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Weggen JT, Bean R, Hui K, Wendeler M, Hubbuch J. Kinetic models towards an enhanced understanding of diverse ADC conjugation reactions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1403644. [PMID: 39070164 PMCID: PMC11274341 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1403644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The conjugation reaction is the central step in the manufacturing process of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). This reaction generates a heterogeneous and complex mixture of differently conjugated sub-species depending on the chosen conjugation chemistry. The parametrization of the conjugation reaction through mechanistic kinetic models offers a chance to enhance valuable reaction knowledge and ensure process robustness. This study introduces a versatile modeling framework for the conjugation reaction of cysteine-conjugated ADC modalities-site-specific and interchain disulfide conjugation. Various conjugation kinetics involving different maleimide-functionalized payloads were performed, while controlled gradual payload feeding was employed to decelerate the conjugation, facilitating a more detailed investigation of the reaction mechanism. The kinetic data were analyzed with a reducing reversed phase (RP) chromatography method, that can readily be implemented for the accurate characterization of ADCs with diverse drug-to-antibody ratios, providing the conjugation trajectories of the single chains of the monoclonal antibody (mAb). Possible kinetic models for the conjugation mechanism were then developed and selected based on multiple criteria. When calibrating the established model to kinetics involving different payloads, conjugation rates were determined to be payload-specific. Further conclusions regarding the kinetic comparability across the two modalities could also be derived. One calibrated model was used for an exemplary in silico screening of the initial concentrations offering valuable insights for profound understanding of the conjugation process in ADC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tobias Weggen
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ryan Bean
- Purification Process Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Kimberly Hui
- Purification Process Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Michaela Wendeler
- Purification Process Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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Wang T, Huang ZA, Zhou M, Wang R, Li Y, Guo L, Cao X, Huang J. Drug deconjugation-assisted peptide mapping by LC-MS/MS to identify conjugation sites and quantify site occupancy for antibody-drug conjugates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 243:116098. [PMID: 38493753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a heterogeneous mixture of conjugated species with varied drug loadings. Depending on conjugation sites, linkers and drugs can exhibit different stability as influenced by the solvent-accessibility and local charge, resulting in different ADC efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity. Conjugation site analysis is critical for ADC structural characterization to assure product quality and consistency. It enables early conjugation studies at site-specific levels, confirms the absence of unexpected products to support conjugation process development, and aids in ensuring lot-to-lot consistency for comparability studies. Peptide mapping using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is the industry standard method for analyzing conjugation sites. However, some concerns remain for this approach as the large and hydrophobic drug moieties often result in poor MS/MS fragmentation quality and impede the identification of conjugation sites. Additionally, the ionization discrepancy between conjugated and unconjugated peptides can lead to a relatively large bias for site occupancy calculation. In this work, we present a simple drug deconjugation-assisted peptide mapping method to identify and quantify the drug conjugation for ADCs with protease-cleavable linkers. Papain-based drug deconjugation was used to remove the highly hydrophobic drug moiety, which significantly improved the quantitation accuracy of conjugation level and the fragmentation quality. Sample preparation conditions were optimized to avoid introducing artificial modifications, allowing the tracking of initial sample status and subsequent changes of quality attributes during process development and stability assessment. This method was applied to analyze thermally-stressed ADC samples to monitor changes of site-specific conjugation levels, DAR, succinimide hydrolysis of the linker, and various PTMs. We believe this is an effective and straightforward tool for conjugation site analysis while simultaneously monitoring multiple quality attributes for ADCs with protease-cleavable linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongdan Wang
- Mass Spectrometry Center of Excellence, Analytical Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China.
| | - Zi-Ao Huang
- Mass Spectrometry Center of Excellence, Analytical Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Moyin Zhou
- Mass Spectrometry Center of Excellence, Analytical Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Ruxin Wang
- Mass Spectrometry Center of Excellence, Analytical Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yufei Li
- Mass Spectrometry Center of Excellence, Analytical Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Longyun Guo
- Mass Spectrometry Center of Excellence, Analytical Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Xiaolin Cao
- Mass Spectrometry Center of Excellence, Analytical Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jincui Huang
- Mass Spectrometry Center of Excellence, Analytical Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China.
