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Wesdemiotis C, Williams-Pavlantos KN, Keating AR, McGee AS, Bochenek C. Mass spectrometry of polymers: A tutorial review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:427-476. [PMID: 37070280 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the inception of synthetic polymeric materials in the late 19th century, the number of studies on polymers as well as the complexity of their structures have only increased. The development and commercialization of new polymers with properties fine-tuned for specific technological, environmental, consumer, or biomedical applications requires powerful analytical techniques that permit the in-depth characterization of these materials. One such method with the ability to provide chemical composition and structure information with high sensitivity, selectivity, specificity, and speed is mass spectrometry (MS). This tutorial review presents and exemplifies the various MS techniques available for the elucidation of specific structural features in a synthetic polymer, including compositional complexity, primary structure, architecture, topology, and surface properties. Key to every MS analysis is sample conversion to gas-phase ions. This review describes the fundamentals of the most suitable ionization methods for synthetic materials and provides relevant sample preparation protocols. Most importantly, structural characterizations via one-step as well as hyphenated or multidimensional approaches are introduced and demonstrated with specific applications, including surface sensitive and imaging techniques. The aim of this tutorial review is to illustrate the capabilities of MS for the characterization of large, complex polymers and emphasize its potential as a powerful compositional and structural elucidation tool in polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Addie R Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew S McGee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Calum Bochenek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
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Li H, Su QZ, Liang J, Miao H, Jiang Z, Wu S, Dong B, Xie C, Li D, Ma T, Mai X, Chen S, Zhong H, Zheng J. Potential safety concerns of volatile constituents released from coffee-ground-blended single-use biodegradable drinking straws: A chemical space perspective. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 467:133663. [PMID: 38325095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Incorporating spent coffee grounds into single-use drinking straws for enhanced biodegradability also raises safety concerns due to increased chemical complexity. Here, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in coffee ground straws (CGS), polylactic acid straws (PLAS), and polypropylene straws (PPS) were characterized using headspace - solid-phase microextraction and migration assays, by which 430 and 153 VOCs of 10 chemical categories were identified by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry, respectively. Further, the VOCs were assessed for potential genetic toxicity by quantitative structure-activity relationship profiling and estimated daily intake (EDI) calculation, revealing that the VOCs identified in the CGS generally triggered the most structural alerts of genetic toxicity, and the EDIs of 37.9% of which exceeded the threshold of 0.15 μg person-1 d-1, also outnumbering that of the PLAS and PPS. Finally, 14 VOCs were prioritized due to their definite hazards, and generally higher EDIs or detection frequencies in the CGS. Meanwhile, the probability of producing safer CGS was also illustrated. Moreover, it was uncovered by chemical space that the VOCs with higher risk potentials tended to gather in the region defined by the molecular descriptor related to electronegativity or octanol/water partition coefficient. Our results provided valuable references to improve the chemical safety of the CGS, to promote consumer health, and to advance the sustainable development of food contact materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanke Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Qi-Zhi Su
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Jinxin Liang
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Hongjian Miao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhongming Jiang
- Testing Center for Dutiable Valuation, Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Siliang Wu
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Ben Dong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Canghao Xie
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Dan Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China.
