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Arena A, Zoccali M, Tranchida PQ, Mondello L. Cryogenic-zone-compression gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in extra virgin olive oil. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1732:465248. [PMID: 39128238 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The present study is based on the development of a straightforward method for the determination (semi-quantification) of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) using "cryogenic-zone-compression" (CZC) gas chromatography-single quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QMS). The use of CZC (through a loop-type cryogenic modulator) to achieve enhanced signal-to-noise ratios (s/n), enabled a simplification of the sample preparation step. In fact, a single extraction process (using only 500 µL of acetonitrile) was performed prior to injection. The CZC GC-QMS method aligns with the principles of green analytical chemistry, and enabled an average s/n increase of 14-fold compared to conventional GC-QMS. The method limits of quantification were in the 0.07-8.33 µg kg-1 range. Accuracy (at the 2 μg kg-1 and 10 μg kg-1 concentration levels) was in the 82-103 % range. Intra-day and inter-day precision (at 2 μg kg-1 and 10 μg kg-1 concentration levels) were in the 1.9-14.7 % and 5.9-9.1 % ranges, respectively, while the recovery values (at 10 µg kg-1) ranged from 24 % to 99 %. For all the PAHs investigated, a positive matrix effect was observed. Two PAHs were detected (in the selected-ion-monitoring mode) in six EVOOs among the ten samples (not more than one PAH per sample).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Arena
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Mariosimone Zoccali
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Science, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina 98166, Italy.
| | - Peter Q Tranchida
- Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, Messina 98168, Italy; Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, Messina 98168, Italy
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2
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Mazur DM, Artaev VB, Lebedev AT. GC × GC-HRMS with complementary ionization methods in the suspect screening analysis of fragrance allergens: overwhelming or justified? Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:4987-4997. [PMID: 39001903 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Modern gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) allows for the analysis of complex samples, such as fragrances. However, identifying all the constituents in natural fragrance mixtures, especially allergens that need to be listed on product labels, is a significant challenge. This is primarily due to the high complexity of the sample and the fact that electron ionization, the most commonly used ionization method in GC-MS, produces numerous nonspecific fragment ions, often resulting in the absence or very low abundance of the molecular ion. These factors affect confidence in assigning the analyte. In this study, we demonstrate that the combination of GC × GC separation, with high mass resolution and accurate mass measurements, as well as chemical ionization in addition to traditional electron ionization, becomes an efficient tool for reliable qualitative analysis of a mixture containing 100 fragrance allergens, even when many of them are closely related species or isomers. The proposed approach expands the applicability of the comprehensive GC × GC-HRMS method, which includes complementary ionization techniques, from studies on anthropogenic priority pollutants and emerging contaminants to the analysis of natural products. Although targeted qualitative and quantitative analysis of allergens in the modern laboratories is well organized, GC × GC-HRMS, being a useful complement to routine quality control of volatile allergens in fragrances, definitely gives an additional contribution to the analytical cases when conventional 1D-GC-MS faces some problems or uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii M Mazur
- Department of Materials Science, MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, 517182, China
| | | | - Albert T Lebedev
- Department of Materials Science, MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, 517182, China.