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Wang S, Wang F, Wang L, Liu Z, Liu M, Li S, Wang Y, Sun X, Jiang J. Detection of antibody-conjugate payload in cynomolgus monkey serum by a high throughput capture LC-MS/MS bioanalysis method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 227:115069. [PMID: 36854219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) plays a vital role in oncology indications. The efficacy and toxicity of ADC generally depend on the concentration of the drugs in the body system, and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (P.K.) is a quantitative tool to understand the drug concentration in the body. To characterize the whole drug carefully, sophisticated bioanalysis was required. ADC bioanalysis generally needs multiple analysis strategies, which can accurately quantify total antibody (TAb), antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), antibody-conjugate payload (ac-payload), and free-payload. In this work, we mainly described and validated a high throughput capture Liquid Chromatography tandem-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) bioanalysis method to detect the concentrations of ac-payload (such as MMAE) in cynomolgus monkey serum. This method was allowed to determinate the Drug to Antibody Ratio (DAR), obtained by n of ac-payload/ n of TAb. In addition, the technique could significantly improve the throughput of the pre-coated antibody on a 96-well plate. Besides, this method had no interference or carryover in endogenous substances and showed linearity (R2 ≥0.99) in the concentration range within 15.6-2000.0 ng/mL. The inter-run accuracy ranged from 75.8 % to 120.0 %, and precision was within ≤ 20.0 %. Meanwhile, selectivity and the benchtop stability of the method were also validated. This optimization method was successfully applied to the change of average DAR in P.K. study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Wang
- RemeGen, Ltd, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China; Rongchang Industry College, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Fengzhu Wang
- RemeGen, Ltd, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China; School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Ling Wang
- RemeGen, Ltd, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- RemeGen, Ltd, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Meiling Liu
- RemeGen, Ltd, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Shenjun Li
- RemeGen, Ltd, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Pharmaron (Beijing) Inc., Beijing 100176, China
| | | | - Jing Jiang
- Rongchang Industry College, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China; Department of Pharmacology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China.
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Determination of drug-to-antibody ratio of antibody-drug conjugate in biological samples using microflow-liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:1533-1545. [PMID: 36825963 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a promising modality for cancer treatment; however, considering their complicated nature, analytical complexity in understanding their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the body presents a significant challenge. Results: Vorsetuzumab maleimidocaproyl valine-citrulline p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl monomethyl auristatin E was used to develop pretreatment and analytical workflows suitable for ADCs. Monomethyl auristatin E release and drug-to-antibody ratio retention were consistent in mouse plasma but inconsistent in monkey and human plasma. Further, metabolites were species-specific. Microflow-liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) resulted in a 4-7-fold improvement in detection sensitivity compared with conventional flow LC-HRMS. Conclusion: Microflow-LC-HRMS can be a useful tool in understanding the complex properties of ADCs in the body from a drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics point of view.
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Yibing S, Minna T, Sidi Z, Chenchen H, Cheng L, Quanxiao L, Keke H, Wenping S, Zhixing L, Wenshu L, Zhenlin Y, Yanling W, Fuyou L, Jialu H, Tianlei Y. First Nerve-Related Immunoprobe for Guidance of Renal Denervation through Colocalization of NIR-II and Photoacoustic Bioimaging. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2201212. [PMID: 36047614 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nerve-related fluorophores generally locate in the visible or near-infrared region with shallow penetration depth and easy uptake by surrounding tissues. Prolonging the optical window promotes resolution by minimizing photoscattering and eliminating autofluorescence for NIR-II (second near infrared; 1000-1700 nm) and photoacoustic bioimaging. In addition, combination of the two could help in colocalization of targets at the 3D level. Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation (RDN), an alternative treatment recently finishing its clinical evaluation for treating resistant hypertension, is highly dependent on experience and in urgent demand for in vivo guidance in locating the nerve over the renal artery. Here, an NIR-II and photoacoustic bioimaging system based on a dye-modified anti-tyrosine-hydroxylase antibody (TH-ICGM) to illustrate the peritoneal sympathetic nerve-related region are combined. With high resolution (0.15 mm) in NIR-II region for both absorbance (λex = 925 nm) and fluorescence (bioimaging in λem ≥ 1300 nm), TH-ICGM succeeds in providing 3D coordinates of procedure position with a precision in 0.1 mm. As the first nerve-related NIR-II immunoprobe, TH-ICGM has great clinical potential as assistance for nerve-related interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yibing
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tang Minna
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhang Sidi
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hu Chenchen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Cheng
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Quanxiao
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Huang Keke
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Song Wenping
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Zhixing
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Wenshu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yang Zhenlin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wu Yanling
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Fuyou
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hu Jialu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ying Tianlei
