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Dargah MM, Youseftabar-Miri L, Divsar F, Hosseinjani-Pirdehi H, Mahani M, Bakhtiari S, Montazar L. Triplex hairpin oligosensor for ultrasensitive determination of miRNA-155 as a cancer marker using Si quantum dots and Au nanoparticles. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 322:124750. [PMID: 39003825 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a new triplex hairpin oligosensor was developed for the determination of a breast cancer biomarker using silicon quantum dots (Si QD) (λex = 370 nm, λem = 482 nm) as donor and gold nanoparticles (GNP) as an acceptor in a FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) mechanism. In the triplex hairpin oligosensor, a triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO) labeled with Si QD and a single-strand DNA labeled with GNP form a hairpin shape with a triplex structure at the hairpin stem. In a turn-on mechanism, the triplex hairpin stem is opened in the presence of sequence-specific miRNA-155 which leads to the release of the Si QD-labeled TFO probe and recovery of the fluorescence signal. About 80 % of the fluorescence intensity of the Si QD-TFO is quenched in the triplex hairpin structure of the oligosensor and in the presence of 800 pM miRNA-155, the fluorescence signal recovered to 57.7 % of its initial value. The LOD of about 10 pM was obtained. The designed triplex-based biosensor can discriminate concentrations of breast cancer biomarkers with high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mohamadi Dargah
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Research Center (APIRC), Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Youseftabar-Miri
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faten Divsar
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mohamad Mahani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shadi Bakhtiari
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Research Center (APIRC), Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Montazar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
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Weng Q, Li H, Fan Z, Dong Y, Qi Y, Wang P, Luo C, Li J, Zhao X, Yu H. Enzyme-free and rapid colorimetric analysis of osteopontin via triple-helix aptamer probe coupled with catalytic hairpin assembly reaction. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1312:342764. [PMID: 38834269 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteopontin (OPN) is closely associated with tumorigenesis, growth, invasion, and immune escape and it serves as a plasma biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nevertheless, the accurate and rapid detection of low-abundance OPN still poses significant challenges. Currently, the majority of protein detection methods rely heavily on large precision instruments or involve complex procedures. Therefore, developing a simple, enzyme-free, rapid colorimetric analysis method with high sensitivity is imperative. RESULTS In this study, we have developed a portable colorimetric biosensor by integrating the triple-helix aptamer probe (THAP) and catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) strategy, named as T-CHA. After binding to the OPN, the trigger probe can be released from THAP, then initiates the CHA reaction and outputs the signal through the formation of a G-quadruplex/Hemin DNAzyme with horseradish peroxidase-like activity. Consequently, this colorimetric sensor achieves visual free-labeled detection without additional fluorophore modification and allows for accurate quantification by measuring the optical density of the solution at 650 nm. Under optimal conditions, the logarithmic values of various OPN concentrations exhibit satisfactory linearity in the range of 5 pg mL-1 to 5 ng mL-1, with a detection limit of 2.04 pg mL-1. Compared with the widely used ELISA strategy, the proposed T-CHA strategy is rapid (∼105 min), highly sensitive, and cost-effective. SIGNIFICANCE The T-CHA strategy, leveraging the low background leakage of THAP and the high catalytic efficiency of CHA, has been successfully applied to the detection of OPN in plasma, demonstrating significant promise for the early diagnosis of HCC in point-of-care testing. Given the programmability of DNA and the universality of T-CHA, it can be readily modified for analyzing other useful tumor biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Weng
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhichao Fan
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuchen Qi
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Peilin Wang
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Hua Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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Mousazadeh M, Daneshpour M, Rafizadeh Tafti S, Shoaie N, Jahanpeyma F, Mousazadeh F, Khosravi F, Khashayar P, Azimzadeh M, Mostafavi E. Nanomaterials in electrochemical nanobiosensors of miRNAs. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:4974-5013. [PMID: 38357721 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03940d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Nanomaterial-based biosensors have received significant attention owing to their unique properties, especially enhanced sensitivity. Recent advancements in biomedical diagnosis have highlighted the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) as sensitive prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for various diseases. Current diagnostics methods, however, need further improvements with regards to their sensitivity, mainly due to the low concentration levels of miRNAs in the body. The low limit of detection of nanomaterial-based biosensors has turned them into powerful tools for detecting and quantifying these biomarkers. Herein, we assemble an overview of recent developments in the application of different nanomaterials and nanostructures as miRNA electrochemical biosensing platforms, along with their pros and cons. The techniques are categorized based on the nanomaterial used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Mousazadeh
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Daneshpour
- Biotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Livogen Pharmed, Research and Innovation Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Rafizadeh Tafti
- Medical Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 89195-999, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Nahid Shoaie
- Department of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Jahanpeyma
- Department of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Mousazadeh
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khosravi
- Medical Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 89195-999, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Patricia Khashayar
- Center for Microsystems Technology, Imec and Ghent University, 9050, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Mostafa Azimzadeh
- Medical Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 89195-999, Yazd, Iran.
- Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 89195-999, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 89165-887, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Fokina A, Poletaeva Y, Dukova S, Klabenkova K, Rad’kova Z, Bakulina A, Zatsepin T, Ryabchikova E, Stetsenko D. Template-Assisted Assembly of Hybrid DNA/RNA Nanostructures Using Branched Oligodeoxy- and Oligoribonucleotides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15978. [PMID: 37958961 PMCID: PMC10650595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A template-assisted assembly approach to a C24 fullerene-like double-stranded DNA polyhedral shell is proposed. The assembly employed a supramolecular oligonucleotide dendrimer as a 3D template that was obtained via the hybridization of siRNA strands and a single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide joined to three- or four-way branched junctions. A four-way branched oligonucleotide building block (a starlet) was designed for the assembly of the shell composed of three identical self-complementary DNA single strands and a single RNA strand for hybridization to the DNA oligonucleotides of the template. To prevent premature auto-hybridization of the self-complementary oligonucleotides in the starlet, a photolabile protecting group was introduced via the N3-substituted thymidine phosphoramidite. Cleavable linkers such as a disulfide linkage, RNase A sensitive triribonucleotides, and di- and trideoxynucleotides were incorporated into the starlet and template at specific points to guide the post-assembly disconnection of the shell from the template, and enzymatic disassembly of the template and the shell in biological media. At the same time, siRNA strands were modified with 2'-OMe ribonucleotides and phosphorothioate groups in certain positions to stabilize toward enzymatic digestion. We report herein a solid-phase synthesis of branched oligodeoxy and oligoribonucleotide building blocks for the DNA/RNA dendritic template and the branched DNA starlet for a template-assisted construction of a C24 fullerene-like DNA shell after initial molecular modeling, followed by the assembly of the shell around the DNA-coated RNA dendritic template, and visualization of the resulting nanostructure by transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesya Fokina
- Faculty of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (A.F.); (K.K.)
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Yulia Poletaeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (Y.P.); (E.R.)
| | | | - Kristina Klabenkova
- Faculty of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (A.F.); (K.K.)
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Zinaida Rad’kova
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (Z.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Anastasia Bakulina
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (Z.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Timofei Zatsepin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Elena Ryabchikova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (Y.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Dmitry Stetsenko
- Faculty of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (A.F.); (K.K.)
