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Fabjanowicz M, Różańska A, Abdelwahab NS, Pereira-Coelho M, Haas ICDS, Madureira LADS, Płotka-Wasylka J. An analytical approach to determine the health benefits and health risks of consuming berry juices. Food Chem 2024; 432:137219. [PMID: 37647705 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Food products composition analysis is a prerequisite for verification of product quality, fulfillment of regulatory enforcements, checking compliance with national and international food standards, contracting specifications, and nutrient labeling requirements and providing quality assurance for use of the product for the supplementation of other foods. These aspects also apply to the berry fruit and berry juice. It also must be noted that even though fruit juices are generally considered healthy, there are many risks associated with mishandling both fruits and juices themselves. The review gathers information related with the health benefits and risk associated with the consumption of berry fruit juices. Moreover, the focus was paid to the quality assurance of berry fruit juice. Thus, the analytical methods used for determination of compounds influencing the sensory and nutritional characteristics of fruit juice as well as potential contaminants or adulterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Fabjanowicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Anna Różańska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Nada S Abdelwahab
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Marina Pereira-Coelho
- Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Des. Vitor Lima Av., Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina da Silva Haas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Admar Gonzaga Rd., 1346, Itacorubi, 88034-001 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Justyna Płotka-Wasylka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Pereira C, Cunha SC, Fernandes JO. Commercial beers: A source of phthalates and di-ethylhexyl adipate. Food Chem X 2023; 19:100768. [PMID: 37780332 PMCID: PMC10534124 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Beer is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide. Different materials used along its production and packaging can result in human exposure to phthalates and adipates. The aim of this study was to assess simultaneously the levels of phthalates and di-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) in commercial beer samples (n = 66) with a method based on DLLME and detection with GC-MS/MS, and further evaluate human exposure. Six out of seven compounds studied were found in the beers analysed, with levels ranging from 1.77 to 205.40 µg/L. The most prevalent was DEHA at 205.40 µg/L, while dimethyl phthalate (DMP) was not present in any sample. Samples with 5-6 % alcohol, packed in aluminium cans and produced in an industrial environment presented the highest level of these contaminants. Despite low-risk exposure to phthalates and adipate with beer, it is important to remember the ubiquitous nature of these compounds, which can lead to cumulative exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheila Pereira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology e Hidrology, Facultaty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C. Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology e Hidrology, Facultaty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - José O. Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology e Hidrology, Facultaty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Bhogal S, Grover A, Mohiuddin I. A Review of the Analysis of Phthalates by Gas Chromatography in Aqueous and Food Matrices. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-25. [PMID: 37647342 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2250876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
As a commonly well-known industrial chemical, phthalates are produced in high volumes to be used in various consumer products (e.g., plasticizers, medical devices, construction materials, and toys) to enhance softness, durability, transparency, and flexibility. Phthalates are generally not chemically bonded to the polymer chain of the plastic in which they are mixed. Thus, they may leach, migrate, or evaporate into indoor/outdoor air, and foodstuffs. In this review, a comprehensive overview of several sample preparation methods coupled with gas chromatography for the analysis of phthalates in various kinds of complex matrices, with a focus on the last 20 years' worth of papers. The review begins by highlighting the environmental significance of phthalate pollution along with the various routes to their exposure to general population. Then, the discussion is extended to cover the pretreatment and extraction techniques for phthalates for their quantitation based on gas chromatographic approach. Finally, the present and future challenges for the detection of phthalates in aqueous and food matrices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Bhogal
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Aman Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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Gan Y, Zhu Y. Multi-Residue Analysis of Chemical Additives in Edible Vegetable Oils Using QuEChERS Extraction Method Followed by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051681. [PMID: 35268782 PMCID: PMC8911653 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the quality and safety of food highly depend on its preservation and protection, the use of food packaging materials increases the risk of chemical contamination of the packaged food by migration. Herein, we focused on antioxidants, photoinitiators, UV absorbers and plasticizers which are extensive additives used in food packaging materials. In the present study, a rapid, simple, green and reliable method was developed and validated for the determination of twelve chemical additives in edible vegetable oils using SFC together with a modified QuEChERS procedure. Under the optimum conditions, twelve additives were separated within 10 min, and the consumption of the organic solvent was significantly reduced, which improved the environmentally friendliness. The performance of the developed method was evaluated. Good linearity (r > 0.999) was obtained in the range of 0.20−20.0 µg/mL and 0.50−20.0 µg/mL, respectively. The limits of detection and limits of quantification of the twelve additives in vegetable oils were 0.05−0.15 µg/mL and 0.15−0.50 µg/mL, respectively. Recoveries of all the chemical additives for the spiked samples were between 60.9% and 106.4%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) lower than 9.9%. The results demonstrated that the proposed method was efficient, reliable and robust for the routine analysis of additives in edible vegetable oils and can be an alternative to the multi-residue analysis of chemical additives for other packaged foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Gan
- Ecology and Health Institute, Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Xixi Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
- Correspondence:
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Rezaei H, Moazzen M, Shariatifar N, Khaniki GJ, Dehghani MH, Arabameri M, Alikord M. Measurement of phthalate acid esters in non-alcoholic malt beverages by MSPE-GC/MS method in Tehran city: chemometrics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:51897-51907. [PMID: 33993444 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are compounds that are used in the bottle as the main plasticizers. Therefore, the possibility of releasing phthalate esters into beverages is very high and there is a concern to consumer health and monitoring organizations. The aim of this research was to assess the phthalic acid esters (di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), bis(di-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and total PAEs) in bottled non-alcoholic malt beverages (n = 120) by multi-walled carbon nanotubes were magnetized with iron (MWCNT-Fe3O4) using gaschromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the highest and the lowest levels of total phthalate esters in samples were 9483.93 and 2412.50 ng/L, respectively. The mean of DEHP which has also been found to be carcinogenic in all samples was lower than 5944.73 ng/L. The highest concentration of DEHP in four samples was upper than 8957.87 ng/L. Perceived limit of detection (LOD) ranged from 13 to 30 ng/L and the limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 39 to 90 ng/L. Multivariate techniques and heat map visualization were used to assess the correlation among the type and levels of PAEs with the brand, color, product date, pH, sugar, volume, and gas pressure. Therefore, based on heat map and principal component analysis (PCA) results, the DEHP and total PAEs were the closest accessions, indicating that these variables had similar trends. Based on the results, it can be stated that due to the low average of total phthalate esters in non-alcoholic malt beverages, there is no serious health hazard of these compounds for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Rezaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Moazzen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Jahed Khaniki
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Dehghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Arabameri
- Food Safety Research Center (Salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Alikord
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Luís C, Algarra M, Câmara JS, Perestrelo R. Comprehensive Insight from Phthalates Occurrence: From Health Outcomes to Emerging Analytical Approaches. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9070157. [PMID: 34357900 PMCID: PMC8309855 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9070157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are a group of chemicals used in a multitude of important industrial products (e.g., medical devices, children's toys, and food packages), mainly as plasticizers to improve mechanical properties such as flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The wide occurrence of phthalates in many consumer products, including foods (e.g., bottled water, soft drinks, wine, milk, and meat) brings that most people are exposed to phthalates every day, which raises some concerns. Adverse health outcomes from phthalates exposure have been associated with endocrine disruption, deformities in the human reproductive system, increased risk of preterm birth, carcinogen exposure, among others. Apprehension related to the health risks and ubiquitous incidence of phthalates in foods inspires the development of reliable analytical approaches that allow their detection and quantification at trace levels. The purpose of the current review is to provide information related to the presence of phthalates in the food chain, highlighting the health risks associated with their exposure. Moreover, an overview of emerging extraction procedures and high-resolution analytical approaches for a comprehensive quantification of phthalates is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Luís
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.L.); (J.S.C.)
- Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, Unidade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Manuel Algarra
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain;
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.L.); (J.S.C.)
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Engenharia, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.L.); (J.S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-291-705-224
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Iqbal S, Iqbal MM, Javed M, Bahadur A, Yasien S, Hurr A, Ahmad N, Raheel M, Liu G. Modified QuEChERS extraction method followed by simultaneous quantitation of nine multi-class pesticides in human blood and urine by using GC-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1152:122227. [PMID: 32603923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid pesticides are the most common insecticides used worldwide. They may cause chronic poisoning in farmers and acute poisoning in homicidal or suicidal cases. The determination of trace levels of these pesticides in human blood and urine is very challenging. This study focuses on a simultaneous quantitation method that was developed and validated for multi-class nine pesticides belonging to organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid classes in human blood and urine. Target pesticides were extracted from blood and urine using a modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) extraction method. Capillary column DB-35 ms (15 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm) was used for chromatography with a 0.079 ml/min flow rate of carrier gas at constant pressure mode. Quantitation of sulfotep, phorate, carbofuran, chlorpyriphos, profenophos, triazophos, pyriproxyfen, lambda-cyhalothrin and permethrin was performed by mass spectrometer equipped with electron impact ionization source using selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The lower and upper limits of quantitation for all nine pesticides were 0.01 mg/L and 2.0 mg/dL respectively. The proposed method was proved to be simple, fast, sensitive, and robust. It has been applied to the analysis of 9 pesticides samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Iqbal
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, Guangdong, China.
| | - Muhammad Muntazir Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Toxicology, Punjab Forensic Science Agency Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Javed
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Ali Bahadur
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, South Korea
| | - Sara Yasien
- University College of Pharmacy, University of The Punjab Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amir Hurr
- Department of Toxicology, Punjab Forensic Science Agency Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raheel
- Department of Chemistry, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Guocong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, Guangdong, China.
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