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Jin Y, Edalatian Zakeri S, Bahal R, Wiemer AJ. New Technologies Bloom Together for Bettering Cancer Drug Conjugates. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:680-711. [PMID: 35710136 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug conjugates, including antibody-drug conjugates, are a step toward realizing Paul Ehrlich's idea from over 100 years ago of a "magic bullet" for cancer treatment. Through balancing selective targeting molecules with highly potent payloads, drug conjugates can target specific tumor microenvironments and kill tumor cells. A drug conjugate consists of three parts: a targeting agent, a linker, and a payload. In some conjugates, monoclonal antibodies act as the targeting agent, but new strategies for targeting include antibody derivatives, peptides, and even small molecules. Linkers are responsible for connecting the payload to the targeting agent. Payloads impact vital cellular processes to kill tumor cells. At present, there are 12 antibody-drug conjugates on the market for different types of cancers. Research on drug conjugates is increasing year by year to solve problems encountered in conjugate design, such as tumor heterogeneity, poor circulation, low drug loading, low tumor uptake, and heterogenous expression of target antigens. This review highlights some important preclinical research on drug conjugates in recent years. We focus on three significant areas: improvement of antibody-drug conjugates, identification of new conjugate targets, and development of new types of drug conjugates, including nanotechnology. We close by highlighting the critical barriers to clinical translation and the open questions going forward. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The development of anticancer drug conjugates is now focused in three broad areas: improvements to existing antibody drug conjugates, identification of new targets, and development of new conjugate forms. This article focuses on the exciting preclinical studies in these three areas and advances in the technology that improves preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | | | - Raman Bahal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Priya K, Rathinasabapathi P, Arunraj R, Sugapriya D, Ramya M. Development of multiplex HRM-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for specific and sensitive detection of Treponema pallidum. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:355. [PMID: 35648234 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02973-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochaete bacterium Treponema pallidum. This study has developed a multiplex High-Resolution Melt-curve Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (multiplex HRM-LAMP) assay targeting the marker genes polA and tprL to detect T. pallidum. The multiplex HRM-LAMP assay conditions were optimized at 65 °C for 45 min. Real-time melt-curve analysis of multiplex HRM-LAMP shows two melt-curve peaks corresponding to polA and tprL with a Tm value of 80 ± 0.5 °C and 87 ± 0.5 °C, respectively. The detection limit of multiplex HRM-LAMP was found to be 6.4 × 10-4 ng/μL (3.79 copies/μL) of T. pallidum. The specificity was evaluated using seven different bacterial species, and the developed method was 100% specific in detecting T. pallidum. A total of 64 blood samples of T. pallidum suspected cases were used to validate the assay method. The clinical validation showed that the assay was 96.43% sensitive and 100% specific in detecting syphilis. Thus, the developed method was more rapid and sensitive than other available methods and provides a multigene-based diagnostic approach to detect T. pallidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamoorthy Priya
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram District, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Pasupathi Rathinasabapathi
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram District, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Rex Arunraj
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram District, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Dhanasekaran Sugapriya
- Department of Medical Laboratory (Pathology), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi-Al Dawaser, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohandass Ramya
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram District, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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Liu T, Tao Y, Xia X, Zhang Y, Deng R, Wang Y. Analytical tools for antibody–drug conjugates: from in vitro to in vivo. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Källsten M, Hartmann R, Kovac L, Lehmann F, Lind SB, Bergquist J. Investigating the Impact of Sample Preparation on Mass Spectrometry-Based Drug-To-Antibody Ratio Determination for Cysteine- and Lysine-Linked Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9030046. [PMID: 32911603 PMCID: PMC7551423 DOI: 10.3390/antib9030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are heterogeneous biotherapeutics and differ vastly in their physicochemical properties depending on their design. The number of small drug molecules covalently attached to each antibody molecule is commonly referred to as the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR). Established analytical protocols for mass spectrometry (MS)-investigation of antibodies and ADCs often require sample treatment such as desalting or interchain disulfide bond reduction prior to analysis. Herein, the impact of the desalting and reduction steps-as well as the sample concentration and elapsed time between synthesis and analysis of DAR-values (as acquired by reversed phase liquid chromatography MS (RPLC-MS))-was investigated. It was found that the apparent DAR-values could fluctuate by up to 0.6 DAR units due to changes in the sample preparation workflow. For methods involving disulfide reduction by means of dithiothreitol (DTT), an acidic quench is recommended in order to increase DAR reliability. Furthermore, the addition of a desalting step was shown to benefit the ionization efficiencies in RPLC-MS. Finally, in the case of delayed analyses, samples can be stored at four degrees Celsius for up to one week but are better stored at -20 °C for longer periods of time. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that commonly used sample preparation procedures and storage conditions themselves may impact MS-derived DAR-values, which should be taken into account when evaluating analytical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Källsten
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Recipharm OT Chemistry AB, S-75450 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (J.B.); Tel.: +46-(0)18-4713696 (M.K.); +46-(0)18-4713675 (J.B.)
| | - Rafael Hartmann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Lucia Kovac
- Recipharm OT Chemistry AB, S-75450 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | | | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (J.B.); Tel.: +46-(0)18-4713696 (M.K.); +46-(0)18-4713675 (J.B.)
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