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Reichert B, Pizzutti IR, Jänisch BD, Zorzella Fontana ME. Improving analytical performance for pesticides and mycotoxins determination in Brazilian table olives: one extraction and one analysis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:4124-4135. [PMID: 38860427 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00576g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
This paper describes an extensive study in which a multiclass QuEChERS based approach was optimized for determination of 150 pesticides and 7 mycotoxins in table olives. Three versions of QuEChERS were evaluated and compared (unbuffered, citrate and acetate buffering). A combination of EMR-Lipid cartridges and liquid nitrogen or freezer freezing out were tested for clean-up of the oily olive extracts. Analysis of the extracts were performed by LC-MS/MS triple quadrupole. The best results were achieved using acetate QuEChERS with liquid nitrogen for clean-up. For validation, organic olives were ground and spiked at 4 concentrations with pesticides and mycotoxins (n = 5). The linearity of the calibration curves was assessed by analyzing calibration standards of 7 concentrations which were prepared separately in acetonitrile and in blank olive extract (n = 5). The validation study demonstrated that the calculated r2 was ≥0.99 for 144 pesticides and 6 mycotoxins, when the calibration curves were prepared in matrix extract, showing satisfactory linearity. Matrix effects were within the range of ±20% for only 46 pesticides and one mycotoxin. Then, to ensure reliable quantification, calibration standards had to be matrix-matched. In accuracy experiments 138 pesticides and 6 mycotoxins presented recoveries from 70 to 120% and RSD ≤ 20% for at least 2 of the 4 spike concentrations evaluated, being successfully validated. The integrated QuEChERS and LC-MS/MS method meet MRL for 11 of the 21 pesticides regulated for olives in Brazil and for 132 pesticides which are regulated in the EU law. Eleven commercial table olive samples were analyzed and 4 of them tested positive for pesticides. All the positive samples violate the Brazilian law and one sample violates also the European law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Reichert
- HUSM - University Hospital of Santa Maria, Pharmacy Sector (SFH), 1000 Roraima Ave, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Ionara Regina Pizzutti
- UFSM - Federal University of Santa Maria, Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), 1000 Roraima Ave, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Bárbara Daiana Jänisch
- UFSM - Federal University of Santa Maria, Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), 1000 Roraima Ave, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Marlos Eduardo Zorzella Fontana
- UFSM - Federal University of Santa Maria, Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), 1000 Roraima Ave, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Erminia Schiano M, Sodano F, Cassiano C, Magli E, Seccia S, Grazia Rimoli M, Albrizio S. Monitoring of seven pesticide residues by LC-MS/MS in extra virgin olive oil samples and risk assessment for consumers. Food Chem 2024; 442:138498. [PMID: 38245984 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Residue levels of seven pesticides were analyzed in thirty-five samples of Extra Virgin Olive Oil to assess the health risk of consuming Italian oils correlated with the presence of these pesticides. An in-house analytical procedure was developed and validated, consisting of a specific dispersive solid-phase extraction using the QuEChERS technique and a qualitative-quantitative analysis using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Thirty-four percent of the samples were contaminated with pesticide residues; in the concentration range of 0.53-0.56 ng/mL for imazalil, 1.11-1.56 ng/mL for acetamiprid-N-desmethyl, 1.28-1.46 ng/mL for clothianidin, 0.94-1.49 ng/mL for thiacloprid, 1.08-4.64 ng/mL for dinotefuran, 0.42-1.47 ng/mL for thiamethoxam, 0.42-6.14 ng/mL for imidacloprid). Risk assessment was evaluated using the hazard quotient, hazard index, and Pesticide Residue Intake Model by EFSA. All hazard indices confirmed that the concentrations of pesticides detected in the oil samples did not represent a short or long-term risk for consumers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Erminia Schiano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, I-00136 Rome, Italy; Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Federica Sodano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cassiano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Elisa Magli
- Dipartimento di Sanità, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Serenella Seccia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Rimoli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, I-00136 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefania Albrizio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, I-00136 Rome, Italy.
