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Cao X, Cong P, Song Y, Meng N, Fan X, Liu Y, Wang X, Xu J, Xue C. Comprehensive Lipidomic Analysis of Three Edible Microalgae Species Based on RPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39022817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Microalgae, integral to marine ecosystems for their rich nutrient content, notably lipids and proteins, were investigated by using reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). This study focused on lipid composition in three commonly used microalgae species (Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Schizochytrium limacinum) for functional food applications. The analysis unveiled more than 700 lipid molecular species, including glycolipids (GLs), phospholipids (PLs), sphingolipids (SLs), glycerolipids, and betaine lipids (BLs). GLs (19.9-64.8%) and glycerolipids (24.1-70.4%) comprised the primary lipid. Some novel lipid content, such as acylated monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (acMGDG) and acylated digalactosyldiacylglycerols (acDGDG), ranged from 0.62 to 9.68%. The analysis revealed substantial GLs, PLs, and glycerolipid variations across microalgae species. Notably, S. platensis and C. vulgaris displayed a predominance of fatty acid (FA) 18:2 and FA 18:3 in GLs, while S. limacinum exhibited a prevalence of FA 16:0, collectively constituting over 60% of the FAs of GLs. In terms of PLs and glycerolipids, S. platensis and C. vulgaris displayed elevated levels of arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), whereas S. limacinum exhibited a significant presence of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed MGDG (16:0/18:1), DG (16:0/22:5), Cer (d18:1/20:0), and LPC (16:1) as promising lipid markers for discriminating between these microalgae samples. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of lipid profiles in three microalgae species, emphasizing their distinct biochemical characteristics and potentially informing us of their high-value utilization in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province266003, China
| | - Peixu Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province266003, China
| | - Yu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province266003, China
| | - Nan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province266003, China
| | - Xiaowei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province266003, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province266003, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province266003, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province266003, China
| | - Changhu Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province266003, China
- Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266235, China
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Wood PL. Metabolic and Lipid Biomarkers for Pathogenic Algae, Fungi, Cyanobacteria, Mycobacteria, Gram-Positive Bacteria, and Gram-Negative Bacteria. Metabolites 2024; 14:378. [PMID: 39057701 PMCID: PMC11278827 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14070378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The utilization of metabolomics and lipidomics analytical platforms in the study of pathogenic microbes is slowly expanding. These research approaches will significantly contribute to the establishment of microbial metabolite and lipid databases of significant value to all researchers in microbiology. In this review, we present a high-level overview of some examples of biomarkers that can be used to detect the presence of microbes, monitor the expansion/decline of a microbe population, and add to our understanding of microbe biofilms and pathogenicity. In addition, increased knowledge of the metabolic functions of pathogenic microbes can contribute to our understanding of microbes that are utilized in diverse industrial applications. Our review focuses on lipids, secondary metabolites, and non-ribosomal peptides that can be monitored using electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Wood
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
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Makay K, Griehl C, Grewe C. Development of a high-performance thin-layer chromatography-based method for targeted glycerolipidome profiling of microalgae. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1149-1164. [PMID: 38172195 PMCID: PMC10850188 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The conditionally essential very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3), play a vital role in human nutrition. Their biological activity is thereby greatly influenced by the distinct glycerolipid molecule that they are esterified to. Here, microalgae differ from the conventional source, fish oil, both in quantity and distribution of VLC-PUFAs among the glycerolipidome. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a fast and reliable one-dimensional high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)-based method that allows the separation and quantification of the main microalgal glycerolipid classes (e.g., monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG)), as well as the subsequent analysis of their respective fatty acid distribution via gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). Following optimization, method validation was carried out for 13 different lipid classes, based on the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. In HPTLC, linearity was effective between 100 and 2100 ng, with a limit of quantification between 62.99 and 90.09 ng depending on the glycerolipid class, with strong correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.995). The recovery varied between 93.17 and 108.12%, while the inter-day precision measurements showed coefficients of variation of less than 8.85%, close to the limit of detection. Applying this method to crude lipid extracts of four EPA producing microalgae of commercial interest, the content of different glycerolipid classes was assessed together with the respective FA distribution subsequent to band elution. The results showed that the described precise and accurate HPTLC method offers the possibility to be used routinely to follow variations in the glycerolipid class levels throughout strain screening, cultivation, or bioprocessing. Thus, additional quantitative analytical information on the complex lipidome of microalgae can be obtained, especially for n-3 and n-6 enriched lipid fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolos Makay
- Research Group of Bioprocess Engineering, Center of Life Sciences of Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburger Str. 55, 06366, Köthen, Germany
| | - Carola Griehl
- Competence Center Algal Biotechnology, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburger Str. 55, 06366, Köthen, Germany
| | - Claudia Grewe
- Research Group of Bioprocess Engineering, Center of Life Sciences of Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburger Str. 55, 06366, Köthen, Germany.
