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Schwalb L, Tiemann O, Käfer U, Rüger CP, Gröger T, Zimmermann R. Applying a risk assessment guided evaluation for verifying comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography to analyse complex pharmaceuticals. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1033-1045. [PMID: 38123752 PMCID: PMC10800299 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The reliability of analytical results is critical and indispensable when applied in regulated environments such as the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, analytical workflows must be validated. However, validation guidelines are often designed for quantitative targeted analysis and rarely apply to qualitative untargeted approaches. In this study, we employ a risk assessment approach to identify critical parameters which might influence the qualitative results derived by online derivatisation - comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC × GC-HR-ToF-MS) for the analysis of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) sodium bituminosulfonate (SBS). To show the complexity and feasibility of such an approach, we focus on investigating three potential risk factors: sample preparation, vapourability, and the thermal stability of sulfonates. Through the individual evaluation of these potential risk factors due to the application of sample preparation approaches and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), we demonstrate the high derivatisation efficiency and repeatability of the online derivatisation method and confirm the absence of derivatisation-induced side reactions. In addition, we also show the potential thermal instability of an incompletely derivatised API. To address the limitation of these individual assessments, we applied a holistic evaluation step with negative electrospray ionisation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI( -) FT-ICR MS) as an orthogonal technique. This confirms that most of the API is detected via the presented GC-based method. Thereby, we demonstrated the practical feasibility of the risk assessment-based approach to ensure the validity of the qualitative data for a complex untargeted method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schwalb
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ole Tiemann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe Käfer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christopher Paul Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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