| | - Tongmei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Xiaoxia Mai
- Testing Center for Dutiable Valuation, Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Huaining Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Jianguo Zheng
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China; Testing Center for Dutiable Valuation, Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
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Samples R, Mukoyama R, Shaffer J, Mikucki J, Giddings LA. OpenASAP: An affordable 3D printed atmospheric solids analysis probe (ASAP) mass spectrometry system for direct analysis of solid and liquid samples. HARDWAREX 2023; 16:e00490. [PMID: 38186665 PMCID: PMC10767633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2023.e00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe (ASAP) mass spectrometry is a versatile technique allowing direct sampling of solid and liquid samples, but its adoption is limited due to the high cost of commercial ASAP systems. To address this, we present OpenASAP, an open-source ASAP system for mass spectrometers that can be fabricated for $20 or less using 3D-printing. Our design is readily adaptable to instruments from different manufacturers and can be produced with a variety of additive manufacturing techniques on consumer-grade 3D-printers. The probe allows for rapid sampling of solid and liquid samples without sample preparation, making it useful for high throughput screening, investigating spatial localization and function of analytes in biological samples, and incorporating mass spectrometry in instructional settings. We demonstrate its effectiveness by obtaining mass spectra of three natural product standards at levels as low as 10 ng/ml in liquid samples, and detecting these metabolites in microbial cultures that are difficult to analyze due to complex sample matrices or analyte properties. Furthermore, we demonstrate direct sampling of thin layer chromatography (TLC) spots of these cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Samples
- Biochemistry Program, Smith College, 100 Green St Northampton, MA 01063, USA
| | - Riko Mukoyama
- Biochemistry Program, Smith College, 100 Green St Northampton, MA 01063, USA
| | - Jacob Shaffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37902, USA
| | - Jill Mikucki
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37902, USA
| | - Lesley-Ann Giddings
- Biochemistry Program, Smith College, 100 Green St Northampton, MA 01063, USA
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Tsochatzis ED, Vidal NP, Bai W, Diamantidou D, Theodoridis G, Martinez MM. Untargeted screening and in silico toxicity assessment of semi- and non-volatile compounds migrating from polysaccharide-based food contact materials. Food Chem 2023; 425:136499. [PMID: 37285625 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The chemical safety of representative polysaccharide films made with pea starch, organocatalytic acetylated pea starch and pectin was investigated at different migration conditions (20 °C/10 days, 70 °C/2 h) using two official simulants signifying hydrophilic (simulant A, 10% ethanol) or lipophilic (simulant D1, 50% ethanol) foods. Migrating semi-volatile and non-volatile compounds were identified and semi-quantified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-trap ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TIMS-TOF-MS/MS), whereas their toxicity was evaluated by in silico models based on qualitative structure activity (QSAR). Physicochemical analysis revealed polymer wash-off into the simulants. Migration testing at 70 °C for 2 h using simulant D1 resulted in detectable concentrations of glycerol (≤72.1 mg/kg), monoacetylated maltose (≤6.5 mg/kg), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) (≤0.5 mg/kg, compliant with the existing legislative migration limits) in samples containing acetylated starch. Migrating 3-β-galactopyranosyl glucose (≤8.9 mg/kg) and 2,5-diketo-d-gluconic acid (≤4.9 mg/kg) were detected at 20 °C/10 days. In-silico toxicity emphasized no significant toxicity and categorized organocatalytic acetylated pea starch of no safety concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil D Tsochatzis
- Centre for Innovative Food (CiFOOD), Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Natalia P Vidal
- Centre for Innovative Food (CiFOOD), Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Wenqiang Bai
- Centre for Innovative Food (CiFOOD), Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Dimitra Diamantidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Biomic_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Biomic_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mario M Martinez
- Centre for Innovative Food (CiFOOD), Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark.
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Atmospheric solids analysis probe-mass spectrometry (ASAP-MS) as a rapid fingerprinting technique to differentiate the harvest seasons of Tieguanyin oolong teas. Food Chem 2023; 408:135135. [PMID: 36527922 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric solids analysis probe-mass spectrometry (ASAP-MS), an ambient mass spectrometry technique, was used to differentiate spring and autumn Tieguanyin teas. Two configurations were used to obtain their chemical fingerprints - ASAP attached to a high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (i.e., ASAP-QTOF) and to a single-quadrupole mass spectrometer (i.e., Radian™ ASAP™ mass spectrometer). Then, orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis was conducted to identify features that held promise in differentiating harvest seasons. Four machine learning models - decision tree, linear discriminant analysis, support vector machine, and k-nearest neighbour - were built using these features, and high classification accuracy of up to 100% was achieved. The markers were putatively identified using their accurate masses and MS/MS fragmentation patterns from ASAP-QTOF. This approach was successfully transferred to the Radian ASAP MS, which is more deployable in the field. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential of ASAP-MS as a rapid fingerprinting tool for differentiating spring and autumn Tieguanyin.
