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Lin C, Li Q, Liu D, Feng Q, Zhou H, Shi B, Zhang X, Hu Y, Jiang X, Sun X, Wang D. Recent research progress in tetrodotoxin detection and quantitative analysis methods. Front Chem 2024; 12:1447312. [PMID: 39206441 PMCID: PMC11349515 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1447312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a highly potent and widely distributed ion-channel marine neurotoxin; it has no specific antidote and poses a great risk to human health. Therefore, detecting and quantifying TTX to effectively implement prevention strategies is important for food safety. The development of novel and highly sensitive, highly specific, rapid, and simple techniques for trace TTX detection has attracted widespread attention. This review summarizes the latest advances in the detection and quantitative analysis of TTX, covering detection methods based on biological and cellular sensors, immunoassays and immunosensors, aptamers, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. It further discusses the advantages and applications of various detection technologies developed for TTX and focuses on the frontier areas and development directions of TTX detection, providing relevant information for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lin
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jilin Business and Technology College, Changchun, China
| | - Qirong Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jilin Business and Technology College, Changchun, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hengzong Zhou
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bohe Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yurui Hu
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinmiao Jiang
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jilin Business and Technology College, Changchun, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Huang S, Wang X, Zhang B, Xia L, Chen Y, Li G. Room-temperature fabrication of fluorinated covalent organic polymer @ Attapulgite composite for in-syringe membrane solid-phase extraction and analysis of domoic acid in aquatic products. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464849. [PMID: 38564930 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A novel fluorinated covalent organic polymer @ attapulgite composite (F-COP@ATP) was prepared at room temperature for in-syringe membrane solid-phase extraction (SM-SPE) of domoic acid (DA) in aquatic products. Natural ore ATP has the advantages of low cost, good mechanical strength and abundant hydroxyl group on its surface, and in-situ modified F-COP layer can provide abundant adsorption sites. F-COP@ATP combining the advantages of F-COP and ATP, becomes an ideal adsorbent for DA extracting. Moreover, a high-throughput sample preparation strategy was carried out by using the F-COP@ATP membrane as syringe filter and assembling syringes with a ten-channel injection pump. In addition, the experimental factors were optimized, such as pH of extract, amount of adsorbent, velocity of extraction and desorption, type and volume of desorption solvent. The DA analytical method was established by SM-SPE-HPLC/tandem mass spectrometry. The method had a wide linear range with low limit of detection (0.344 ng/kg) and low limit of quantification (1.14 ng/kg). F-COP@ATP membrane can be reused more than five times. The method realized the analysis of DA in scallop and razor clam samples, which shows its application prospect in practical analysis. This study provided an efficient, low-energy and mild idea for preparing other reusable natural mineral ATP-based composite materials for separation and enrichment, which reduces the experimental cost and is closer to environmental protection and green chemistry to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Huang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ling Xia
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yi Chen
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Mineral Salt Deep Utilization, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223001, China.
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Xu H, Lian Z, Hao X, Li F, Yu RC. Ultrasensitive fluorescence detection of gonyautoxins in seawater using a novel molecularly imprinted nanoprobe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169056. [PMID: 38056639 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Gonyautoxins (GTXs), a group of potent neurotoxins belonging to paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), are often associated with harmful algal blooms of toxic dinoflagellates in the sea and represent serious health and ecological concerns worldwide. In the study, a highly selective and sensitive fluorescence nanoprobe was constructed based on photoinduced electron transfer recognition mechanism to rapidly detect GTXs in seawater, using specific entrapment of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) combined with fluorescence analyses. The green emissive fluorescein isothiocyanate was grafted in a silicate matrix as a signal transducer and fluorescence intensity of the nanoprobe with a core-shell structure exhibited a strong enhancement due to efficient analyte blockage in a short response time. Under optimal conditions, the developed MIPs nanoprobe presented an excellent analytical performance for spiked seawater samples including a recovery from 94.44 % to 98.23 %, a linear range between 0.018 nmol L-1 and 0.36 nmol L-1, as well as good accuracy. Furthermore, the method had extremely high sensitivity, with limit of detection obtained as 0.005 nmol L-1 for GTXs and GTX2/3. Finally, the nanoprobe was applied for the determination of GTXs in seven natural seawater samples with GTXs mixture (0.035-0.058 nmol L-1) or single GTX2/3 (0.033-0.050 nmol L-1), and the results agreed well with those of a UPLC-MS/MS method. The findings of our study suggest that the constructed MIPs-based fluorescence enhancement nanoprobe was suitable for rapid, selective and ultrasensitive detection of GTXs, particular GTX2/3, in natural seawater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, P.R. China
| | - Ziru Lian
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaochen Hao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, P.R. China
| | - Fang Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, P.R. China
| | - Ren-Cheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
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Louzao MC, Vilariño N, Vale C, Costas C, Cao A, Raposo-Garcia S, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Current Trends and New Challenges in Marine Phycotoxins. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20030198. [PMID: 35323497 PMCID: PMC8950113 DOI: 10.3390/md20030198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine phycotoxins are a multiplicity of bioactive compounds which are produced by microalgae and bioaccumulate in the marine food web. Phycotoxins affect the ecosystem, pose a threat to human health, and have important economic effects on aquaculture and tourism worldwide. However, human health and food safety have been the primary concerns when considering the impacts of phycotoxins. Phycotoxins toxicity information, often used to set regulatory limits for these toxins in shellfish, lacks traceability of toxicity values highlighting the need for predefined toxicological criteria. Toxicity data together with adequate detection methods for monitoring procedures are crucial to protect human health. However, despite technological advances, there are still methodological uncertainties and high demand for universal phycotoxin detectors. This review focuses on these topics, including uncertainties of climate change, providing an overview of the current information as well as future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.L.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Carmen Vale
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Celia Costas
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Alejandro Cao
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Sandra Raposo-Garcia
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Mercedes R. Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.L.); (L.M.B.)
