes and characterization methods applied for the new stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sýkora
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Řezanka
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Záruba
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Král
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Hyperbranched mixed-mode anion-exchange polymeric sorbent for highly selective extraction of nine acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from human urine. Talanta 2018; 190:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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