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Riboni N, Bianchi F, Cavazza A, Piergiovanni M, Mattarozzi M, Careri M. Mass Spectrometry-Based Techniques for the Detection of Non-Intentionally Added Substances in Bioplastics. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The safety of food contact materials is a hot topic since chemicals can migrate from packaging into food, thus raising health concerns about and/or producing changes in the organoleptic properties of foodstuffs. Migration tests are required to demonstrate the compliance with current regulations and to investigate the transferred compounds. In this context, mass spectrometry is the analytical technique of choice for the detection and quantitation of both intentionally added substances, such as antioxidants, stabilizers, processing aids, and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). Untargeted strategies represent a major analytical challenge, providing a comprehensive fingerprinting of the packaging material and migrating components, allowing for NIAS identification. Hyphenated mass spectrometry-based techniques have been devised for screening the presence of migrating contaminants and for quantitation purposes. Both low-resolution (LRMS) and high-resolution (HRMS) methods were screened, with a special emphasis on the latter because of its capability to directly characterize food contact materials with minimal/no sample preparation, avoiding chromatographic separation, and reducing sample handling, analysis costs, and time. Examples related to the migration of contaminants from existing or newly developed bioplastic materials will be discussed, providing an overview of the most used MS-based methods, covering the state-of-the-art approaches from 2012 up to 2022.
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Li N, Yu Y, Cui X, Liu Q, Xiong H. High-throughput UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS coupled with multivariable data processing approach for the rapid screening and characterization of chemical constituents and potential bioactive compounds from Danggui Shaoyao San. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5420. [PMID: 35638160 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Danggui Shaoyao San (DSS), a herbal formula, has been widely used for decades in China to treat senile dementia and dysmenorrhea. Here, an integrative high-throughput UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS method coupled with a multivariable data processing approach was established for rapidly screening and identifying chemical constituents and potential bioactive compounds from DSS. Through the comparison with mass fragment ions, relevant literature, and in-house reference material database coupled with MS cleavage mechanism, 150 chemical constituents, mainly including triterpenoids, flavonoids, phathalides, and organic acids, were tentatively characterized. Most of them were identified for the first time. Then, principal component analysis was used to evaluate the differences in chemical profiles between groups, whereas the variable importance of the projection (VIP) spectrum (VIP > 1) and the trend plot of orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were applied to intuitively screen the candidate variables present only in the dosed group. Consequently, by comparison with all the characterized components in vitro, 23 potential bioactive compounds were successfully identified, comprising 5 triterpenoids, 4 phathalides, 4 flavonoids, 4 organic acids, 3 lactones, and 3 other compounds, which were present in various medicinal materials, reflecting a synergistic mechanism. This work developed a rapid, reliable, and robust approach for comprehensive characterization of the chemical components and potential bioactive compounds of DSS, providing solid data for further research on pharmacodynamic substances and pharmacological mechanisms of DSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Nerve Injury and Repair, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, China
| | - Yongzhou Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Nerve Injury and Repair, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Hebei Institute for Drug and Medical Device Control, China
| | - Qi Liu
- The Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Hui Xiong
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Study and Exploitation of Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, China
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Rankin‐Turner S, Reynolds JC, Turner MA, Heaney LM. Applications of ambient ionization mass spectrometry in 2021: An annual review. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 3:67-89. [PMID: 38715637 PMCID: PMC10989594 DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS) has revolutionized the field of analytical chemistry, enabling the rapid, direct analysis of samples in their native state. Since the inception of AIMS almost 20 years ago, the analytical community has driven the further development of this suite of techniques, motivated by the plentiful advantages offered in addition to traditional mass spectrometry. Workflows can be simplified through the elimination of sample preparation, analysis times can be significantly reduced and analysis remote from the traditional laboratory space has become a real possibility. As such, the interest in AIMS has rapidly spread through analytical communities worldwide, and AIMS techniques are increasingly being integrated with standard laboratory operations. This annual review covers applications of AIMS techniques throughout 2021, with a specific focus on AIMS applications in a number of key fields of research including disease diagnostics, forensics and security, food safety testing and environmental sciences. While some new techniques are introduced, the focus in AIMS research is increasingly shifting from the development of novel techniques toward efforts to improve existing AIMS techniques, particularly in terms of reproducibility, quantification and ease-of-use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rankin‐Turner
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - James C. Reynolds
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLeicestershireUK
| | - Matthew A. Turner
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLeicestershireUK
| | - Liam M. Heaney
- School of SportExercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLeicestershireUK
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