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Fabjanowicz M, Różańska A, Abdelwahab NS, Pereira-Coelho M, Haas ICDS, Madureira LADS, Płotka-Wasylka J. An analytical approach to determine the health benefits and health risks of consuming berry juices. Food Chem 2024; 432:137219. [PMID: 37647705 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Food products composition analysis is a prerequisite for verification of product quality, fulfillment of regulatory enforcements, checking compliance with national and international food standards, contracting specifications, and nutrient labeling requirements and providing quality assurance for use of the product for the supplementation of other foods. These aspects also apply to the berry fruit and berry juice. It also must be noted that even though fruit juices are generally considered healthy, there are many risks associated with mishandling both fruits and juices themselves. The review gathers information related with the health benefits and risk associated with the consumption of berry fruit juices. Moreover, the focus was paid to the quality assurance of berry fruit juice. Thus, the analytical methods used for determination of compounds influencing the sensory and nutritional characteristics of fruit juice as well as potential contaminants or adulterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Fabjanowicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Anna Różańska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Nada S Abdelwahab
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Marina Pereira-Coelho
- Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Des. Vitor Lima Av., Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina da Silva Haas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Admar Gonzaga Rd., 1346, Itacorubi, 88034-001 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Justyna Płotka-Wasylka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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2
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Fathi AA, Afshar Mogaddam MR, Sorouraddin SM, Farajzadeh MA, Mohebbi A. Selective extraction of apixaban from plasma by dispersive solid-phase microextraction using magnetic metal organic framework combined with molecularly imprinted polymer nanocomposite. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2201055. [PMID: 37387553 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202201055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
This research aims to synthesize a specific and efficient sorbent to use in the extraction of apixaban from human plasma samples and its determination by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. High specific surface area of metal-organic framework, magnetic property of iron oxide nanoparticles, selectively of molecular imprinted polymer toward the analyte, and the combination of dispersive solid-phase extraction method with a sensitive analysis system provided an efficient analytical method. In this study, first, a molecularly imprinted polymer combined with magnetic metal organic framework nanocomposite was prepared and then characterized using different techniques. Then the sorbent particles were used for selective extraction of the analyte from plasma samples. The efficiency of the method was improved by optimizing effective parameters. According to the validation results, wide linear range (1.02-200 ng mL-1 ), acceptable coefficient of determination (0.9938), low limit of detection (0.32 ng mL-1 ) and limit of quantification (1.02 ng mL-1 ), high extraction recovery (78%), and good precision (relative standard deviations ≤ 2.9% for intra- (n = 6) and interday (n = 6) precisions) were obtainable using the proposed method. These outcomes showed the high potential of the proposed method for screening apixaban in the human plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akbar Fathi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Engineering Faculty, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey
| | - Ali Mohebbi
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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3
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Tong Y, Wu Y, Bai H, Li S, Jiang L, Zhou Q, Chen C. Highly efficient and simultaneous magnetic solid phase extraction of heavy metal ions from water samples with l-Cysteine modified magnetic polyamidoamine dendrimers prior to high performance liquid chromatography. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137340. [PMID: 36455659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to the strong metal-sulfur interaction between mercapto groups and metal ions, which can be used to functionalize polyamidoamine dendrimer decorated Fe3O4 nanoparticles for high enrichment of trace heavy metal ions from waters. Based on this concept, polyamidoamine dendrimer modified Fe3O4 nanomaterials were functionalized with l-Cysteine and a new magnetic solid phase extraction for rapid adsorption and separation of Hg2+, Pb2+, Co2+ and Cd2+ from waters was established. The factors affecting extraction efficiency have been optimized. Upon the optimal parameters, the established method provided good linear ranges of 0.1-200 μg L-1 for Hg2+ and 0.05-200 μg L-1 for Pb2+, Co2+ and Cd2+, and high sensitivity with limits of detection (LOD) of 0.018 μg L-1, 0.014 μg L-1, 0.013 μg L-1 and 0.025 μg L-1 for Cd2+, Pb2+, Co2+ and Hg2+, respectively. Real water samples were utilized to validate the proposed method, and achieved results revealed that the proposed method was sensitive, effective, stable and suitable for monitoring Pb2+, Cd2+, Co2+and Hg2+ in environmental waters. This work provided a novel strategy for the simultaneous analysis of target cations in waters, and a new direction for developing decoration method of nanomaterials according to specific purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Yalin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China; Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Huahua Bai
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Shuangying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Liushan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Qingxiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Chunmao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
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4
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Baghaei PAM, Mogaddam MRA, Farajzadeh MA, Mohebbi A, Sorouraddin SM. Application of deep eutectic solvent functionalized cobalt ferrite nanoparticles in dispersive micro solid phase extraction of some heavy metals from aqueous samples prior to ICP-OES. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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5
