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Holmberg KO, Borgenvik A, Zhao M, Giraud G, Swartling FJ. Drivers Underlying Metastasis and Relapse in Medulloblastoma and Targeting Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1752. [PMID: 38730706 PMCID: PMC11083189 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastomas comprise a molecularly diverse set of malignant pediatric brain tumors in which patients are stratified according to different prognostic risk groups that span from very good to very poor. Metastasis at diagnosis is most often a marker of poor prognosis and the relapse incidence is higher in these children. Medulloblastoma relapse is almost always fatal and recurring cells have, apart from resistance to standard of care, acquired genetic and epigenetic changes that correlate with an increased dormancy state, cell state reprogramming and immune escape. Here, we review means to carefully study metastasis and relapse in preclinical models, in light of recently described molecular subgroups. We will exemplify how therapy resistance develops at the cellular level, in a specific niche or from therapy-induced secondary mutations. We further describe underlying molecular mechanisms on how tumors acquire the ability to promote leptomeningeal dissemination and discuss how they can establish therapy-resistant cell clones. Finally, we describe some of the ongoing clinical trials of high-risk medulloblastoma and suggest or discuss more individualized treatments that could be of benefit to specific subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl O. Holmberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden; (K.O.H.); (M.Z.); (G.G.)
| | - Anna Borgenvik
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Miao Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden; (K.O.H.); (M.Z.); (G.G.)
| | - Géraldine Giraud
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden; (K.O.H.); (M.Z.); (G.G.)
- Department of Women and Child Health, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Uppsala University Children’s Hospital, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik J. Swartling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden; (K.O.H.); (M.Z.); (G.G.)
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Talapatra J, Reddy MM. Lipid Metabolic Reprogramming in Embryonal Neoplasms with MYCN Amplification. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072144. [PMID: 37046804 PMCID: PMC10093342 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells reprogram their metabolism, including glucose, glutamine, nucleotide, lipid, and amino acids to meet their enhanced energy demands, redox balance, and requirement of biosynthetic substrates for uncontrolled cell proliferation. Altered lipid metabolism in cancer provides lipids for rapid membrane biogenesis, generates the energy required for unrestricted cell proliferation, and some of the lipids act as signaling pathway mediators. In this review, we focus on the role of lipid metabolism in embryonal neoplasms with MYCN dysregulation. We specifically review lipid metabolic reactions in neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, medulloblastoma, Wilms tumor, and rhabdomyosarcoma and the possibility of targeting lipid metabolism. Additionally, the regulation of lipid metabolism by the MYCN oncogene is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmayee Talapatra
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Mamatha M Reddy
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
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Drug Resistance in Medulloblastoma Is Driven by YB-1, ABCB1 and a Seven-Gene Drug Signature. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041086. [PMID: 36831428 PMCID: PMC9954169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapy resistance represents an unmet challenge in the treatment of medulloblastoma. Accordingly, the identification of targets that mark drug-resistant cell populations, or drive the proliferation of resistant cells, may improve treatment strategies. To address this, we undertook a targeted approach focused on the multi-functional transcription factor YB-1. Genetic knockdown of YB-1 in Group 3 medulloblastoma cell lines diminished cell invasion in 3D in vitro assays and increased sensitivity to standard-of-care chemotherapeutic vincristine and anti-cancer agents panobinostat and JQ1. For vincristine, this occurred in part by YB-1-mediated transcriptional regulation of multi-drug resistance gene ABCB1, as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Whole transcriptome sequencing of YB-1 knockdown cells identified a role for YB-1 in the regulation of tumourigenic processes, including lipid metabolism, cell death and survival and MYC and mTOR pathways. Stable cisplatin- and vincristine-tolerant Group 3 and SHH cell lines were generated to identify additional mechanisms driving resistance to standard-of-care medulloblastoma therapy. Next-generation sequencing revealed a vastly different transcriptomic landscape following chronic drug exposure, including a drug-tolerant seven-gene expression signature, common to all sequenced drug-tolerant cell lines, representing therapeutically targetable genes implicated in the acquisition of drug tolerance. Our findings provide significant insight into mechanisms and genes underlying therapy resistance in medulloblastoma.
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Heterogeneity of Extracellular Vesicles and Particles: Molecular Voxels in the Blood Borne "Hologram" of Organ Function, Disfunction and Cancer. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2023; 71:5. [PMID: 36729313 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-023-00671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and particles (EPs) serve as unique carriers of complex molecular information with increasingly recognized roles in health and disease. Individual EVs/EPs collectively contribute to the molecular fingerprint of their producing cell, reflecting its identity, state, function and phenotype. This property is of particular interest in cancer where enormous heterogeneity of cancer cells is compounded by the presence of altered stromal, vascular and immune cell populations, which is further complicated by systemic responses elicited by the disease in individual patients. These diverse and interacting cellular compartments are dynamically represented by myriads of EVs/EPs released into the circulating biofluids (blood) during cancer progression and treatment. Current approaches of liquid biopsy seek to follow specific elements of the EV/EP cargo that may have diagnostic utility (as biomarkers), such as cancer cell-derived mutant oncoproteins or nucleic acids. However, with emerging technologies enabling high-throughput EV/EP analysis at a single particle level, a more holistic approach may be on the horizon. Indeed, each EV/EP carries multidimensional information (molecular "voxel") that could be integrated across thousands of particles into a larger and unbiased landscape (EV/EP "hologram") reflecting the true cellular complexity of the disease, along with cellular interactions, systemic responses and effects of treatment. Thus, the longitudinal molecular mapping of EV/EP populations may add a new dimension to crucial aspects of cancer biology, personalized diagnostics, and therapy.