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Simultaneous determination of ten paralytic shellfish toxins and tetrodotoxin in scallop and short-necked clam by ion-pair solid-phase extraction and hydrophilic interaction chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462328. [PMID: 34153733 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins and tetrodotoxin (puffer-fish toxin), the latter of which was recently found in bivalves from Europe, Japan, and New Zealand, are potent neurotoxins. A simple and effective clean-up procedure was developed for the simultaneous determination of ten paralytic shellfish toxins (gonyautoxins 1-6, decarbamoylgonyautoxins 2 and 3, and N-sulfocarbamoylgonyautoxins 2 and 3) and tetrodotoxin in the scallop, Mizuhopecten (Patinopecten) yessoensis, and the short-necked clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. To reduce matrix effects, 1% aqueous acetic acid extracts of the bivalves were cleaned up by ion-pair solid-phase extraction using a graphite carbon cartridge with tridecafluoroheptanoic acid as the volatile ion-pair reagent, followed by fourfold dilution. The ten paralytic shellfish toxins and tetrodotoxin were then separated on a hydrophilic interaction chromatography column and quantified by tandem mass spectrometry. The limits of detection and the limits of quantification for the ten PSTs ranged from 0.09 to 13.0 µg saxitoxin equivalents/kg and from 0.26 to 39.4 µg saxitoxin equivalents/kg, respectively. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification for tetrodotoxin ranged from 27.4 to 27.9 µg/kg and from 83.1 to 84.4 µg/kg, respectively. The proposed method yielded minimal matrix effects for the 11 analytes, thus allowing their quantification by simple external calibration. The proposed method also gave good mean recoveries of the 11 analytes ranging from 75.7 to 96.2% with relative standard deviations less than 16% at three fortification levels for the ten paralytic shellfish toxins (total concentrations of 277, 554, and 1107 µg saxitoxin equivalents/kg) and tetrodotoxin (100, 200, and 400 µg/kg) in the two bivalve samples. Finally, the proposed method was applied for the determination of the ten paralytic shellfish toxins and tetrodotoxin in scallop and short-necked clam samples.
