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Niezabitowska E, Gray DM, Gallardo-Toledo E, Owen A, Rannard SP, McDonald TO. Understanding the Degradation of Core-Shell Nanogels Using Asymmetrical Flow Field Flow Fractionation. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:346. [PMID: 37504841 PMCID: PMC10381601 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14070346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanogels are candidates for biomedical applications, and core-shell nanogels offer the potential to tune thermoresponsive behaviour with the capacity for extensive degradation. These properties were achieved by the combination of a core of poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) and a shell of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), both crosslinked with the degradable crosslinker N,N'-bis(acryloyl)cystamine. In this work, the degradation behaviour of these nanogels was characterised using asymmetric flow field flow fractionation coupled with multi-angle and dynamic light scattering. By monitoring the degradation products of the nanogels in real-time, it was possible to identify three distinct stages of degradation: nanogel swelling, nanogel fragmentation, and nanogel fragment degradation. The results indicate that the core-shell nanogels degrade slower than their non-core-shell counterparts, possibly due to a higher degree of self-crosslinking reactions occurring in the shell. The majority of the degradation products had molecule weights below 10 kDa, which suggests that they may be cleared through the kidneys. This study provides important insights into the design and characterisation of degradable nanogels for biomedical applications, highlighting the need for accurate characterisation techniques to measure the potential biological impact of nanogel degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Niezabitowska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Dominic M Gray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Eduardo Gallardo-Toledo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5TR, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-Acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5TR, UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5TR, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-Acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5TR, UK
| | - Steve P Rannard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, UK
| | - Tom O McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Kapate N, Clegg JR, Mitragotri S. Non-spherical micro- and nanoparticles for drug delivery: Progress over 15 years. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113807. [PMID: 34023331 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Shape of particulate drug carries has been identified as a key parameter in determining their biological outcome. In this review, we analyze the field of particle shape as it shifts from fundamental investigations to contemporary applications for disease treatment, while highlighting outstanding remaining questions. We summarize fabrication and characterization methods and discuss in depth how particle shape influences biological interactions with cells, transport in the vasculature, targeting in the body, and modulation of the immune response. As the field moves from discoveries to applications, further attention needs to be paid to factors such as characterization and quality control, selection of model organisms, and disease models. Taken together, these aspects will provide a conceptual foundation for designing future non-spherical drug carriers to overcome biological barriers and improve therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kapate
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John R Clegg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Romero Soto L, Thabet H, Maghembe R, Gameiro D, Van-Thuoc D, Dishisha T, Hatti-Kaul R. Metabolic potential of the moderate halophile Yangia sp. ND199 for co-production of polyhydroxyalkanoates and exopolysaccharides. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1160. [PMID: 33650793 PMCID: PMC7892980 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Yangia sp. ND199 is a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from mangrove samples in Northern Vietnam, which was earlier reported to grow on several sugars and glycerol to accumulate poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHA). In this study, the potential of the bacterium for co‐production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and PHA was investigated. Genome sequence analysis of the closely related Yangia sp. CCB‐M3 isolated from mangroves in Malaysia revealed genes encoding enzymes participating in different EPS biosynthetic pathways. The effects of various cultivation parameters on the production of EPS and PHA were studied. The highest level of EPS (288 mg/L) was achieved using sucrose and yeast extract with 5% NaCl and 120 mM phosphate salts but with modest PHA accumulation (32% of cell dry weight, 1.3 g/L). Growth on fructose yielded the highest PHA concentration (85% of CDW, 3.3 g/L) at 90 mM phosphate and higher molecular weight EPS at 251 mg/L yield at 120 mM phosphate concentration. Analysis of EPS showed a predominance of glucose, followed by fructose and galactose, and minor amounts of acidic sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Romero Soto
- Division of Biotechnology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo de Procesos Químicos, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Habib Thabet
- Division of Biotechnology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Food Science and Technology Department, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Reuben Maghembe
- Division of Biotechnology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Denise Gameiro
- Division of Biotechnology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Doan Van-Thuoc
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tarek Dishisha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Rajni Hatti-Kaul
- Division of Biotechnology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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4
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Meunier DM, Wade JH, Janco M, Cong R, Gao W, Li Y, Mekap D, Wang G. Recent Advances in Separation-Based Techniques for Synthetic Polymer Characterization. Anal Chem 2020; 93:273-294. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Meunier
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - James H. Wade
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - Miroslav Janco
