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Cao XL, Sparling M, Zhao W, Arbuckle TE. GC-MS Analysis of Phthalates and Di-(2-thylhexyl) Adipate in Canadian Human Milk for Exposure Assessment of Infant Population. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:98-102. [PMID: 33216865 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although more information has become available on the occurrence of phthalates and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) in foods including cow's milk, information on their presence in human milk, the important and recommended sole diet for infants up to six months of age, is very limited, especially for DEHA. OBJECTIVE To develop a GC-MS method for simultaneous analysis of DEHA and phthalates in human milk samples and generate occurrence data for exposure assessment. METHOD Human milk samples were extracted with acetonitrile followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction and GC-MS analysis. RESULTS Among the 305 human milk samples collected from the Canadian Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals Study, some phthalates (DHxP, BBzP, and DOP) were not detected in any of the samples, while DEHA and the other phthalates (DMP, DEP, DBP, DiBP, and DEHP) were detected at low frequencies with levels from 30.4-237 ng/g in up to 31 of the 305 human milk samples. CONCLUSIONS In general, DEHA and phthalates were detected at low frequencies and low levels in the 305 human milk samples. HIGHLIGHTS A GC-MS method based on dispersive solid phase extraction was developed for analysis of DEHA and eight phthalates in 305 human milk samples for exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Liang Cao
- Health Canada, Food Directorate, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Research Division, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0K9
| | - Melissa Sparling
- Health Canada, Food Directorate, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Research Division, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0K9
| | - Wendy Zhao
- Health Canada, Food Directorate, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Research Division, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0K9
| | - Tye E Arbuckle
- Health Canada, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, 101 Tunney's Pasture Dr, AL 0201A, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0K9
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Sugeng EJ, Symeonides C, O'Hely M, Vuillermin P, Sly PD, Vijayasarathy S, Thompson K, Pezic A, Mueller JF, Ponsonby AL. Predictors with regard to ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption of estimated phthalate daily intakes in pregnant women: The Barwon infant study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105700. [PMID: 32361062 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to phthalate chemicals, used in consumer product plastics, occurs throughout the day. Phthalate levels in pregnant women are associated with offspring health effects including obesity and neurodevelopmental problems. Knowledge of predictors of exposure is necessary in order to effectively reduce phthalate exposure. The present study aims to identify predictors of phthalate levels in Australian pregnant women from the Barwon Infant study birth cohort. Maternal urine samples from 841 women were analyzed for phthalate metabolites. Maternal diet and food preparation practices, use of volatile household products, household characteristics and personal care product use were assessed with questionnaires. All maternal urine contained phthalate metabolites. Maternal prenatal high-fat milk consumption was associated with higher benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP) (p < 0.001), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (p = 0.0023). Higher phthalate levels were associated with consumption of tinned food (fish and tomatoes). Diethyl phthalate (DEP) levels were significantly higher when women reported using air freshener (35% increase, p = 0.01), aerosols (40% increase, p = 0.005), hair treatment chemicals (28% increase, p = 0.031), and chlorine (34% increase, p = 0.009) compared to no use. Maternal phthalate levels did not vary by reported plastic avoidance during pregnancy. The study showed that phthalate exposure is ubiquitous and increased by multiple factors. Future intervention studies to reduce phthalate levels among pregnant women will need to take into account the variety of sources identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva J Sugeng
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christos Symeonides
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin O'Hely
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Vuillermin
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Soumini Vijayasarathy
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kristie Thompson
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Angela Pezic
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anne-Louise Ponsonby
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Yang J, Song W, Wang X, Li Y, Sun J, Gong W, Sun C. Migration of phthalates from plastic packages to convenience foods and its cumulative health risk assessments. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2019; 12:151-158. [PMID: 30773137 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2019.1574909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Yang
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Weizhong Song
- School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yongxin Li
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiannan Sun
- School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Weilei Gong
- School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
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5