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Patel VD, Shamsi SA, Sutherland K. Capillary electromigration techniques coupled to mass spectrometry: Applications to food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2021; 139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Qiu J, Wright EJ, Thomas K, Li A, McCarron P, Beach DG. Semiquantitation of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Using Relative Molar Response Factors. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060398. [PMID: 32560098 PMCID: PMC7354571 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are a complex class of analogs of the potent neurotoxin saxitoxin (STX). Since calibration standards are not available for many PSTs, including C-11 hydroxyl analogs called M-toxins, accurate quantitation by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) can be challenging. In the absence of standards, PSTs are often semiquantitated using standards of a different analog (e.g., STX), an approach with a high degree of uncertainty due to the highly variable sensitivity between analytes in electrospray ionization. Here, relative molar response factors (RMRs) were investigated for a broad range of PSTs using common LC-MS approaches in order to improve the quantitation of PSTs for which standards are unavailable. First, several M-toxins (M1-M6, M9 and dcM6) were semipurified from shellfish using preparative gel filtration chromatography and quantitated using LC-charged aerosol detection (LC-CAD). The RMRs of PST certified reference materials (CRMs) and M-toxins were then determined using selective reaction monitoring LC-MS/MS and full scan LC-high-resolution MS (LC-HRMS) methods in positive and negative electrospray ionization. In general, RMRs for PSTs with similar chemical structures were comparable, but varied significantly between subclasses, with M-toxins showing the lowest sensitivity. For example, STX showed a greater than 50-fold higher RMR than M4 and M6 by LC-HRMS. The MS instrument, scan mode and polarity also had significant impacts on RMRs and should be carefully considered when semiquantitating PSTs by LC-MS. As a demonstration of their utility, the RMRs determined were applied to the semiquantitation of PSTs in contaminated mussels, showing good agreement with results from calibration with CRMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;
| | - Elliott J. Wright
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (E.J.W.); (K.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Krista Thomas
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (E.J.W.); (K.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China;
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (E.J.W.); (K.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Daniel G. Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (E.J.W.); (K.T.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(902)-426-8274
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Katikou P. Public Health Risks Associated with Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogues in European Waters: Recent Advances after The EFSA Scientific Opinion. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E240. [PMID: 31035492 PMCID: PMC6562576 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and its analogues are naturally occurring toxins responsible worldwide for human intoxication cases and fatalities, mainly associated with pufferfish consumption. In the last decade, TTXs were detected in marine bivalves and gastropods from European waters. As TTXs are not regulated or monitored at EU level, their unexpected occurrence in shellfish raised concerns as a food safety hazard and revealed the necessity of a thorough assessment on the public health risks associated with their presence. For this reason, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was requested by the European Commission to provide a scientific opinion, finally adopted in March 2017, according to which a provisional concentration below 44 μg TTX equivalents/kg shellfish meat, based on a large portion size of 400 g, was considered not to result in adverse effects in humans. The EFSA expert panel, however, recognized a number of shortcomings and uncertainties related to the unavailability of sufficient scientific data and provided relevant recommendations for future research to overcome these data gaps identified in order to further refine the risk assessment on TTXs. The present review aims to summarize the knowledge obtained towards addressing these recommendations in the two years following publication of the EFSA opinion, at the same time highlighting the points requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Katikou
- Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Directorate General of Rural Development, Directorate of Research, Innovation and Education, Hapsa & Karatasou 1, 54626 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Turner AD, Hatfield RG, Maskrey BH, Algoet M, Lawrence JF. Evaluation of the new European Union reference method for paralytic shellfish toxins in shellfish: A review of twelve years regulatory monitoring using pre-column oxidation LC-FLD. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Liu T, Liu R, Zhu L, Zou X, Guan H, Xu Z. Development of a UHPLC-MS method for inhibitor screening against α-L-1,3-fucosidase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:1467-1477. [PMID: 30706074 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
α-L-Fucosidase (AFU) is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammation, cancer, cystic fibrosis, and fucosidosis. Some of the existing analytical methods for the assessment of AFU activity are lacking in sensitivity and selectivity, since most of them are based on spectrofluorimetric methods. More recently, mass spectrometry (MS) has evolved as a key technology for enzyme assays and inhibitor screening as it enables accurate monitoring of the conversion of substrate to product in enzymatic reactions. In this study, UHPLC-MS has been utilized to develop a simple, sensitive, and accurate assay for enzyme kinetics and inhibition studies of AFU3, a member of the AFU family. A reported method for analyzing saccharide involving a porous graphitic carbon column, combined with reduction by NaBH4/CH3OH, was used to improve sensitivity. The conversion of saccharide into alditol could reach nearly 100% in the NaBH4 reduction reaction. In addition, the bioanalytical quantitative screening method was validated according to US-FDA guidance, including selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, stability, and matrix effect. The developed method displayed a good accuracy, high sensitivity (LOD = 0.05 mg L-1), and good reproducibility (RSD < 15%). The assay accurately measured an IC50 value of 0.40 μM for the known AFU inhibitor, deoxyfuconojirimycin, which was consistent with results reported in the literature. Further validation of the assay was achieved through the determination of a high Z'-factor value of 0.89. The assay was applied to screen a marine-derived chemical library against AFU3, which revealed two marine-oriented pyrimidine alkaloids as potential AFU3 inhibitors. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangrong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Innovation Center for Marine Drugs Screening and Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Ruonan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Innovation Center for Marine Drugs Screening and Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Innovation Center for Marine Drugs Screening and Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Xuan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Innovation Center for Marine Drugs Screening and Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Huashi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Innovation Center for Marine Drugs Screening and Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.,Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Innovation Center for Marine Drugs Screening and Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China. .,Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
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