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Arena A, Ferracane A, Zoccali M, Obkircher M, Sprecher H, Tranchida PQ, Mondello L. Direct extraction with acetonitrile of hemp seed oil for the analysis of pesticides by using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1710:464432. [PMID: 37832462 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The method herein described involves a rapid and limited-volume (0.5 mL of acetonitrile) solvent-extraction sample preparation process, for pesticide determination in hemp seed oil. The extraction method was characterized by the absence of both clean-up or pre-concentration steps. The extracts were directly analyzed through cryogenic-modulation comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The novelty characterizing the present research [compared to a previous one (Arena et al., 2023)] is related to the extension of the number of pesticides (97), and to the investigation of a more challenging matrix, contained in a vegetable oil of increasing interest among consumers. Linearity, limits of detection and quantification, accuracy, precision, recovery, and matrix effect were measured. Particular emphasis was devoted to the matrix effect, with the co-extracted matrix amount defined. Three international regulations (Canada, California, Europe) were considered, and the obtained limits of quantification were found to be too high in five (Canada) and twelve (Europe) cases, for a total number of 15 pesticides. The analysis of ten commercial samples showed the presence of seven pesticide residues in four of them, at concentration levels ranging from 0.02 to 0.98 mg kg-1, with most over the regulation residue limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Arena
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Ferracane
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariosimone Zoccali
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Science, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Markus Obkircher
- Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH (a subsidiary of Merck KGaA), Industriestrasse 25, CH-9470, Buchs SG, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Sprecher
- Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH (a subsidiary of Merck KGaA), Industriestrasse 25, CH-9470, Buchs SG, Switzerland
| | - Peter Q Tranchida
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Munjanja BK, Nomngongo PN, Mketo N. Organochlorine pesticides in vegetable oils: An overview of occurrence, toxicity, and chromatographic determination in the past twenty-two years (2000-2022). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37335094 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2222010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are used globally to control pests in the food industry. However, some have been banned due to their toxicity. Although they have been banned, OCPs are still discharged into the environment and persist for long periods of time. Therefore, this review focused on the occurrence, toxicity, and chromatographic determination of OCPs in vegetable oils over the last 22 years (2000-2022) (111 references).Literature search shows that OCPs kill pests by destroying endocrine, teratogenic, neuroendocrine, immune, and reproductive systems. However, only five studies investigated the fate of OCPs in vegetable oils and the outcome revealed that some of the steps involved during oil processing introduce more OCPs. Moreover, direct chromatographic determination of OCPs was mostly performed using online LC-GC methods fitted with oven transfer adsorption desorption interface. While indirect chromatographic determination was favored by QuEChERS extraction technique, gas chromatography frequently coupled to electron capture detection (ECD), gas chromatography in selective ion monitoring mode (SIM), and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) were the most common techniques used for detection. However, the greatest challenge still faced by analytical chemists is to obtain clean extracts with acceptable extraction recoveries (70-120%). Hence, more research is still required to develop greener and selective extraction methods toward OCPs, thus improving extraction recoveries. Moreover, advanced techniques like gas chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) must also be explored. OCPs prevalence in vegetable oils varied greatly in various countries, and concentrations of up to 1500 µg/kg were reported. Additionally, the percentage of positive samples ranged from 1.1 to 97.5% for endosulfan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil K Munjanja
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Florida Science Campus, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Philiswa N Nomngongo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nomvano Mketo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Florida Science Campus, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Romagnoli M, Scarparo A, Catani M, Giannì B, Pasti L, Cavazzini A, Franchina FA. Development and validation of a GC × GC-ToFMS method for the quantification of pesticides in environmental waters. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04686-8. [PMID: 37093233 PMCID: PMC10328859 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04686-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Water is a fundamental resource for living things, which is why its control is necessary. The widespread use of pesticides for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes has resulted in the presence of their residues in surface water and groundwater resources. Their presence in water is regulated through different directives, such as the Groundwater Directive, the Drinking Water Directive, and the Water Framework Directive, modified later several times, setting a maximum concentration of 0.1 µg.L-1 for individual pesticides and their degradation products, and 0.5 µg.L-1 for total pesticide residues present in a sample. There are different kinds of pesticides (e.g., organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides, triazines, chloroacetamides, triazoles, (thio)carbamates) that have diverse chemical structures. Their determination and monitoring in a single analytical procedure are possible through multiresidue methods. In this study, 53 pesticides belonging to different chemical classes and their metabolites were selected based on their local occurrence and investigated in surface water and groundwater from agricultural areas susceptible to pesticide contamination. The methodology consisted of a classical solid-phase extraction (SPE) for the purification and enrichment of the pesticides, with a subsequent analysis in multidimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS). The quantification method was validated according to the Eurachem Guide in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, and limit of quantification. After validation, the method was applied to 34 real-world water samples, and the results were compared with those obtained by a GC-QMS routine method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Romagnoli
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Scarparo
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente - ARPAV, via Lissa, 30174, Mestre, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Biagio Giannì
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente - ARPAV, via Lissa, 30174, Mestre, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Flavio A Franchina
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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