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Bandele OJ, Cureton LT, Bailey AB, Ogungbesan A. A review of dietary exposure and toxicological information on epoxidised soybean oil (ESBO) in food-contact applications. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2204-2219. [PMID: 30281400 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1506161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasticisers have a long history of use in the industrial manufacture and processing of polymers for the purpose of increasing the flexibility and strength of the material. Approximately, 80-90% of the plasticiser market is devoted to the production of PVC, a highly versatile thermoplastic used to produce both rigid and flexible articles. Many types of plasticisers, including ortho-phthalate esters (OPE), can be added to PVC to impart flexibility. Recently, alternatives to OPEs, such as epoxy esters and aliphatic adipates, are becoming more prevalent for use in PVC-based food-contact articles. Epoxidised soybean oil (ESBO) is used as a plasticiser in flexible PVC for many food-contact articles, including food packaging and food processing equipment, from which it can potentially migrate into food and become a component of an individual's daily diet. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the US dietary exposure and toxicological information on ESBO used in PVC-based food-contact articles. The cumulative dietary concentration (CDC) and cumulative estimated daily intake (CEDI) for ESBO from its use as a plasticiser in PVC-based food-contact articles (i.e. gaskets for glass jar lids and film wraps) was calculated to be 2.6 mg/kg (i.e. ppm) and 0.13 mg/kg bw/d, respectively, for the general population. Some regulatory agencies have reported safety levels for ESBO, and the most conservative no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was identified to be 100 mg/kg bw/d (i.e. 2000 ppm) based on a two-year feeding study in rats. The current CEDI is well below these levels, supporting the safe use of ESBO in food-contact applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omari J Bandele
- a Division of Food Contact Notifications, Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , College Park , MD , USA
| | - LaShonda T Cureton
- a Division of Food Contact Notifications, Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Allan B Bailey
- a Division of Food Contact Notifications, Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Adejoke Ogungbesan
- a Division of Food Contact Notifications, Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , College Park , MD , USA
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Carlos KS, de Jager LS, Begley TH. Investigation of the primary plasticisers present in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products currently authorised as food contact materials. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1214-1222. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1447695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S. Carlos
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lowri S. de Jager
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Timothy H. Begley
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
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Grob K. The European system for the control of the safety of food-contact materials needs restructuring: a review and outlook for discussion. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1332431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koni Grob
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
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Škrbić BD, Ji Y, Živančev JR, Jovanović GG, Jie Z. Mycotoxins, trace elements, and phthalates in marketed rice of different origin and exposure assessment. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2017; 10:256-267. [PMID: 28618849 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1342701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine levels of 11 mycotoxins, 10 trace elements, and 6 phthalates in rice samples from Serbian and Chinese market. Mycotoxins were not detected in any of the analysed rice samples. Results revealed similar median levels for following elements: Mn, 17.5 and 15.7 mg kg-1; Fe, 2.47 and 2.12 mg kg-1; Cu, 1.95 and 1.59 mg kg-1 in marketed samples from Serbia and China, respectively. Median concentration of Ni in Serbian marketed samples was 1.9 times higher than in Chinese ones. The median levels (µg kg-1) of phthalates ranged from 1.2 (benzylbutyl phthalate [BBP]) - 566 (di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate [DEHP]) and 1.7 (BBP) - 348 (DEHP) in Serbian and Chinese marketed samples, respectively. The results were used to assess daily exposure of Serbian and Chinese adult consumers. The calculated target hazard quotients indicated that the potential risk attributable to the analysed contaminants in rice samples should not be of concern neither for the Serbian nor the Chinese consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana D Škrbić
- a Faculty of Technology, Centre of Excellence in Food Safety and Emerging Risks , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Republic of Serbia
| | - Yaqin Ji
- b College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin , China
| | - Jelena R Živančev
- a Faculty of Technology, Centre of Excellence in Food Safety and Emerging Risks , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Republic of Serbia
| | | | - Zhao Jie
- b College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin , China
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Correia-Sá L, Schütze A, Norberto S, Calhau C, Domingues VF, Koch HM. Exposure of Portuguese children to the novel non-phthalate plasticizer di-(iso-nonyl)-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 102:79-86. [PMID: 28188053 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Di-(iso-nonyl)-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) is used as substitute for high molecular weight phthalate plasticizers such as di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-(iso-nonyl) phthalate (DINP). Due to a rapid substitution process we have to assume omnipresent and increasing DINCH exposures. The aim of this study was to evaluate DINCH exposure in 112 children (4-18years old) from Portugal, divided in two groups: 1) normal-/underweight following the usual diet; and 2) obese/overweight but under strict nutritional guidance. First morning urine samples were collected during the years 2014 and 2015. Oxidized DINCH metabolites (OH-MINCH, oxo-MINCH, cx-MINCH) were analyzed after enzymatic hydrolysis via on-line HPLC-MS/MS with isotope dilution quantification. We