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Mattarozzi M, Laski E, Bertucci A, Giannetto M, Bianchi F, Zoani C, Careri M. Metrological traceability in process analytical technologies and point-of-need technologies for food safety and quality control: not a straightforward issue. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:119-135. [PMID: 36367573 PMCID: PMC9816273 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditional techniques for food analysis are based on off-line laboratory methods that are expensive and time-consuming and often require qualified personnel. Despite the high standards of accuracy and metrological traceability, these well-established methods do not facilitate real-time process monitoring and timely on-site decision-making as required for food safety and quality control. The future of food testing includes rapid, cost-effective, portable, and simple methods for both qualitative screening and quantification of food contaminants, as well as continuous, real-time measurement in production lines. Process automatization through process analytical technologies (PAT) is an increasing trend in the food industry as a way to achieve improved product quality, safety, and consistency, reduced production cycle times, minimal product waste or reworks, and the possibility for real-time product release. Novel methods of analysis for point-of-need (PON) screening could greatly improve food testing by allowing non-experts, such as consumers, to test in situ food products using portable instruments, smartphones, or even visual naked-eye inspections, or farmers and small producers to monitor products in the field. This requires the attention of the research community and devices manufacturers to ensure reliability of measurement results from PAT strategy and PON tests through the demonstration and critical evaluation of performance characteristics. The fitness for purpose of methods in real-life conditions is a priority that should not be overlooked in order to maintain an effective and harmonized food safety policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mattarozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Technopole Pad 33 Parco Area Delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Eleni Laski
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertucci
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Giannetto
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Technopole Pad 33 Parco Area Delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre CIPACK, University of Parma, Technopole Pad 33 Parco Area Delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Zoani
- Department for Sustainability, Biotechnology and Agroindustry Division (SSPT-BIOAG), Casaccia Research Centre, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Careri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Centre SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Technopole Pad 33 Parco Area Delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy.
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A spotlight on analytical prospects in food allergens: From emerging allergens and novel foods to bioplastics and plant-based sustainable food contact materials. Food Chem 2022; 388:132951. [PMID: 35447585 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present review throws a spotlight on new and emerging food safety concerns in view of a well-established food allergen risk arising from global socio-economic changes, international trade, circular economy, environmental sustainability, and upcycling. Food culture globalization needs harmonization of regulations, technical specifications, and reference materials towards mutually recognised results. In parallel, routine laboratories require high-throughput reliable analytical strategies, even in-situ testing devices, to test both food products and food contact surfaces for residual allergens. Finally, the currently neglected safety issues associated to possible allergen exposure due to the newly proposed bio- and plant-based sustainable food contact materials require an in-depth investigation.
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Gauglitz G. Critical assessment of relevant methods in the field of biosensors with direct optical detection based on fibers and waveguides using plasmonic, resonance, and interference effects. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3317-3349. [PMID: 32313998 PMCID: PMC7214504 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Direct optical detection has proven to be a highly interesting tool in biomolecular interaction analysis to be used in drug discovery, ligand/receptor interactions, environmental analysis, clinical diagnostics, screening of large data volumes in immunology, cancer therapy, or personalized medicine. In this review, the fundamental optical principles and applications are reviewed. Devices are based on concepts such as refractometry, evanescent field, waveguides modes, reflectometry, resonance and/or interference. They are realized in ring resonators; prism couplers; surface plasmon resonance; resonant mirror; Bragg grating; grating couplers; photonic crystals, Mach-Zehnder, Young, Hartman interferometers; backscattering; ellipsometry; or reflectance interferometry. The physical theories of various optical principles have already been reviewed in detail elsewhere and are therefore only cited. This review provides an overall survey on the application of these methods in direct optical biosensing. The "historical" development of the main principles is given to understand the various, and sometimes only slightly modified variations published as "new" methods or the use of a new acronym and commercialization by different companies. Improvement of optics is only one way to increase the quality of biosensors. Additional essential aspects are the surface modification of transducers, immobilization strategies, selection of recognition elements, the influence of non-specific interaction, selectivity, and sensitivity. Furthermore, papers use for reporting minimal amounts of detectable analyte terms such as value of mass, moles, grams, or mol/L which are difficult to compare. Both these essential aspects (i.e., biochemistry and the presentation of LOD values) can be discussed only in brief (but references are provided) in order to prevent the paper from becoming too long. The review will concentrate on a comparison of the optical methods, their application, and the resulting bioanalytical quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Gauglitz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Gauglitz G, Wise SA. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (ABC): tradition and vision. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3951-3953. [PMID: 32318765 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Günter Gauglitz
