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Wu Z, Li P, Chen X, Feng Y, Ma Y, Ni Z, Zhu D, Chen H. Surface display system of Bacillus subtilis: A promising approach for improving the stability and applications of cellobiose dehydrogenase. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 218:106448. [PMID: 38373510 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) plays a crucial role in lignocellulose degradation and bioelectrochemical industries, making it highly in demand. However, the production and purification of CDH through fungal heterologous expression methods is time-consuming, costly, and challenging. In this study, we successfully displayed Pycnoporus sanguineus CDH (psCDH) on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores for the first time. Enzymatic characterization revealed that spore surface display enhanced the tolerance of psCDH to high temperature (80 °C) and low pH levels (3.5) compared to free psCDH. Furthermore, we found that glycerol, lactic acid, and malic acid promoted the activity of immobilized spore-displayed psCDH; glycerol has a more significant stimulating effect, increasing the activity from 16.86 ± 1.27 U/mL to 46.26 ± 3.25 U/mL. After four reuse cycles, the psCDH immobilized with spores retained 48% of its initial activity, demonstrating a substantial recovery rate. In conclusion, the spore display system, relying on cotG, enables the expression and immobilization of CDH while enhancing its resistance to adverse conditions. This system demonstrates efficient enzyme recovery and reuse. This approach provides a novel method and strategy for the immobilization and stability enhancement of CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfen Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xihua Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yong Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yi Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zhong Ni
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Daochen Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Huayou Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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Mahmoodi A, Farinas ET. Applications of Bacillus subtilis Protein Display for Medicine, Catalysis, Environmental Remediation, and Protein Engineering. Microorganisms 2024; 12:97. [PMID: 38257924 PMCID: PMC10821481 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis spores offer several advantages that make them attractive for protein display. For example, protein folding issues associated with unfolded polypeptide chains crossing membranes are circumvented. In addition, they can withstand physical and chemical extremes such as heat, desiccation, radiation, ultraviolet light, and oxidizing agents. As a result, the sequence of the displayed protein can be easily obtained even under harsh screening conditions. Next, immobilized proteins have many economic and technological advantages. They can be easily separated from the reaction and the protein stability is increased in harsh environments. In traditional immobilization methods, proteins are expressed and purified and then they are attached to a matrix. In contrast, immobilization occurs naturally during the sporulation process. They can be easily separated from the reaction and the protein stability is increased in harsh environments. Spores are also amenable to high-throughput screening for protein engineering and optimization. Furthermore, they can be used in a wide array of biotechnological and industrial applications such as vaccines, bioabsorbants to remove toxic chemicals, whole-cell catalysts, bioremediation, and biosensors. Lastly, spores are easily produced in large quantities, have a good safety record, and can be used as additives in foods and drugs.
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Du J, Liu J, Zhao Z, Dai J, Li K, Lin Y. Nonmetallic N/C Nanozyme Performs Continuous Consumption of Glu for Inhibition of Colorectal Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:267-276. [PMID: 36573905 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the first choice for treatment of CRC, but it cannot avoid the negative effects from local high glucose (Glu) in tumor. Recently, 5-FU therapy has been combined with other treatment modalities for CRC synergistic therapy. Although these combination therapy strategies are more effective in cancer therapy, the toxicity side effects to the liver and cause metabolic acidosis still exist. Herein, we report an emerging amorphous honeycomb-like nitrogen-doped carbon (N/C) nanozyme with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase and catalase (CAT) activity and cascade it with natural glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) to realize NAD+ regeneration and further hyperglycemia management. In this case, by the coupling of N/C nanozyme with natural GDH to form a N/C-GDH system, the electron transfer route can switch from Glu to a common but limited electron receptor, i.e., NAD+ to ubiquitous large amounts of oxygen, achieving the purpose of sustainable consumption of Glu under NAD+ circulation and regeneration, and importantly escaping the generation of toxic H2O2. The combination of the N/C-GDH system and 5-FU on CRC cells was investigated to assess their synergistic bioeffects. Notably, our results showed that the N/C-GDH system and 5-FU in combination significantly suppress the proliferation of human colon cancer cells (HCT-116) by reducing the sugar level and induced apoptosis compared with either material or drug used alone. This work expands the nanozymes in blood Glu management as well as the promising cancer cell inhibition and provides the possibility of nonmetallic nanomaterials in the realization of effective treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Du
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuqing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
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Xu MQ, Li FL, Yu WQ, Li RF, Zhang YW. Combined cross-linked enzyme aggregates of glycerol dehydrogenase and NADH oxidase for high efficiency in situ NAD + regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 144:1013-1021. [PMID: 31669469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cofactor regeneration is an important method to avoid the consumption of large quantities of oxidized cofactor NAD+ in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Herein, glycerol dehydrogenase (GDH) and NADH oxidase preparations by aggregating enzymes with ammonium sulphate followed by cross-linking formed aggregates for effective regeneration of NAD+. After optimization, the activity of combi-CLEAs and separate CLEAs mixtures were 950 and 580 U/g, respectively. And the catalytic stability of combi-CLEAs against pH and temperature was superior to the free enzyme mixture. After ten cycles of reuse, the catalytic efficiency could still retain 63.3% of its initial activity, indicating that the constructed combi-CLEAs system had excellent reusability. Also, the conversion of glycerol to 1,3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA) was improved by the constructed NAD+ regeneration system, resulting in 4.6%, which was 2.5 times of the free enzyme system. Thus, wide applications of this co-immobilization method in the production of various chiral chemicals could be expected in the industry for its high efficiency at a low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Qiu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei-Long Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Fang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-Wang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China.