detected DINCH metabolites in all analyzed samples. Urinary median (95th percentile) concentrations were 2.14μg/L (15.91) for OH-MINCH, followed by 1.10μg/L (7.54) for oxo-MINCH and 1.08μg/L (7.33) for cx-MINCH. We observed no significant differences between the two child-groups; only after creatinine adjustment, we found higher metabolite concentrations in the younger compared to the older children. Median (95th percentile) daily DINCH intakes were in the range of 0.37 to 0.76 (2.52 to 5.61) μg/kg body weight/day depending on calculation model and subpopulation. Body weight related daily intakes were somewhat higher in Group 1 compared to Group 2, irrespective of the calculation model. However, in terms of absolute amounts (μg/day), DINCH intakes were higher in Group 2 compared to Group 1. In regard to age, we calculated higher intakes for the younger children compared to older children, but only with the creatinine-based model. This new data for southern European, Portuguese children adds information to the scarce knowledge on DINCH, confirming omnipresent exposure and suggesting higher exposures in children than adults. Significant sources and routes of exposure have yet to be unveiled. For now, all calculated daily intakes are far below established health benchmark levels (TDI, RfD). However, rapidly increasing exposures have to be expected over the next years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Correia-Sá
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; CINTESIS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde, Centro de Investigação Médica, 2° piso, edif. Nascente, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto-Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - André Schütze
- IPA-Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sónia Norberto
- CINTESIS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde, Centro de Investigação Médica, 2° piso, edif. Nascente, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto-Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Conceição Calhau
- CINTESIS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde, Centro de Investigação Médica, 2° piso, edif. Nascente, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto-Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Valentina F Domingues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Holger M Koch
- IPA-Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
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Dong R, Zhou T, Zhao S, Zhang H, Zhang M, Chen J, Wang M, Wu M, Li S, Chen B. Food consumption survey of Shanghai adults in 2012 and its associations with phthalate metabolites in urine. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 101:80-88. [PMID: 28117142 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet is considered to be a significant exposure pathway for phthalates. In this study, we assessed the associations between food consumption and urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites among Shanghai adults. METHODS A cross-sectional study involving 2418 participants was conducted in the fall of 2012. Recent food consumption was assessed by a 24-h dietary recall survey, and a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) characterized long-term dietary patterns. Urinary metabolites of six phthalates were measured. RESULTS Both the 24-h recall survey and FFQ identified wheat, dairy, and fruits as being positively associated with the excretion of phthalate metabolites. The 24-h recall data also showed positive associations with processed meats and alcohol. We evaluated the impact of reported consumption of multiple food categories simultaneously (wheat, fruits, meats, etc.) on metabolite excretion and found that, as more food types were consumed, the number of metabolites excreted, as well as their concentrations, increased with high significance (p values<0.0001). We also evaluated the two survey instruments together. When both surveys reported consumption of fruits and dairy, the numbers of metabolites and their concentrations were significantly higher compared to when both surveys reported non-consumption, (p values<0.000001). Rice consumption was found to be negatively associated with phthalate excretion; frequent and high levels of rice consumption were found to be associated with lower excretion of metabolites. CONCLUSION Food consumption was associated with phthalate exposure in Shanghai adults. Both 24-h recall and FFQ identified significant associations between consumption of food types and phthalate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Shanghai Institutes of Preventive Medicine, China
| | - Shanzhen Zhao
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingsi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wang
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Phan-Vu DH, Tan CS. Synthesis of phthalate-free plasticizers by hydrogenation in water using RhNi bimetallic catalyst on aluminated SBA-15. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02227a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalate was hydrogenated to phthalate-free product by RhNi nanoparticles on Al-SBA-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Ha Phan-Vu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- ROC
| | - Chung-Sung Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- ROC