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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Zeng X, Xu Q, Lai R, Tong X, Chen J, Wang D, Zhou X, Shao Y. Polarity-Specific and Pyrimidine-over-Purine Adaptive Triplex DNA Recognition by a Near-Infrared Fluorogenic Molecular Rotor. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15367-15374. [PMID: 37784221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Triplex DNA structures have displayed a wide range of applications including nanosensing, molecule switching, and drug delivering. Therefore, it is of great importance to effectively recognize triplex DNA structures by a simple and highly selective manner. Herein, we found that a near-infrared fluorogenic probe of NIAD-4 with a molecular rotor (MR) merit can selectively recognize triplex DNA structures over G-quadruplex, i-motif, and duplex structures (Tri-over-QID selectivity), which is competent over the widely used MR probe of thioflavin T (ThT). Furthermore, NIAD-4 exhibits as well a high selectivity toward the 'pyrimidine-type' triplex structures (Y:R-Y type) with respect to the 'purine-type' triplex structures (R:R-Y type) (a Y-over-R selectivity). Interestingly, NIAD-4 recognizes the Y:R-Y triplex structures by a polarity-dependent manner. The 3' end triplet is the preferential binding field of NIAD-4 with respect to the 5' end one (a 3'-over-5' selectivity) as the 3' end triplet is more stable than the 5' end one in the Hoogsteen hydrogen bond. It is expected that the adaptive stacking interaction between NIAD-4 and the 3' end triplet favors the Tri-over-QID, Y-over-R, and 3'-over-5' selectivities since this MR probe has three rotating shafts matching well with the triplet in topology. Such a high selectivity of NIAD-4 opens a new route in designing sensors with DNA structures switching between triplex, i-motif, and G-quadruplex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingli Zeng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Qiuda Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Rong Lai
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiufang Tong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoshun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yong Shao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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Fan Z, Weng Q, Li Y, Zeng T, Wang J, Zhang H, Yu H, Dong Y, Zhao X, Li J. Accurate and rapid quantification of PD-L1 positive exosomes by a triple-helix molecular probe. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1251:340984. [PMID: 36925282 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) positive exosomes (P-Exo) have been widely used for tumor diagnosis. However, accurate and rapid quantification of P-Exo remains challenging due to the heterogeneity of clinical individuals and isolation techniques. In this study, the triple-helix molecular probe (THMP) coupled with high-affinity silica-based TiO2 magnetic beads was used to isolate exosomes and to analyze the relative abundance of P-Exo in total exosomes (T-Exo). By employing this strategy, the entire analysis was completed within 70 min and the detection limit for P-Exo was 880 particles μL-1. Additionally, the relative abundance of P-Exo in T-Exo (RAP-Exo/T-Exo) was calculated from their fluorescence ratio, which could avoid errors due to differences in samples and separation methods, and identify 1.5 × 103 P-Exo from 5 × 106 T-Exo per microliter. RAP-Exo/T-Exo values were not only effective in distinguishing healthy volunteers from breast cancer patients, but also highly positively correlated with the stage of breast carcinoma. Overall, this strategy opens a new avenue for rapid and quantitative analysis of P-Exo, providing an opportunity for precise diagnosis and prediction of treatment efficacy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Fan
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qin Weng
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yingxue Li
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Tian Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Honglan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hua Yu
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Department of General Surgery, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Zhang P, Ouyang Y, Zhuo Y, Chai Y, Yuan R. Recent Advances in DNA Nanostructures Applied in Sensing Interfaces and Cellular Imaging. Anal Chem 2023; 95:407-419. [PMID: 36625113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China.,Institute of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ying Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
| | - Yaqin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
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Singh A, Maity A, Singh N. Structure and Dynamics of dsDNA in Cell-like Environments. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:1587. [PMID: 36359677 PMCID: PMC9689892 DOI: 10.3390/e24111587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a fundamental biomolecule for correct cellular functioning and regulation of biological processes. DNA's structure is dynamic and has the ability to adopt a variety of structural conformations in addition to its most widely known double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) helix structure. Stability and structural dynamics of dsDNA play an important role in molecular biology. In vivo, DNA molecules are folded in a tightly confined space, such as a cell chamber or a channel, and are highly dense in solution; their conformational properties are restricted, which affects their thermodynamics and mechanical properties. There are also many technical medical purposes for which DNA is placed in a confined space, such as gene therapy, DNA encapsulation, DNA mapping, etc. Physiological conditions and the nature of confined spaces have a significant influence on the opening or denaturation of DNA base pairs. In this review, we summarize the progress of research on the stability and dynamics of dsDNA in cell-like environments and discuss current challenges and future directions. We include studies on various thermal and mechanical properties of dsDNA in ionic solutions, molecular crowded environments, and confined spaces. By providing a better understanding of melting and unzipping of dsDNA in different environments, this review provides valuable guidelines for predicting DNA thermodynamic quantities and for designing DNA/RNA nanostructures.
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