Synthesized carbon nanodots for simultaneous extraction of personal care products and organophosphorus pesticides in wastewater samples prior to LC-MS/MS determination

Chromatographic techniques for the analysis of organophosphate pesticides with their extraction approach: a review (2015-2020)

In agriculture, a wide range of OPPs has been employed to boost crop yield, quality, and storage life. However, due to the ever-increasing population and rapid urbanization, pesticide use has surged in recent years. These compounds are exceedingly poisonous to humans, and despite the fact that specific legislation prohibits their use, the frequency of toxic and/or fatal incidents, as well as current statistics, suggest that they are currently accessible. As a result, determining the exposure to these substances as well as their detection (and that of their metabolites) in different types of exposed samples has become a hot issue in terms of quality and safety concerns. However, developing tools for the evaluation of these substances is a critical challenge for laboratories. Various chromatographic-based methods reported in the period of 2015-2020 have been developed, which are summarized and critically reviewed in this article, including the extraction of the target OPPs from different kinds of matrices. A comparison among the extraction and analysis techniques has been made in the current review article.

Hybrid Materials Formed with Green Metal-Organic Frameworks and Polystyrene as Sorbents in Dispersive Micro-Solid-Phase Extraction for Determining Personal Care Products in Micellar Cosmetics

Hybrid materials based on polystyrene (PS) and green metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as potential sorbents in dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction (µ-dSPE). Among the resulting materials, the hybrid PS/DUT-67(Zr) was selected as the adequate extraction material for the monitoring of six personal care products in micellar cosmetic samples, combining the µ-dSPE method with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to ultraviolet/visible detection (UV/Vis). Univariate studies and a factorial design were performed in the optimization of the microextraction procedure. The compromise optimum extraction conditions included 20 mg of PS/DUT-67(Zr) for 10 mL of sample, 2 min of extraction time, and two desorption steps using 100 µL of acetonitrile and 5 min assisted by vortex in each one. The validated μ-dSPE-UHPLC-UV/Vis method presented limits of detection and quantification down to 3.00 and 10.0 μg·L-1, respectively. The inter-day precision values were lower than 23.5 and 21.2% for concentration levels of 75 μg·L-1 and 650 μg·L-1, respectively. The hydrophobicity of the resulting PS/DUT-67(Zr) material was crucial for the improvement of its extraction capacity in comparison with its unitary components, showing the advantages of combining MOFs with other materials, getting new sorbents with interesting properties.