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Pivnenko K, Eriksen MK, Martín-Fernández JA, Eriksson E, Astrup TF. Recycling of plastic waste: Presence of phthalates in plastics from households and industry. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 54:44-52. [PMID: 27211312 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plastics recycling has the potential to substitute virgin plastics partially as a source of raw materials in plastic product manufacturing. Plastic as a material may contain a variety of chemicals, some potentially hazardous. Phthalates, for instance, are a group of chemicals produced in large volumes and are commonly used as plasticisers in plastics manufacturing. Potential impacts on human health require restricted use in selected applications and a need for the closer monitoring of potential sources of human exposure. Although the presence of phthalates in a variety of plastics has been recognised, the influence of plastic recycling on phthalate content has been hypothesised but not well documented. In the present work we analysed selected phthalates (DMP, DEP, DPP, DiBP, DBP, BBzP, DEHP, DCHP and DnOP) in samples of waste plastics as well as recycled and virgin plastics. DBP, DiBP and DEHP had the highest frequency of detection in the samples analysed, with 360μg/g, 460μg/g and 2700μg/g as the maximum measured concentrations, respectively. Among other, statistical analysis of the analytical results suggested that phthalates were potentially added in the later stages of plastic product manufacturing (labelling, gluing, etc.) and were not removed following recycling of household waste plastics. Furthermore, DEHP was identified as a potential indicator for phthalate contamination of plastics. Close monitoring of plastics intended for phthalates-sensitive applications is recommended if recycled plastics are to be used as raw material in production.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pivnenko
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - M K Eriksen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J A Martín-Fernández
- Department of Computer Science, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of Girona, E-17071 Girona, Spain
| | - E Eriksson
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - T F Astrup
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Urinary toxicokinetics of di-(isononyl)-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH®) in humans following single oral administration. Toxicol Lett 2016; 248:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bui TT, Giovanoulis G, Cousins AP, Magnér J, Cousins IT, de Wit CA. Human exposure, hazard and risk of alternative plasticizers to phthalate esters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:451-467. [PMID: 26410720 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Alternative plasticizers to phthalate esters have been used for over a decade, but data regarding emissions, human exposure and health effects are limited. Here we review 20 alternative plasticizers in current use and their human exposure, hazard and risk. Physicochemical properties are collated for these diverse alternatives and log KOW values range over 15 orders of magnitude and log KAW and log KOA values over about 9 orders of magnitude. Most substances are hydrophobic with low volatility and are produced in high volumes for use in multiple applications. There is an increasing trend in the total use of alternative plasticizers in Sweden compared to common phthalate esters in the last 10 years, especially for DINCH. Evaluative indoor fate modeling reveals that most alternatives are distributed to vertical surfaces (e.g. walls or ceilings). Only TXIB and GTA are predicted to be predominantly distributed to indoor air. Human exposure data are lacking and clear evidence for human exposure only exists for DEHT and DINCH, which show increasing trends in body burdens. Human intake rates are collected and compared with limit values with resulting risk ratios below 1 except for infant's exposure to ESBO. PBT properties of the alternatives indicate mostly no reasons for concern, except that TEHPA is estimated to be persistent and TCP toxic. A caveat is that non-standard toxicological endpoint results are not available and, similar to phthalate esters, the alternatives are likely "pseudo-persistent". Key data gaps for more comprehensive risk assessment are identified and include: analytical methods to measure metabolites in biological fluids and tissues, toxicological information regarding non-standard endpoints such as endocrine disruption and a further refined exposure assessment in order to consider high risk groups such as infants, toddlers and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T Bui
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Georgios Giovanoulis
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Palm Cousins
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Magnér
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Fromme H, Schütze A, Lahrz T, Kraft M, Fembacher L, Siewering S, Burkardt R, Dietrich S, Koch H, Völkel W. Non-phthalate plasticizers in German daycare centers and human biomonitoring of DINCH metabolites in children attending the centers (LUPE 3). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:33-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Yang J, Li Y, Wang Y, Ruan J, Zhang J, Sun C. Recent advances in analysis of phthalate esters in foods. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Survey of plasticizers migrating from the gaskets of lids into oily food in glass jars: The second European enforcement campaign shows poor compliance work. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Various phthalates have been detected in a wide range of food products such as milk, dietary products, fat-enriched food, meat, fish, sea food, beverages, grains, and vegetables as well as in breast milk. Here we present an overview on toxicologically considerable phthalate levels in food reported in the literature. The most common phthalates detected are di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP). Milk analyses demonstrate that background levels in unprocessed milk are usually low. However, during processing the phthalate contents may significantly increase due to migration from plastic materials in contact with food. Among dietary products fat-enriched food such as cheese and cream were identified with highest levels of DEHP. Plasticized PVC from tubes, conveyor belts, or disposable gloves used in food processing is an important source for contamination of food, especially of fatty food. Paper and cardboard packaging made from recycled fibers are another important source of contamination. In addition, gaskets used in metal lids for glass jars have been identified as possible source for the contamination of foodstuffs with phthalates. The highest concentrations of DEHP reported (>900 mg kg(-1)) were detected in food of high fat content stored in such glass jars. Beyond classical food, DEHP and DnBP were identified in human breast milk samples as the main phthalate contaminants. Phthalate monoesters and some oxidative metabolites were also quantified in breast milk.