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Sorouraddin SM, Farajzadeh MA, Khosroshahian S. Vortex-assisted magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction using Tanacetum extract followed by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the extraction and preconcentration of Co(II) and Ni(II) from high volume of water samples. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mohebbi A, Nemati M, Ali Farajzadeh M, Reza Afshar Mogaddam M, Lotfipour F. High performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry determination of patulin and ochratoxin A in commercial fruit juices after their extraction with a green synthesized metal organic framework–based dispersive micro solid phase extraction procedure. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Parvizzad K, Sorouraddin SM, Farajzadeh MA. Preparation of a magnetic sorbent based on Tanacetum extract and its application in the extraction of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions from milk performed in a narrow-bore tube followed by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Peng R, Le J, Yang SL, Cheng JR, Li Y, Wang ST. Cold-induced phase separation for the simple and reliable extraction of sex hormones for subsequent LC-MS/MS analysis. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100158. [PMID: 34863861 PMCID: PMC8953666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones, including androgens, estrogens, and progestogens, are important biomarkers for various diseases. Quantification of sex hormones is typically conducted by LC-MS/MS. At present, most methods require liquid-liquid extraction or solid phase extraction for sample preparation. However, these pretreatments are prone to compromise LC-MS/MS throughput. To improve on the current standard practices, we investigated cold-induced phase separation for sex hormone extraction. After protein precipitation with acetonitrile and adjusting the solution constitution with water, samples were stored at -30°C for 10 min to generate two distinct phases: an acetonitrile-rich layer on top of a water-rich layer. During this process, the hydrophobic sex hormones spontaneously separate into the upper layer. This simple and reliable cold-induced phase separation-based LC-MS/MS methodology was used here to simultaneously detect estrone, estradiol, estriol, testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in serum. Validation of this method indicated satisfactory performance, including acceptable linearity, accuracy, precision, and tractability. Compared with the mainstream liquid-liquid extraction-based method, this new method exhibits significant progress in throughput, which shortens the time cost of sample preparation from 90 to 40 min. We propose that this method can be an excellent alternative for sex hormone analysis in routine clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Juan Le
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Shu-Lin Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jing-Ru Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Shao-Ting Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
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Xu L, Sai J, Xue D, Zhou L, Pei R, Liu A. Amplified Peroxidase-like Activity of Co 2+ Using 8-Hydroxyquinoline and Its Application for Ultrasensitive Colorimetric Detection of Clioquinol. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3957-3962. [PMID: 34605211 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
8-Hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) and its derivatives display diverse bioactivities and therapeutic potentials. In this study, we unveiled that 8HQ can boost the peroxidase-like activity of Co2+ in the presence of bicarbonate (HCO3 - ) in neutral pH at room temperature. With 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) as the substrate, the formed Co2+ /8HQ/HCO3 - complex shows robust catalytic activity with the turnover number (kcat ) tens to hundreds of times higher than that of Co3 O4 and other Co2+ complexes in terms of per cobalt ion. This system was used to design colorimetric sensors for ultrasensitive detection of 8HQ-based drugs by activating the activity of Co2+ . Take detecting clioquinol as an example, a detection limit of 2.4 nM clioquinol with a linear range from 0.01 to 0.2 μM was obtained. This work not only revealed a new kind of ligand that activated the activity of Co2+ , but also provided a facile, low-cost, ultrasensitive, easy-to-use, and universal strategy for sensing various 8HQ-based drugs. Further development of this catalytic system might be beneficial to overcome drug resistance by combined medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Xu
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Jialin Sai
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Dongguo Xue
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, P. R. China
| | - Renjun Pei
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
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10
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Hu S, Zhao M, Wang Z, Yang J, Chen D, Yan P. Development of a pH-dependent homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction by cold-induced phase separation in acetonitrile/water mixtures for determination of quinolone residues in animal-derived foods. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1649:462235. [PMID: 34038778 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A simple extraction procedure coupled with liquid chromatography-Q Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-Q Orbitrap HRMS) for the determination of 19 quinolones in animal-derived foods (pork, fish, egg and milk) has been developed. Sample preparation is based on homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction at pH > 9 using water-miscible acetonitrile with cold-induced phase separation. The procedure allowed one-step enrichment and cleanup of all the 19 quinolones with different logP properties to lower aqueous phase, which eliminated the process of preconcentration and re-dissolution for sample solution. Furthermore, an adsorption phenomenon was observed between conventional borosilicate glass injection vials and most of quinolones. In detection analysis, a scheduled variable full scan strategy was performed to improve detection performance in Q Orbitrap HRMS. Under optimal conditions, a superior limit of quantitation (0.028-0.192 μg/kg) in animal-derived foods was achieved using this proposed method. Lastly, this method was validated and applied successfully in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Zhongle Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Jiaying Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Dawei Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, China.