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Exploitation of Bacillus subtilis as a robust workhorse for production of heterologous proteins and beyond. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:145. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hu Y, Dun Y, Li S, Fu B, Xiong X, Peng N, Liang Y, Zhao S. Changes in microbial community during fermentation of high-temperature Daqu
used in the production of Chinese ‘Baiyunbian’ liquor. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanliang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan 430070 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization; College of Life Sciences, Hubei Normal University; Huangshi 435002 China
| | - Yaohao Dun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Shenao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Biao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Xiaomao Xiong
- Hubei Baiyunbian Liquor Industry Co. Ltd.; Songzi Hubei 434200 China
| | - Nan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Yunxiang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan 430070 China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation; Wuhan 430068 China
| | - Shumiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan 430070 China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation; Wuhan 430068 China
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Chen H, Ullah J, Jia J. Progress in Bacillus subtilis Spore Surface Display Technology towards Environment, Vaccine Development, and Biocatalysis. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 27:159-167. [DOI: 10.1159/000475177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spore surface display is the most desirable with enhanced effects, low cost, less time consuming and the most promising technology for environmental, medical, and industrial development. Spores have various applications in industry due to their ability to survive in harsh industrial processes including heat resistance, alkaline tolerance, chemical tolerance, easy recovery, and reusability. Yeast and bacteria, including gram-positive and -negative, are the most frequently used organisms for the display of various proteins (eukaryotic and prokaryotic), but unlike spores, they can rupture easily due to nutritive properties, susceptibility to heat, pH, and chemicals. Hence, spores are the best choice to avoid these problems, and they have various applications over nonspore formers due to amenability for laboratory purposes. Various strains of <i>Clostridium</i> and <i>Bacillus</i> are spore formers, but the most suitable choice for display is <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> because, according to the WHO, it is safe to humans and considered as “GRAS” (generally recognized as safe). This review focuses on the application of spore surface display towards industries, vaccine development, the environment, and peptide library construction, with cell surface display for enhanced protein expression and high enzymatic activity. Different vectors, coat proteins, and statistical analyses can be used for linker selection to obtain greater expression and high activity of the displayed protein.
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Both adhE and a Separate NADPH-Dependent Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene, adhA, Are Necessary for High Ethanol Production in Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:JB.00542-16. [PMID: 27849176 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00542-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum has been engineered to produce ethanol at about 90% of the theoretical maximum yield (2 ethanol molecules per glucose equivalent) and a titer of 70 g/liter. Its ethanol-producing ability has drawn attention to its metabolic pathways, which could potentially be transferred to other organisms of interest. Here, we report that the iron-containing AdhA is important for ethanol production in the high-ethanol strain of T. saccharolyticum (LL1049). A single-gene deletion of adhA in LL1049 reduced ethanol production by ∼50%, whereas multiple gene deletions of all annotated alcohol dehydrogenase genes except adhA and adhE did not affect ethanol production. Deletion of adhA in wild-type T.saccharolyticum reduced NADPH-linked alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity (acetaldehyde-reducing direction) by 93%.IMPORTANCE In this study, we set out to identify the alcohol dehydrogenases necessary for high ethanol production in T. saccharolyticum Based on previous work, we had assumed that adhE was the primary alcohol dehydrogenase gene. Here, we show that both adhA and adhE are needed for high ethanol yield in the engineered strain LL1049. This is the first report showing adhA is important for ethanol production in a native adhA host, which has important implications for achieving higher ethanol yields in other microorganisms.
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Wang H, Wang Y, Yang R. Recent progress in Bacillus subtilis spore-surface display: concept, progress, and future. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:933-949. [PMID: 28062973 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With the increased knowledge on spore structure and advances in biotechnology engineering, the newly developed spore-surface display system confers several inherent advantages over other microbial cell-surface display systems including enhanced stability and high safety. Bacillus subtilis is the most commonly used Bacillus species for spore-surface display. The expression of heterologous antigen or protein on the surface of B. subtilis spores has now been practiced for over a decade with noteworthy success. As an update and supplement to other previous reviews, we comprehensively summarize recent studies in the B. subtilis spore-surface display technique. We focus on its benefits as well as the critical factors affecting its display efficiency and offer suggestions for the future success of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, 311800, China.
| | - Yunxiang Wang
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, 311800, China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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Liu T, Jiang LL, He MF, Zhu Z, Wang DB, Song TS, Tan WM, Ouyang P, Xie J. Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide by a GRAS strain Bacillus subtilis 168 with high biocompatibility to zebrafish embryos. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12304f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A low toxic and highly biocompatible bacterially reduced graphene oxide was prepared by a “Generally Recognized As Safe” strain Bacillus subtilis 168 mediated with Vitamin K3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering
| | - Ling-Ling Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Ming-Fang He
- College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Zhengang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering
| | - De-bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering
| | - Tian-Shun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering
| | - Wei-min Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Coatings
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering
| | - Jingjing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering
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