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20
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Development of a polyurethane sealing gasket with excellent sealing and opening properties. Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2015.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Hanušová K, Vrbík K, Rajchl A, Dobiáš J, Sosnovcová J. Migration of epoxidised soybean oil from PVC gaskets of commercial lids: simulation of migration under various conditions and screening of food products from Czech markets. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:427-37. [PMID: 25685888 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that a large number of polyvinylchloride (PVC) lid gaskets exceed the existing migration limits for epoxidised soybean oil (ESBO) and correct prediction of ESBO release into food therefore appears to be a difficult issue. ESBO migration from PVC gaskets of metal closures into food simulants and food products from the Czech market is evaluated during a survey in 2009 and subsequently one in 2012 to assess progress in lid manufacturing and official testing conditions. ESBO migration from lids into various food simulants was studied at various temperatures (25, 40 and 60°C) during storage times up to 12 months. ESBO released into food simulants or food products was transmethylated, derivatised and analysed by GC-MS. The levels of ESBO migration in foodstuffs in 2012 exceeded the specific migration limit (SML) in fewer products in comparison with the previous survey. However, most of the products were analysed at a time far from the expiry date and exceedance of the SML at the end of the product shelf life is not therefore excluded. More severe test conditions (60°C for 10 days) for specific migration given by the current European Union legislation (Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011) still seem to be insufficient for the simulation of ESBO migration during long-term storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Hanušová
- a Department of Food Preservation , Institute of Chemical Technology Prague , Prague , Czech Republic
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22
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Work plans to get out of the deadlock for the safety assurance of migration from food contact materials? A proposal. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Determination of phthalate esters in non-alcoholic beverages by GC–MS and optimization of the extraction conditions. Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-2139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Hanušová K, Rajchl A, Votavová L, Dobiáš J, Steiner I. Testing the influence of various conditions on the migration of epoxidised soybean oil from polyvinylchloride gaskets. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1963-75. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.825818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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26
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Fierens T, Vanermen G, Van Holderbeke M, De Henauw S, Sioen I. Effect of cooking at home on the levels of eight phthalates in foods. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:4428-35. [PMID: 22985986 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Food products can be contaminated with toxic compounds via the environment. Another possibility of food contamination is that toxicants are generated in foods or that chemicals migrate from food contact materials into foods during processing. In this study, the effect of cooking at home on the levels of phthalates - world's most used group of plasticisers - in various food types (starchy products, vegetables and meat and fish) was examined. Eight compounds were considered, namely dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP). Food products were analysed before as well as after cooking (boiling, steaming, (deep-)frying or grilling). In general, phthalate concentrations in foods declined after cooking, except in vegetables, where almost no effect was seen. Several factors influenced the degree of this decline (e.g. weight difference, fat uptake, etc.). Of all phthalates, DEHP, DiBP and BBP were affected the most. In conclusion, cooking at home definitely affected phthalate concentrations in foods and thus needs to be considered in order to correctly assess humans' dietary exposure to these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fierens
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
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27
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Dytkiewitz E, Schwack W. Quantification of plasticizers in poly(vinyl chloride) commodities by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.25.2012.3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Migration of plasticizers from the gaskets of lids into oily food in glass jars: a European enforcement campaign. Eur Food Res Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-012-1739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Quantification of biomarkers of environmental exposure to di(isononyl)cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) in urine via HPLC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 895-896:123-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Analysis of phthalates in food products and packaging materials sold on the Belgian market. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2575-83. [PMID: 22554646 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are organic lipophilic compounds that are principally used as plasticiser to increase the flexibility of plastic polymers. Other applications are a.o. the use of phthalates in printing inks and lacquers. Human exposure to phthalates mainly occurs via food ingestion and can induce adverse health effects. In this study, the presence of eight phthalate compounds--dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP)--was investigated in 400 food products, divided over eleven groups, and packages sold on the Belgian market. For this purpose, suitable extraction techniques were developed and validated for four different matrices, namely high-fat foods, low-fat food products, aqueous-based beverages and packaging materials. The instrumental analysis was performed by means of gas chromatography-low resolution-mass spectrometry with electron impact ionisation (GC-EI-MS). A wide variety of phthalate concentrations was observed in the different groups. DEHP was found in the highest concentration in almost every group. Moreover, DEHP was the most abundant phthalate compound, followed by DiBP, DnBP and BBP. This survey is part of the PHTAL project, which is the first project that discusses phthalate contamination on the Belgian food market.