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Rongjuan Cong
- Packaging and Specialty Plastics, Characterization, The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Wei Gao
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Yongfu Li
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - Dibyaranjan Mekap
- Packaging and Specialty Plastics, Characterization, Dow Benelux, 4542 NM Terneuzen, The Netherlands
| | - Grace Wang
- School of Cinematic Arts, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Niezabitowska E, Town AR, Sabagh B, Morales Moctezuma MD, Kearns VR, Spain SG, Rannard SP, McDonald TO. Insights into the internal structures of nanogels using a versatile asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation method. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:4713-4721. [PMID: 36132924 PMCID: PMC9416902 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00314j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) nanogels are a highly researched type of colloidal material. In this work, we establish a versatile asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) method that can provide high resolution particle sizing and also structural information on nanogel samples from 65-310 nm in hydrodynamic diameter and so different chemical compositions. To achieve this online multi-angle light scattering and dynamic light scattering detectors were used to provide measurement of the radius of gyration (R g) and hydrodynamic radius (R h) respectively. Two different eluents and a range of cross-flows were evaluated in order to provide effective fractionation and high recovery for the different nanogel samples. We found that using 0.1 M NaNO3 as the eluent and an initial cross-flow of 1 mL min-1 provided optimal separation conditions for all samples tested. Using this method, we analysed two types of samples, pNIPAM nanogels prepared by free radical dispersion polymerisation with increasing diameters and analysed poly(acrylic acid)-b-pNIPAM crosslinked nanogels prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer dispersion polymerisation. We could determine that the differently sized free radical nanogels possessed differing internal structures; shape factors (R g/R h) ranged from 0.58-0.73 and revealed that the smallest nanogel had a homogeneous internal crosslinking density, while the larger nanogels had a more densely crosslinked core compared to the shell. The poly(acrylic acid)-b-pNIPAM crosslinked nanogels displayed clear core-shell structures due to all the crosslinking being contained in the core of the nanogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Niezabitowska
- Department of Chemistry & Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK +44 (0)151 795 0524
| | - Adam R Town
- Department of Chemistry & Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK +44 (0)151 795 0524
| | - Bassem Sabagh
- Postnova Analytics UK Ltd Units 64-65, Malvern Hills Science Park Malvern Worcestershire WR14 3SZ UK
| | | | - Victoria R Kearns
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 8TX UK
| | - Sebastian G Spain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Steve P Rannard
- Department of Chemistry & Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK +44 (0)151 795 0524
| | - Tom O McDonald
- Department of Chemistry & Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK +44 (0)151 795 0524
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6
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Study on structure-function of starch by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation coupled with multiple detectors: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 226:115330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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7
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Nwoko KC, Raab A, Cheyne L, Dawson D, Krupp E, Feldmann J. Matrix-dependent size modifications of iron oxide nanoparticles (Ferumoxytol) spiked into rat blood cells and plasma: Characterisation with TEM, AF4-UV-MALS-ICP-MS/MS and spICP-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1124:356-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Singh P, Bodycomb J, Travers B, Tatarkiewicz K, Travers S, Matyas GR, Beck Z. Particle size analyses of polydisperse liposome formulations with a novel multispectral advanced nanoparticle tracking technology. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:680-686. [PMID: 31176851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are potent adjuvant constituents for licensed vaccines and vaccine candidates and carriers for drug delivery. Depending on the method of preparation, liposomes vary in size distribution, either forming uniform small size vesicles or a heterogeneous mixture of small to large vesicles. Importantly, differences in liposomal size have been demonstrated to induce differential immune responses. Determination of particle size distribution could therefore be crucial for the efficacy and stability of vaccine formulations. We compared the techniques of dynamic light scattering, laser diffraction, and conventional nanoparticle tracking analysis with a novel multispectral advanced nanoparticle tracking analysis (MANTA) for particle size determination of mono- and polydisperse liposomes. MANTA reported an average 146 nm size of monodisperse liposomes but showed a multimodal distribution of polydisperse liposomes with continuous sizes from 50 to 2000 nm. However, approximately 95% of particles were in the size range of 50-1500 nm and only few particles were identified in the 1500-2000 nm range for the investigated volume. Based on our results, we conclude that MANTA is the most suitable approach and can serve as stand-alone technique for particle size characterization of heterogeneous liposome samples in the 50-2000 nm size range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpendra Singh
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA; Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U S Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bodycomb
- HORIBA Instruments Inc, 20 Knightsbridge Rd, Piscataway Township, NJ, USA
| | - Bill Travers
- Anatom Technology Inc, 22803 Shady Grove Ct, Baldwin, MD, USA
| | | | - Sean Travers
- Anatom Technology Inc, 22803 Shady Grove Ct, Baldwin, MD, USA
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U S Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA; Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U S Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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