1
|
The Use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Supplemented with Intracellular Magnesium Ions by Means of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) in the Process of Bread Production. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213496. [DOI: 10.3390/foods11213496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bread was supplemented with magnesium through an addition of yeasts subjected to the effect of PEF at optimised parameters to obtain the maximum bioaccumulation of magnesium in cells. Bread produced with the use of yeasts supplemented with magnesium by means of PEF was characterised by its highest content, at 39.3 mg/100 g, which was higher by 50% and 24%, respectively, compared to the control bread sample with an admixture of yeasts cultured without any addition of magnesium and with no PEF treatment and to the control bread sample with an admixture of yeasts cultured with an addition of magnesium but no PEF treatment. The addition of yeasts supplemented with magnesium using PEF in bread production did not cause any statistically significant changes in the chemical composition of any of the analysed samples. However, statistically significant changes were noted in the technological properties of breads produced with an admixture of yeasts supplemented with magnesium by means of PEF treatment. An increase of moisture to 54.03 ± 0.29% led to a reduction of the total baking loss. No statistically significant differences were noted in the bread volume in samples K1, K2, and P, varying from 239 to 269 cm3/100 g.
Collapse
|
2
|
Akarca G, Ozkan M, Ozcan T. The impact of solution plasma processing combine with pulsed electric field on the viability of probiotic bacteria, microbial growth and structure of drinking yoghurt. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Akarca
- Afyon Kocatepe University Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Ahmet Necret Sezer Campus Afyonkarahisar Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozkan
- Afyon Kocatepe University Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Physics, Ahmet Necret Sezer Campus Afyonkarahisar Turkey
| | - Tulay Ozcan
- Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Engineering, Gorukle Campus Bursa Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The Use of Iron-Enriched Yeast for the Production of Flatbread. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175204. [PMID: 34500637 PMCID: PMC8434235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common cause of iron deficiency is an improperly balanced diet, in which the body’s need for iron cannot be met by absorption of this element from food. Targeted iron supplementation and food fortification may be the main treatments for iron deficiency in the population. However, many iron-rich supplements and foods have low bioavailability of this element. In our study, we used yeast enriched with iron ions to produce flatbread. The yeast cells accumulated iron ions from the medium supplemented with Fe(NO3)3·9H2O, additionally one of the cultures was treated with pulsed electric field in order to increase the accumulation. The potential bioavailability of iron from flatbread containing 385.8 ± 4.12 mg of iron in 100 g dry mass was 10.83 ± 0.94%. All the flatbreads had a moderate glycemic index. There were no significant differences in antioxidant activity against DPPH• between flatbread with iron-enriched and non-iron-enriched yeast. Sensory evaluation showed that this product is acceptable to consumers since no metallic aftertaste was detected. Iron enriched flatbread can potentially be an alternative to dietary supplements in iron deficiency states.
Collapse
|
4
|
Asaithambi N, Singh SK, Singha P. Current status of non-thermal processing of probiotic foods: A review. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
5
|
Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Enhances Iron Uptake by the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060850. [PMID: 34200319 PMCID: PMC8227778 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of a pulsed electric field (PEF) on the level of iron ion accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells and to select PEF conditions optimal for the highest uptake of this element. Iron ions were accumulated most efficiently when their source was iron (III) nitrate. When the following conditions of PEF treatment were used: voltage 1500 V, pulse width 10 μs, treatment time 20 min, and a number of pulses 1200, accumulation of iron ions in the cells from a 20 h-culture reached a maximum value of 48.01 mg/g dry mass. Application of the optimal PEF conditions thus increased iron accumulation in cells by 157% as compared to the sample enriched with iron without PEF. The second derivative of the FTIR spectra of iron-loaded and -unloaded yeast cells allowed us to determine the functional groups which may be involved in metal ion binding. The exposure of cells to PEF treatment only slightly influenced the biomass and cell viability. However, iron-enriched yeast (both with or without PEF) showed lower fermentative activity than a control sample. Thus obtained yeast biomass containing a high amount of incorporated iron may serve as an alternative to pharmacological supplementation in the state of iron deficiency.
Collapse
|
6
|
Effect of electroporation in a continuous flow system on bioaccumulation of magnesium, zinc and calcium ions in Lactobacillus rhamnosus B 442 cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 140:107769. [PMID: 33631416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Biomass of Lactobacillus rhamnosus B 442 was subjected to the continuous electroporation using an electroporator with a flow chamber (length of 10 cm, distance between electrodes 0.25 cm, stream width 0.25 cm, flow speed 10 mL/min) to improve accumulation of calcium, magnesium and zinc in the cells. For all tested ions, the following parameters were applied: voltage of 250 V (E = 1 kV/cm), 570 V (E = 2.28 kV/cm), 950 V (E = 3.8 kV/cm), and 1400 V (E = 5.6 kV/cm, the positive control), a frequency of 10 Hz, a pulse width of 100 µs and 30 electrical pulses. The use of PEF increased the accumulation of magnesium, zinc and calcium by 39, 73 and 162%, respectively, compared to the control. Positive correlation was found between ion accumulation and membrane permeability for zinc and magnesium. For calcium, the initial increase in permeability resulted in higher ion accumulation, but with a further increase of this parameter at 3.8 kV/cm, its decrease was observed caused by a drop in cell viability. Total number of bacteria ranged from 1.67 × 108 (for the cultures supplemented with calcium) to 1.34 × 1012 cfu/mL (for the cultures supplemented with magnesium).