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31
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Pandey SK, Kim KH. An evaluation of volatile compounds released from containers commonly used in circulation of sports beverages. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:527-532. [PMID: 20832862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to identify and quantify important volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from sports beverage containers commonly used for storage and distribution, three brands of sports beverages with poly ethylene terephthalate (PET) and metal cans were analyzed through headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Out of 80 volatile compounds identified from all container types, I-limonene recorded the highest concentration (34.3-118 pmol mol(-1)) along with 12 other VOCs detected most frequently (more than 3 out of all 6 products) such as 2-methyl-6-methylene-2,7-octadiene, alpha-terpineol, decanaldehyde, and p-isopropyltoluene. When each container was filled up with water and analyzed after a long-term storage (49 days), a total of 14 VOCs were detected. According to our analysis, all the VOCs detected from either beverage or container materials were below the safety limits prescribed previously by diverse agencies. However, an extension of these analyses may be necessary for other beverage types, as certain VOCs can be migrated from container materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Pandey
- Atmospheric Environment Laboratory, Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
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32
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Petersen JH, Jensen LK. Phthalates and food-contact materials: enforcing the 2008 European Union plastics legislation. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 27:1608-16. [PMID: 20737341 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.501825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The migration of phthalates into foodstuffs from food-contact materials (FCM) is a well-known source of food contamination. In 2005, the European Food Safety Authority finalized its risk assessment for several of the classical phthalate plasticizers. In their risk management procedure the European Commission transformed the tolerable daily intakes established by the Authority into legislative limits for phthalates in both plastic and food simulants, while taking exposure from other sources into consideration. These limits have been into force since 1 July 2008. A detailed interpretation of the regulation of these substances was agreed upon in the European network of FCM reference laboratories. This paper reports results from a Danish control campaign of samples collected by official food inspectors and analysed by a newly validated analytical method run under accreditation. Samples were from FCM producers, FCM importers and importers of packed foodstuffs from third-party countries. Products containing phthalates above the current limits were found in several categories of FCM: conveyor belts (six of six), lids from packed foodstuffs in glasses (eight of 28), tubes for liquid foodstuffs (four of five) and gloves (five of 14). More than 20% of the samples analysed contained dibutylphthalate (DBP) or di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) above the compositional limits of 0.05% and 0.1%, respectively. Analysis of residual phthalates in metal lid gaskets instead of analysis of phthalates in the food when controlling foodstuffs packed outside the European Union proved to be an efficient and simple control method. All findings of phthalates were associated with the use of plasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC).
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Petersen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
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33
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Xu Q, Yin X, Wang M, Wang H, Zhang N, Shen Y, Xu S, Zhang L, Gu Z. Analysis of phthalate migration from plastic containers to packaged cooking oil and mineral water. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:11311-7. [PMID: 20949921 DOI: 10.1021/jf102821h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The migration of phthalates (PAEs), a class of typical environmental estrogen contaminants in food, from food packaging to packaged food attracts more and more attention worldwide. Many factors will affect the migration processes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate PAE migration from plastic containers to cooking oil and mineral water packed in authentic commercial packaging and stored under various conditions (different storage temperatures, contact times, and storage states (static or dynamic state)) and to identify a potential relationship between the amount and type of PAEs migrated and the lipophilic character of the food matrix. The samples were analyzed by a novel method of liquid chromatography combined with solid-phase extraction by an electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers mat, with PAE detection limits of 0.001 μg/L in mineral water and 0.020 μg/L in cooking oil, respectively. The results demonstrated that the cooking oil was a more suitable medium for the migration of PAEs from packages into foodstuffs than mineral water. Scilicet, the migration potential of the PAEs into foodstuffs, depends on the lipophilic characteristics of the food matrix. The results also demonstrated that migrations were more significant at higher temperature, longer contact time, and higher dynamic frequency; thus, the migration tests should be evaluated with consideration of different storage temperatures and contact times. Mathematical models with good logarithmic relationships were established to demonstrate the relationship between the PAE migration and food/packaging contact time for different storage temperatures. These established mathematical models would be expected to become a set of practical tools for the prediction of PAE migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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34