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Lee B, Mohamad I, Pokhrel R, Murad R, Yuan M, Stapleton S, Bettegowda C, Jallo G, Eberhart CG, Garrett T, Perera RJ. Medulloblastoma cerebrospinal fluid reveals metabolites and lipids indicative of hypoxia and cancer-specific RNAs. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:25. [PMID: 35209946 PMCID: PMC8867780 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01326-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. There remains an unmet need for diagnostics to sensitively detect the disease, particularly recurrences. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provides a window into the central nervous system, and liquid biopsy of CSF could provide a relatively non-invasive means for disease diagnosis. There has yet to be an integrated analysis of the transcriptomic, metabolomic, and lipidomic changes occurring in the CSF of children with MB. CSF samples from patients with (n = 40) or without (n = 11; no cancer) MB were subjected to RNA-sequencing and high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify RNA, metabolite, and lipid profiles. Differentially expressed transcripts, metabolites, and lipids were identified and their biological significance assessed by pathway analysis. The DIABLO multivariate analysis package (R package mixOmics) was used to integrate the molecular changes characterizing the CSF of MB patients. Differentially expressed transcripts, metabolites, and lipids in CSF were discriminatory for the presence of MB but not the exact molecular subtype. One hundred and ten genes and ten circular RNAs were differentially expressed in MB CSF compared with normal, representing TGF-β signaling, TNF-α signaling via NF-kB, and adipogenesis pathways. Tricarboxylic acid cycle and other metabolites (malate, fumarate, succinate, α-ketoglutarate, hydroxypyruvate, N-acetyl-aspartate) and total triacylglycerols were significantly upregulated in MB CSF compared with normal CSF. Although separating MBs into subgroups using transcriptomic, metabolomic, and lipid signatures in CSF was challenging, we were able to identify a group of omics signatures that could separate cancer from normal CSF. Metabolic and lipidomic profiles both contained indicators of tumor hypoxia. Our approach provides several candidate signatures that deserve further validation, including the novel circular RNA circ_463, and insights into the impact of MB on the CSF microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongyong Lee
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA ,grid.413611.00000 0004 0467 2330Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, 600 5th St. South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701 USA
| | - Iqbal Mohamad
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1395 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA ,grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Rudramani Pokhrel
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA ,grid.413611.00000 0004 0467 2330Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, 600 5th St. South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701 USA
| | - Rabi Murad
- grid.479509.60000 0001 0163 8573Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Menglang Yuan
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA ,grid.413611.00000 0004 0467 2330Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, 600 5th St. South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701 USA
| | - Stacie Stapleton
- grid.413611.00000 0004 0467 2330Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, 600 5th St. South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701 USA
| | - Chetan Bettegowda
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - George Jallo
- grid.413611.00000 0004 0467 2330Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, 600 5th St. South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701 USA
| | - Charles G. Eberhart
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Timothy Garrett
- Department Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1395 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Ranjan J. Perera
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA ,grid.413611.00000 0004 0467 2330Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, 600 5th St. South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701 USA
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Li Y, Wu Q, Hu E, Wang Y, Lu H. Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Metabolomes and Lipidomes for Tracking Changes and Therapeutic Response in Traumatic Brain Injury Surrounding Injured Area at Chronic Phase. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1363-1375. [PMID: 33793210 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex disease process that may contribute to temporary or permanent disability. Tracking spatial changes of lipids and metabolites in the brain helps unveil the underlying mechanisms of the disease procession and therapeutic response. Here, the liquid microjunction surface sampling technique was used for mass spectrometry imaging of both lipids and metabolites in rat models of controlled cortical impact with and without XueFu ZhuYu decoction treatment, and the work was focused on the diffuse changes outside the injured area at chronic phase (14 days after injury). Quantitative information was provided for phosphotidylcholines and cerebrosides by adding internal standards in the sampling solvent. With principal component analysis for the imaging data, the midbrain was found to be the region with the largest diffuse changes following TBI outside the injured area. In detail, several phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidic acids, and diacylglycerols were found to be significantly up-regulated particularly in midbrain and thalamus after TBI and XFZY treatment. It is associated with the reported "self-repair" mechanisms at the chronic phase of TBI activated by neuroinflammation. Several glycosphingolipids were found to be increased in most of brain regions after TBI, which was inferred to be associated with neuroinflammation and oxidative stress triggered by TBI. Moreover, different classes of small matabolites were significantly changed after TBI, including fatty acids, amino acids, and purines. All these compounds were involved in 10 metabolic pathway networks, and 6 target proteins of XFZY were found related to the impacted pathways. These results shed light on the molecular mechanisms of TBI pathologic processes and therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China
| | - En Hu
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China
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