Collapse
|
7
|
Nowosad K, Sujka M, Pankiewicz U, Kowalski R. The application of PEF technology in food processing and human nutrition. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 58:397-411. [PMID: 33564198 PMCID: PMC7847884 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04512-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, many novel techniques of food processing have been developed in response to growing demand for safe and high quality food products. Nowadays, consumers have high expectations regarding the sensory quality, functionality and nutritional value of products. They also attach great importance to the use of environmentally-friendly technologies of food production. The aim of this review is to summarize the applications of PEF in food technology and, potentially, in production of functional food. The examples of process parameters and obtained effects for each application have been presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Nowosad
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Sujka
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Urszula Pankiewicz
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Radosław Kowalski
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pankiewicz U, Góral M, Kozłowicz K, Góral D. Application of pulsed electric field in production of ice cream enriched with probiotic bacteria (L. rhamnosus B 442) containing intracellular calcium ions. J FOOD ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.109876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
9
|
Góral M, Pankiewicz U. Effect of Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) on Accumulation of Magnesium in Lactobacillus rhamnosus B 442 Cells. J Membr Biol 2017; 250:565-572. [PMID: 28871398 PMCID: PMC5613034 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-017-9986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on accumulation of magnesium ions in Lactobacillus rhamnosus B 442 cells. Under optimized conditions, this is, on 15 min exposure of the 20 h grown culture to PEF of the 2.0 kV/cm and 20 µs pulse width at concentration 400 μg Mg2+/mL medium, accumulation of magnesium in the biomass reached maximum 4.28 mg/g d.m. Optimization of PEF parameters caused an increase of magnesium concentration in the cells by 220% in comparison to the control not treated with PEF. Bacterial cell biomass enriched with Mg2+ may be an alternative for pharmacological supplementation applied in deficiency of this cation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Góral
- Department of Analysis and Food Quality Assessment, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Skromna Street 8, 20-704, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Urszula Pankiewicz
- Department of Analysis and Food Quality Assessment, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Skromna Street 8, 20-704, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Effect of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on accumulation of selenium and zinc ions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Food Chem 2016; 221:1361-1370. [PMID: 27979101 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were treated with pulsed electric fields (PEF) in order to obtain a maximum accumulation of selenium and zinc ions (simultaneously) in the biomass. The following concentrations: 100μgSe/ml and 150μgZn/ml medium were assumed to be optimal for the maximum accumulation of these ions, that is 43.07mg/gd.m. for selenium and 14.48mg/gd.m. for zinc, in the cultures treated with PEF. At optimal PEF parameters: electric field strength of 3kV/cm and pulse width of 10μs after the treatment of 20-h culture for 10min, the maximum accumulation of both ions in the yeast cells was observed. Application of PEF caused the increase of ions accumulation by 65% for selenium and 100% for zinc. Optimization of PEF parameters led to the further rise in the both ions accumulation resulting in over 2-fold and 2.5-fold higher concentration of selenium and zinc.
Collapse
|
11
|
Barba FJ, Parniakov O, Pereira SA, Wiktor A, Grimi N, Boussetta N, Saraiva JA, Raso J, Martin-Belloso O, Witrowa-Rajchert D, Lebovka N, Vorobiev E. Current applications and new opportunities for the use of pulsed electric fields in food science and industry. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
12
|
Pankiewicz U, Sujka M, Jamroz J. Bioaccumulation of the Selected Metal Ions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cells Under Treatment of the Culture with Pulsed Electric Field (PEF). J Membr Biol 2015; 248:943-9. [PMID: 26403528 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-015-9844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The obtained results demonstrated an influence of PEF on increase in accumulation of various ions in S. cerevisiae cells. Optimization of particular PEF parameters and ions concentrations in the medium caused twofold increase in accumulation of magnesium and zinc ions and 3.5-fold higher accumulation of calcium ions in the cells. In the case of ion couple, accumulation of magnesium and zinc was, respectively, 1.5-fold and twofold higher in comparison to the control cultures. Yeast cells biomass enriched with Mg(2+), Zn(2+), Ca(2+) as well as Mg(2+) and Zn(2+) (simultaneously) may be an alternative for pharmacological supplementation applied in deficiency of these cations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Pankiewicz
- Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, University of Life Sciences, Skromna 8, 20-704, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Monika Sujka
- Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, University of Life Sciences, Skromna 8, 20-704, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Jamroz
- Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, University of Life Sciences, Skromna 8, 20-704, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Urszula P, Jerzy J, Sujka M, Kowalski R. Visualization of calcium and zinc ions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells treated with PEFs (pulse electric fields) by laser confocal microscopy. Food Chem 2015; 188:16-23. [PMID: 26041158 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to visualize the areas of increased concentration of calcium and zinc ions inside Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells with the use of confocal microscopy and to make an attempt to asses semi-quantitatively their concentration within the limits of the cells. Semi-quantitative analysis revealed that fluorescence inside cells from control samples was three-times lower than that observed for cells from the sample enriched with calcium. Differences in distribution of fluorescence intensity between cells originated from the samples enriched with zinc and control samples were also observed. On the basis of the optical sections, the 3D reconstructions of ion-rich areas distribution in the cell were made. The obtained results showed that confocal microscopy is a useful technique for visualization of the areas in S. cerevisiae cells which contain higher amount of calcium and zinc and it may be also used for semi-quantitative analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankiewicz Urszula
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jamroz Jerzy
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Sujka
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Radosław Kowalski
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Pankiewicz U, Sujka M, Włodarczyk-Stasiak M, Mazurek A, Jamroz J. Effect of pulse electric fields (PEF) on accumulation of magnesium and zinc ions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Food Chem 2014; 157:125-31. [PMID: 24679761 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were treated with PEF to improve simultaneous accumulation of magnesium and zinc ions in the biomass. The results showed that the ions concentration in the medium and their mutual interactions affect accumulation in cells. Increasing the concentration of one ion in the medium reduced the accumulation of the second one, in the control as well as in the cells treated with PEF. Under optimized conditions, that is, on 15 min exposure of the 20 h grown culture to PEF of 5.0 kV/cm and 20 μs pulse width, accumulation of magnesium and zinc in yeast biomass reached maximum levels of 2.85 and 11.41 mg/gd.m., respectively, To summarize, optimization of ion pair concentration and PEF parameters caused a 1.5 or 2-fold increase of magnesium and zinc accumulation, respectively, in S. cerevisiae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Pankiewicz
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Skromna Street 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Monika Sujka
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Skromna Street 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marzena Włodarczyk-Stasiak
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Skromna Street 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Artur Mazurek
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Skromna Street 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Jamroz
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Skromna Street 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wegner LH. Cation selectivity of the plasma membrane of tobacco protoplasts in the electroporated state. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1828:1973-81. [PMID: 23603222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cation selectivity of the cellular membrane of tobacco culture cells (cell line 'bright yellow-2') exposed to pulsed electric fields in the millisecond range was investigated. The whole cell configuration of the patch clamp technique was established on protoplasts prepared from these cells. Ion selectivity of the electroporated membrane was investigated by measuring the reversal potential of currents passing through field-induced pores. To this end the membrane was hyper- or depolarized for 10ms (prepulse); subsequently the voltage was driven to opposite polarity at a constant rate (+40 or -40mV/ms, respectively). The experiment was started by polarizing the membrane to moderately negative or positive voltages (prepulse potential ±150mV) that would not induce pore formation. Subsequently, an extended voltage range was scanned in the porated state of the membrane (prepulse potential ±600mV). IV curves in the porated and the non-porated state (obtained at the same prepulse polarity) were superimposed to determine the voltage at which both curves intersected ('Intersection potential'). Using a modified version of the Goldmann-Hodgkin-Katz equation relative permeabilities to Ca(2+) and various monovalent alkali and organic cations were calculated. Pores were found to be fairly cation selective, with a selectivity sequence determined to be Ca(2+)>Li(+)>Rb(+)≈K(+)≈Na(+)>TEA(+)≈TBA(+)>Cl(-). Relative permeability to monovalent cations was inversely related to the ionic diameter. By fitting a formalism suggested by Dwyer at al. (J. Gen. Physiol. 75 (1980), 469-492) the effective average diameter of field induced pores was estimated to be about 1.8nm. Implications of these results for biotechnology and electroporation theory are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars H Wegner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bose J, Babourina O, Rengel Z. Role of magnesium in alleviation of aluminium toxicity in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:2251-64. [PMID: 21273333 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium is pivotal for activating a large number of enzymes; hence, magnesium plays an important role in numerous physiological and biochemical processes affecting plant growth and development. Magnesium can also ameliorate aluminium phytotoxicity, but literature reports on the dynamics of magnesium homeostasis upon exposure to aluminium are rare. Herein existing knowledge on the magnesium transport mechanisms and homeostasis maintenance in plant cells is critically reviewed. Even though overexpression of magnesium transporters can alleviate aluminium toxicity in plants, the mechanisms governing such alleviation remain obscure. Possible magnesium-dependent mechanisms include (i) better carbon partitioning from shoots to roots; (ii) increased synthesis and exudation of organic acid anions; (iii) enhanced acid phosphatase activity; (iv) maintenance of proton-ATPase activity and cytoplasmic pH regulation; (v) protection against an aluminium-induced cytosolic calcium increase; and (vi) protection against reactive oxygen species. Future research should concentrate on assessing aluminium toxicity and tolerance in plants with overexpressed or antisense magnesium transporters to increase understanding of the aluminium-magnesium interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayakumar Bose
- School of Earth and Environment, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|