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Bueno-Ferrer C, Jiménez A, Garrigós M. Migration analysis of epoxidized soybean oil and other plasticizers in commercial lids for food packaging by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:1469-77. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.502129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Development and application of a method for analysis of phthalates in ham sausages by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Meat Sci 2010; 84:484-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Rothenbacher T, Schwack W. Rapid identification of additives in poly(vinyl chloride) lid gaskets by direct analysis in real time ionisation and single-quadrupole mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:21-29. [PMID: 19957297 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gaskets for lids of glass jars usually consist of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) containing plasticisers and additional additives, which may migrate into packed foodstuffs. To conform to legal regulations, any such migration has to be determined analytically, which is a big challenge due to the huge chemical variety of additives in use. Therefore, a rapid screening method by means of direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS), using a single-quadrupole mass spectrometer, was developed. On introducing a plastisol sample into the DART interface, protonated molecules and ammonium adducts were obtained as the typical ionisation products of any additives present, and cleavages of ester bonds as typical fragmentation processes. Generally, additives present in the 1% range could be directly and easily identified if ion suppressive effects deriving from specific molecules did not occur. These effects could be avoided by analysing toluene extracts of plastisol samples, and this also improved the sensitivity. Using this method, it was possible to identify phthalates, fatty acid amides, tributyl O-acetylcitrate, dibutyl sebacate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, 1,2-diisononyl 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylate, and even more complex additives like acetylated mono- and diacylglycerides, epoxidised soybean oil, and polyadipates, with a limit of detection of < or = 1% in PVC plastisols. Only in the case of epoxidised linseed oil were levels of > or = 5% required for identification. The detection of azodicarbonamide, used as a foaming agent within the manufacturing process, was possible in principle, but was not highly reproducible due to the very low concentrations in plastisols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Rothenbacher
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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37
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Abstract
Phthalates are a group of diesters of ortho-phthalic acid (dialkyl or alkyl aryl esters of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid). Higher-molecular-weight phthalates, such as di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), are primarily used as plasticizers to soften polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, while the lower-molecular-weight phthalates, such as diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), are widely used as solvents to hold color and scent in various consumer and personal care products. Phthalates have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants due to volatilization and leaching from their widespread applications, and thus contamination of the environment has become another important source for phthalates in foods in addition to migration from packaging materials. Human exposure to phthalates has been an increased concern due to the findings from toxicology studies in animals. DEHP, one of the important and widely used phthalates, is a rodent liver carcinogen. DEHP, DBP, BBzP, and several phthalate metabolites, such as monobutyl phthalate, monobenzyl phthalate, and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, are teratogenic in animals. Since foods are the major source of exposure to phthalates, information on levels of phthalates in foods is important for human exposure assessment. The objective of this review is to identify the knowledge gaps for future investigations by reviewing levels of a wide range of phthalates in a variety of foods, such as bottled water, soft drinks, infant formula, human milk, total diet foods, and others, migration of phthalates from various food-packaging materials, and traditional and new methodologies for the determination of phthalates in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Liang Cao
- Author Cao is with Food Research Div., Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Frederick Banting Driveway, AL: 2203D, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9. Direct inquiries to author Cao (E-mail: )
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38
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Sannino A. Survey of phthalate levels in Italian oily foods contained in glass jars with PVC gaskets. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2009; 2:166-70. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030903148330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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39
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Graubardt N, Biedermann M, Fiselier K, Bolzoni L, Pedrelli T, Cavalieri C, Simoneau C, Grob K. Search for a more adequate test to predict the long-term migration from the PVC gaskets of metal lids into oily foods in glass jars. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009; 26:1113-22. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030902894405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Wagner M, Oehlmann J. Endocrine disruptors in bottled mineral water: total estrogenic burden and migration from plastic bottles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2009; 16:278-86. [PMID: 19274472 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-009-0107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE Food consumption is an important route of human exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. So far, this has been demonstrated by exposure modeling or analytical identification of single substances in foodstuff (e.g., phthalates) and human body fluids (e.g., urine and blood). Since the research in this field is focused on few chemicals (and thus missing mixture effects), the overall contamination of edibles with xenohormones is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the integrated estrogenic burden of bottled mineral water as model foodstuff and to characterize the potential sources of the estrogenic contamination. MATERIALS, METHODS, AND RESULTS In the present study, we analyzed commercially available mineral water in an in vitro system with the human estrogen receptor alpha and detected estrogenic contamination in 60% of all samples with a maximum activity equivalent to 75.2 ng/l of the natural sex hormone 17beta-estradiol. Furthermore, breeding of the molluskan model Potamopyrgus antipodarum in water bottles made of glass and plastic [polyethylene terephthalate (PET)] resulted in an increased reproductive output of snails cultured in PET bottles. This provides first evidence that substances leaching from plastic food packaging materials act as functional estrogens in vivo. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a widespread contamination of mineral water with xenoestrogens that partly originates from compounds leaching from the plastic packaging material. These substances possess potent estrogenic activity in vivo in a molluskan sentinel. Overall, the results indicate that a broader range of foodstuff may be contaminated with endocrine disruptors when packed in plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wagner
- Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Siesmayerstr. 70 A, 60054, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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41
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Grob K, Marmiroli G. Assurance of compliance within the production chain of food contact materials by good manufacturing practice and documentation – Part 3: Lids for glass jars as an example. Food Control 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Pedersen GA, Jensen LK, Fankhauser A, Biedermann S, Petersen JH, Fabech B. Migration of epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) and phthalates from twist closures into food and enforcement of the overall migration limit. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:503-10. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030701519088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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43
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Biedermann M, Fiselier K, Grob K. Testing migration from the PVC gaskets in metal closures into oily foods. Trends Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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45
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Analytical screening of polyadipates and other plasticisers in poly(vinyl chloride) gasket seals and in fatty food by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 604:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Biedermann M, Fiselier K, Marmiroli G, Avanzini G, Rutschmann E, Pfenninger S, Grob K. Migration from the gaskets of lids into oily foods: first results on polyadipates. Eur Food Res Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-007-0670-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Grob K. Verification of results to improve the quality of analytical data: A proposal. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1150:93-9. [PMID: 17084407 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
After some two decades insisting on validation and normalization of methods, the reliability of the results in analytical chemistry continues to be unsatisfactory. Further, the processes involved are too slow, with the effect that frequently the most relevant results are obtained with methods not (yet) validated according to norms. It is time to rethink about how the reliability of the results could be improved. It is proposed to shift some of the control from the validation and normalization of method to the verification of the results, using verification tools built into the procedure: additional standards may enable the calculation of the yield of an extraction or chemical transformation, control the column performance or ensure that the fraction from a preseparation is correctly cut. Such verification tools provide control for every sample. If the correctness of results is verified for every sample, this confirms the adequate performance of the method and could replace a corresponding part of the validation. Examples are shown for a number of methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koni Grob
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, P.O. Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Fankhauser-Noti A, Grob K. Blank problems in trace analysis of diethylhexyl and dibutyl phthalate: Investigation of the sources, tips and tricks. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 582:353-60. [PMID: 17386513 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of phthalates, particularly that of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), is notorious for blank problems. Methods and tools are listed to identify the sources and reduce the system contamination to below 1 pg DEHP and DBP or below 1 ng mL(-1) of sample solution. Once direct contact with phthalate-containing plastic articles is ruled out, the air is the major source, primarily via absorption to the surfaces of laboratory glass ware. A main improvement was achieved by cleaning solvents with aluminium oxide permanently left in the reservoirs. The data enables to estimate the contamination to be expected and to design methods keeping blanks below a critical threshold.
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49
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Rothenbacher T, Schwack W. Determination of epoxidized soybean oil by gas chromatography/single quadrupole and tandem mass spectrometry stable isotope dilution assay. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1937-43. [PMID: 17510930 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
PVC lids of glass jars often contain epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO), able to migrate and contaminate food. To establish a stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA), the 13C18-labelled internal standard ethyl 9,10,12,13-diepoxyoctadecanoate (13C(18:2E)Et) was synthesized, providing after sample preparation the same retention time as methyl 9,10,12,13-diepoxyoctadecanoate ((18:2E)Me), commonly used as a marker for ESBO in gas chromatographic (GC) analysis. For eleven different food matrices, the GC capillary columns VF-17ms, DB1701 and DB1 were tested with single quadrupole (GC/MS) as well as tandem mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS/MS). Overall, the VF-17ms column coupled with MS/MS detection showed the best results in terms of separation and sensitivity. The method validation for the matrix spiked olive oil resulted in a limit of detection (LOD) of 5 mg kg-1, a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 11 mg kg-1, a mean recovery (n=5, c=106.5 mg kg-1) of 99.7+/-5.5%, with a repeatability (within-run precision) of 6.0%. By means of GC/MS an LOQ of 21 mg kg-1 and a mean recovery (n=5, c=106.5 mg kg-1) of 103.3+/-0.8% with a repeatability of 0.9% were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Rothenbacher
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, Schaflandstrasse 3/2, 70736 Fellbach, Germany
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50
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Crespo JE, Balart R, Sanchez L, López J. Substitution of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate by di(isononyl) cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate as a plasticizer for industrial vinyl plastisol formulations. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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