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Körber TT, Sitz T, Abdalla MA, Mühling KH, Rohn S. LC-ESI-MS/MS Analysis of Sulfolipids and Galactolipids in Green and Red Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) as Influenced by Sulfur Nutrition. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3728. [PMID: 36835138 PMCID: PMC9965601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur (S) deprivation leads to abiotic stress in plants. This can have a significant impact on membrane lipids, illustrated by a change in either the lipid class and/or the fatty acid distribution. Three different levels of S (deprivation, adequate, and excess) in the form of potassium sulfate were used to identify individual thylakoid membrane lipids, which might act as markers in S nutrition (especially under stress conditions). The thylakoid membrane consists of the three glycolipid classes: monogalactosyl- (MGDG), digalactosyl- (DGDG), and sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerols (SQDG). All of them have two fatty acids linked, differing in chain length and degree of saturation. LC-ESI-MS/MS served as a powerful method to identify trends in the change in individual lipids and to understand strategies of the plant responding to stress. Being a good model plant, but also one of the most important fresh-cut vegetables in the world, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) has already been shown to respond significantly to different states of sulfur supply. The results showed a transformation of the glycolipids in lettuce plants and trends towards a higher degree of saturation of the lipids and an increased level of oxidized SQDG under S-limiting conditions. Changes in individual MGDG, DGDG, and oxidized SQDG were associated to S-related stress for the first time. Promisingly, oxidized SQDG might even serve as markers for further abiotic stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania T. Körber
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Sitz
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Muna A. Abdalla
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Karl H. Mühling
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
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Abdel Shakour ZT, El-Akad RH, Elshamy AI, El Gendy AENG, Wessjohann LA, Farag MA. Dissection of Moringa oleifera leaf metabolome in context of its different extracts, origin and in relationship to its biological effects as analysed using molecular networking and chemometrics. Food Chem 2023; 399:133948. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Alterations of Content and Composition of Individual Sulfolipids, and Change of Fatty Acids Profile of Galactolipids in Lettuce Plants (Lactuca sativa L.) Grown under Sulfur Nutrition. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11101342. [PMID: 35631767 PMCID: PMC9145530 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of chloroplast membrane lipids might serve as indicators of eco-physiologically induced and plant nutrition-induced changes during plant growth. The change in the degree of fatty acid saturation in the membranes is in particular a strategy of plants to adapt to abiotic stress conditions. Green multi-leaf lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) were subjected to three different sulfur (S) levels. Sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol derivatives (SQDG) might be affected by S nutrition. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the impact of S fertilization on the content and composition of individual SQDG. In addition to a change in the SQDG composition, a general change in the total lipid composition of the chloroplast membrane was observed. A significant increase in total SQDG content and doubling of the galactolipid content and significant alterations of individual SQDG were observed at elevated levels of S fertilization. High levels of S supply demonstrated a clear trend of increasing total chloroplast lipid content and concentrations of linolenic acid, in addition to a further decline in palmitic acid. The study opens perspectives on S supply and its crucial role in the build-up of photosynthetic apparatus. Moreover, it emphasizes the role of S-containing compounds, including sulfolipids, in modulating physiological adjustment mechanisms to improve tolerance ability to various abiotic stresses in plants and, consequently, plant food quality.
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