Distance-based paper device using polydiacetylene liposome as a chromogenic substance for rapid and in-field analysis of quaternary ammonium compounds

Development of a sustainable procedure for smartphone-based colorimetric determination of benzalkonium chloride in pharmaceutical preparations

A sustainable procedure offering green, simple, and rapid analysis was developed to determine benzalkonium chloride (BKC) in pharmaceutical preparations. The determination using smartphones was based on the ion pair colorimetric reaction with bromothymol blue (BTB), which produces a yellow color. The intensity of the product color, which is proportional to the concentration of BKC, was detected and evaluated using a smartphone camera and an image processing application. The procedure was performed in a microliter and was rapidly detected within 1 min after incubation. This offered high throughput at 28 samples per well plate in duplicate. Linear calibration, which was a plot of BKC concentrations and relative red intensities, was in the range of 2.0-24.0 μg/mL with an R2 of 0.997. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were 1.0 and 3.2 μg/mL, respectively. This work was successful in applying it to pharmaceutical materials, disinfectant products, and pharmaceutical products containing BKC. It was discovered that the concentrations of BKC as an active ingredient in pharmaceutical materials were 82% w/v, whereas those in disinfectant products ranged from 0.4 to 2.1% w/v. In pharmaceutical products, ophthalmic drops and nasal sprays contain BKC as preservatives in the 0.01-0.02, and the 0.02% w/v, respectively. The results obtained by the proposed procedure compared with a reference titration method showed no significant differences at a 95% confidence level with 1.2-3.4% RSDs. This promotes the efficiency of pharmaceutical preparations regarding infection prevention and control by ensuring that available disinfectants contain a sufficient concentration of BKC. Additionally, this improves the efficiency of pharmaceutical preparations for quality control of pharmaceutical products by ensuring that the available preservatives maintain a sufficient concentration throughout the lifespan of the products.

Clarity improvement of the discoloration boundary and detection of Hg2+ ions by using a polystyrene nanoparticle-modified paper-based microdevice

Distance-based microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) can be used to calculate the analyte content by reading the length of the discolored area in the channel. A blurred discoloration boundary is difficult to distinguish, resulting in reading errors. In this study, we constructed a μPAD modified with carboxyl-containing polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-μPAD) to improve the discoloration-boundary clarity. The filling of the pores of the fibers with the deposited polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs) caused a decrease in the paper porosity, resulting in a flow delay. Meanwhile, the carboxyl groups carried by PS NPs were able to form hydrogen bonds with hydroxyl-containing compounds FLPI, a Hg²⁺ probe, and the two factors acted synergistically to fix the FLPI to react in situ, raising the discoloration-boundary clarity. Compared with the unmodified μPAD, the detection of Hg²⁺ ions using the PS-μPAD still had a good linear relationship. Importantly, the color-depth difference inside and outside the discoloration boundary improved by about four times and showed excellent reproducibility in different populations. The method was simple and easy to expand, thereby providing an idea for more widespread application of distance-based μPADs.

The Road to Unconventional Detections: Paper-Based Microfluidic Chips

Conventional detectors are mostly made up of complicated structures that are hard to use. A paper-based microfluidic chip, however, combines the advantages of being small, efficient, easy to process, and environmentally friendly. The paper-based microfluidic chips for biomedical applications focus on efficiency, accuracy, integration, and innovation. Therefore, continuous progress is observed in the transition from single-channel detection to multi-channel detection and in the shift from qualitative detection to quantitative detection. These developments improved the efficiency and accuracy of single-cell substance detection. Paper-based microfluidic chips can provide insight into a variety of fields, including biomedicine and other related fields. This review looks at how paper-based microfluidic chips are prepared, analyzed, and used to help with both biomedical development and functional integration, ideally at the same time.

A Review of Stimuli-Responsive Smart Materials for Wearable Technology in Healthcare: Retrospective, Perspective, and Prospective

In recent years thanks to the Internet of Things (IoT), the demand for the development of miniaturized and wearable sensors has skyrocketed. Among them, novel sensors for wearable medical devices are mostly needed. The aim of this review is to summarize the advancements in this field from current points of view, focusing on sensors embedded into textile fabrics. Indeed, they are portable, lightweight, and the best candidates for monitoring biometric parameters. The possibility of integrating chemical sensors into textiles has opened new markets in smart clothing. Many examples of these systems are represented by color-changing materials due to their capability of altering optical properties, including absorption, reflectance, and scattering, in response to different external stimuli (temperature, humidity, pH, or chemicals). With the goal of smart health monitoring, nanosized sol-gel precursors, bringing coupling agents into their chemical structure, were used to modify halochromic dyestuffs, both minimizing leaching from the treated surfaces and increasing photostability for the development of stimuli-responsive sensors. The literature about the sensing properties of functionalized halochromic azo dyestuffs applied to textile fabrics is reviewed to understand their potential for achieving remote monitoring of health parameters. Finally, challenges and future perspectives are discussed to envisage the developed strategies for the next generation of functionalized halochromic dyestuffs with biocompatible and real-time stimuli-responsive capabilities.

A Simple Counting-Based Measurement for Paper Analytical Devices and Their Application

This work introduces the concept of a counting-based measurement on paper analytical devices (cPADs) to improve the utilization of numerous reactions. The design of cPADs consists of two layers of paper substrates; the first layer contains a central sample zone combined with a radial surrounded by 12 detection zones that are predeposited with the various reagents, and the second layer acts as a connection channel between the sample zone and each detection zone. The solution can vertically flow from the first to the second layer and then move through the area to each subsequent detection zone. The analyte level can be evaluated by counting the number of detection zones that change color from a blank signal. Furthermore, our cPADs exhibit a capability of implementation for a broad series of reactions. Compared to the dPAD technique, some reactions that are possibly difficult to apply in such devices can be wholly enabled in our devices. The final color reaction on cPADs can apparently occur due to its identity. We applied this technique to the monitoring of carbaryl (CBR) and copper ions (Cu²⁺) using different reactions, including azo-coupling and complexation, respectively. Accordingly, this indicates an excellent result validated using the more traditional methods. Our cPADs can be applied for rapid screening of both CBR and Cu²⁺ in water samples with outstanding accuracy and precision using a naked-eye measurement by a relatively unskilled person. We offer a simple platform on PADs for rapid screening, combining high cost-effectiveness within a miniaturized platform designed for use with onsite applications, which is thus suitable for several different reactions.