| | - Pengcheng Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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11
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Ma S, Jin X, Wei H, Liu Y, Guo M. Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasonic-assisted liquid-liquid micro-extraction combined with HPLC-FLD for diphenylamine determination in fruit. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 38:339-349. [PMID: 33332984 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1852320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, novel high extraction efficiency hydrophobic eutectic solvents (DESs), n-octanoic acid as a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and menthol as a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), were selected from five hydrophobic DESs to extract trace diphenylamine (DPA) in fruits apple, pear and orange under ultrasonic-assisted liquid-liquid micro-extraction (UA-LLME) technology before high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Working parameters such as the DESs type, molar ratio, extractant volume, and ultrasonic time of the LLME hydrophobic DESs technology were optimised. Average recoveries between 96% and 108% were obtained on actual samples. This method gave lower detection limit (LOD) than other existing methods due to combining the high-efficiency extraction of hydrophobic DES and high sensitivity of fluorescence detector. This method was sensitive and eco-friendly, and can be used for the determination of trace components in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Ma
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University , Dalian, China
| | - Xiuyi Jin
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University , Dalian, China
| | - Huan Wei
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University , Dalian, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University , Dalian, China
| | - Ming Guo
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University , Dalian, China
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12
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Pramanik A, Amer S, Grynszpan F, Levine M. Highly sensitive detection of cobalt through fluorescence changes in β-cyclodextrin-bimane complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12126-12129. [PMID: 32914795 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05812b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A supramolecular complex of syn-(methyl,methyl)bimane (1) and β-cyclodextrin demonstrates a sensitive (limit of detection = 0.60 nM) and selective fluorescence turn-off response in the presence of cobalt in aqueous media, with calibration curves enabling quantitation in solution and using filter papers on which bimane and cyclodextrin were adsorbed. 1H NMR spectroscopy provides insight into interactions underlying the sensor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Pramanik
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, 65 Ramat HaGolan Street, Ariel, Israel.
| | - Sara Amer
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, 65 Ramat HaGolan Street, Ariel, Israel.
| | - Flavio Grynszpan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, 65 Ramat HaGolan Street, Ariel, Israel.
| | - Mindy Levine
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, 65 Ramat HaGolan Street, Ariel, Israel.
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Ahmadi-Jouibari T, Aghaei A, Sharafi K, Fattahi N. Homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction based on liquid nitrogen-induced phase separation followed by GFAAS for sensitive extraction and determination of lead in lead-adulterated opium and refined opium. RSC Adv 2020; 10:29460-29468. [PMID: 35521102 PMCID: PMC9055943 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05304j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we developed a novel homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction based on liquid nitrogen-induced phase separation (HLLME-LNPS) for the extraction and determination of lead (Pb) in Pb-adulterated opium and refined opium by GFAAS analysis. In this procedure, first, 400 μl of acetonitrile (extractant) containing 7.0 μl of diethyl dithiophosphoric acid (DDTP) is injected into a sample solution and a homogeneous solution is formed. Subsequently, the homogeneous mixture is cooled using liquid nitrogen for 16 seconds. By this process, due to the difference in the freezing points of the organic and aqueous phases, the homogeneous state is broken and the Pb-DDTP species are extracted into the liquid organic phase collected on top of the frozen aqueous phase. The introduced method exhibited a good linearity with a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.9988 and an acceptable linear range of 0.6–100 μg l−1. Accordingly, the detection limit was 0.2 μg l−1 (S/N = 3) for Pb ions, and a high enrichment factor was obtained. The proposed method was successfully utilized to determine trace levels of Pb in opium samples. The results of the sample analysis showed that 65% of the opium samples and 85% of the refined opium samples had much higher than expected levels of contaminating Pb, and this contamination poses a serious threat to drug users. Herein, we developed a novel homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction based on liquid nitrogen-induced phase separation (HLLME-LNPS) for the extraction and determination of lead (Pb) in Pb-adulterated opium and refined opium by GFAAS analysis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Toraj Ahmadi-Jouibari
- Iran West Center for Drug Abuse Studies
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
- Kermanshah
- Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center
- Research Institute for Health Development
- Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
- Sanandaj
- Iran
| | - Kiomars Sharafi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH)
- Health Institute
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
- Kermanshah
- Iran
| | - Nazir Fattahi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH)
- Health Institute
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
- Kermanshah
- Iran
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