- Institute for Theoretical and Physical Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Stephen A Wise
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, (NIH-ODS), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Bianchi V, Mattarozzi M, Giannetto M, Boni A, De Munari I, Careri M. A Self-Calibrating IoT Portable Electrochemical Immunosensor for Serum Human Epididymis Protein 4 as a Tumor Biomarker for Ovarian Cancer. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20072016. [PMID: 32260240 PMCID: PMC7180438 DOI: 10.3390/s20072016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, analytical techniques are moving towards the development of smart biosensing strategies for the point-of-care accurate screening of disease biomarkers, such as human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), a recently discovered serum marker for early ovarian cancer diagnosis. In this context, the present work represents the first implementation of a competitive enzyme-labelled magneto-immunoassay exploiting a homemade IoT Wi-Fi cloud-based portable potentiostat for differential pulse voltammetry readout. The electrochemical device was specifically designed to be capable of autonomous calibration and data processing, switching between calibration, and measurement modes: in particular, firstly, a baseline estimation algorithm is applied for correct peak computation, then calibration function is built by interpolating data with a four-parameter logistic function. The calibration function parameters are stored on the cloud for inverse prediction to determine the concentration of unknown samples. Interpolation function calibration and concentration evaluation are performed directly on-board, thus reducing the power consumption. The analytical device was validated in human serum, demonstrating good sensing performance for analysis of HE4 with detection and quantitation limits in human serum of 3.5 and 29.2 pM, respectively, reaching the sensitivity that is required for diagnostic purposes, with high potential for applications as portable and smart diagnostic tool for point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bianchi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (V.B.); (A.B.); (I.D.M.)
| | - Monica Mattarozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Marco Giannetto
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Andrea Boni
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (V.B.); (A.B.); (I.D.M.)
| | - Ilaria De Munari
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (V.B.); (A.B.); (I.D.M.)
| | - Maria Careri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy;
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Affiliation(s)
- Guenter Gauglitz
- Eberhard-Karls-University, Institute for Theoretical and Physical Chemistry, Tübingen, Germany.
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Analytics 4.0: Online wastewater monitoring by GC and HPLC. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6783-6790. [PMID: 31402422 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02065-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We present an automatically and autonomously operating online laboratory equipped with laboratory chromatographs as an example of Analytics 4.0. At BASF's largest production site in Ludwigshafen, Germany, multiple GC, HPLC, and IC systems are used in a mostly unstaffed laboratory for automated wastewater monitoring. The purpose of the online system is to prevent unwanted discharges of organic compounds into the wastewater treatment plant and thus protection of the river Rhine. By use of different chromatography and sample preparation techniques, a wide spectrum of compounds can be quantitatively assessed. Most analyzers are coupled to mass spectrometers, and all are equipped with robotic autosamplers. Mixed wastewater samples are collected automatically at 20-min intervals and distributed to the instruments. To operate the online system 24/7, sensors, visualization tools, special software packages, remote access tools, and other assistance systems are required. Many of the software features are as yet not commercially available and thus had to be developed and programmed in-house since they are required in an Analytics 4.0 environment.
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Himmelstoß SF, Hirsch T. A critical comparison of lanthanide based upconversion nanoparticles to fluorescent proteins, semiconductor quantum dots, and carbon dots for use in optical sensing and imaging. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2019; 7:022002. [PMID: 30822759 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ab0bfa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The right choice of a fluorescent probe is essential for successful luminescence imaging and sensing and especially concerning in vivo and in vitro applications, the development of new classes have gained more and more attention in the last years. One of the most promising class are upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs)-inorganic nanocrystals capable to convert near-infrared light in high energy radiation. In this review we will compare UCNPs with other fluorescent probes in terms of (a) the optical properties of the probes, such as their brightness, photostability and excitation wavelength; (b) their chemical properties such as the dispersibility, stability under experimental or physiological conditions, availability of chemical modification strategies for labelling; and (c) the potential toxicity and biocompatibility of the probe. Thereby we want to provide a better understanding of the advantages and drawbacks of UCNPs and address future challenges in the design of the nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy F Himmelstoß
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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Hermann CA, Duerkop A, Baeumner AJ. Food Safety Analysis Enabled through Biological and Synthetic Materials: A Critical Review of Current Trends. Anal Chem 2018; 91:569-587. [PMID: 30346696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia A Hermann
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors , University of Regensburg , 93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Axel Duerkop
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors , University of Regensburg , 93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Antje J Baeumner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors , University of Regensburg , 93053 Regensburg , Germany
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