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Lyu A, Abel L, Cheong AMY. Effect of habitual reading direction on saccadic eye movements: A pilot study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286801. [PMID: 37267410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive processes can influence the characteristics of saccadic eye movements. Reading habits, including habitual reading direction, also affect cognitive and visuospatial processes, favouring attention to the side where reading begins. Few studies have investigated the effect of habitual reading direction on saccade directionality of low-cognitive-demand stimuli (such as dots). The current study examined horizontal prosaccade, antisaccade, and self-paced saccade in subjects with two primary habitual reading directions. We hypothesised that saccades responding to the stimuli in subject's habitual reading direction would show a longer prosaccade latency and lower antisaccade error rate (errors being a reflexive glance to a sudden-appearing target, rather than a saccade away from it). Sixteen young Chinese participants with primary habitual reading direction from left to right and sixteen young Arabic and Persian participants with primary habitual reading direction from right to left were recruited. All subjects spoke/read English as their second language. Subjects needed to look towards a 5°/10° target in the prosaccade task or look towards the mirror image location of the target in the antisaccade task and look between two 10° targets in the self-paced saccade task. Only Arabic and Persian participants showed a shorter and directional prosaccade latency towards 5° stimuli against their habitual reading direction. No significant effect of reading direction on antisaccade latency towards the correct directions was found. Chinese readers were found to generate significantly shorter prosaccade latencies and higher antisaccade directional errors compared with Arabic and Persian readers for stimuli appearing at their habitual reading side. The present pilot study provides insights into the effect of reading habits on saccadic eye movements of low-cognitive-demand stimuli and offers a platform for future studies to investigate the relationship between reading habits and eye movement behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Lyu
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Larry Abel
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Allen M Y Cheong
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Valakos D, Karantinos T, Evdokimidis I, Stefanis NC, Avramopoulos D, Smyrnis N. Shared variance of oculomotor phenotypes in a large sample of healthy young men. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:2399-2410. [PMID: 29947959 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study used canonical correlation analysis to investigate patterns of shared variance between parameters measured in seven different occulomotor function tasks, namely the visually guided saccade task, the antisaccade task, the closed-loop smooth-pursuit task, the open-loop smooth-pursuit task, and three active visual fixation tasks. These tasks were performed by 2130 young army recruits. Only a small percentage (1-10%) of shared variance existed between sets of parameters for all oculomotor function tasks measured. The most correlated tasks were the visually guided saccade and the antisaccade. The first common factor correlated with speed of performance between these tasks (latency), while the second and third correlated with accuracy of performance. Better performance in active visual fixation tasks correlated with better performance accuracy (lower error rate) and increased speed (lower latency) in the antisaccade and saccade tasks as well as better performance in the closed-loop smooth-pursuit task (increase in gain and decrease in the rate of unwanted saccades during pursuit). Better performance in the closed-loop smooth-pursuit task (increased gain and decreased number of unwanted saccades) also correlated with increased accuracy and increased speed of performing saccades and antisaccades. Finally, the open-loop fixation task had no correlation with all other oculomotor tasks except for a very weak negative correlation with the closed-loop pursuit task where better performance (increased gain) in one correlated with worse performance (decreased gain) in the other. The results of this analysis showed that a small percentage of variance is shared among different oculomotor function tasks. The structure of this shared variance could be used to derive common oculomotor function indices to study their relation to genetic and other sources of inter-subject variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Valakos
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - T Karantinos
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - I Evdokimidis
- Neurology Department, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - N C Stefanis
- Psychiatry Department, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - D Avramopoulos
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - N Smyrnis
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece. .,Psychiatry Department, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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A rightward saccade to an unexpected stimulus as a marker for lateralised visuospatial attention. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7562. [PMID: 29765090 PMCID: PMC5954050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25890-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain is lateralised to the right for visuospatial attention, particularly when reorienting attention to unexpected stimuli. However, the developmental characteristics of lateralisation remain unclear. To address this question, we devised a saccade task applicable for both adults and children. To assess the utility of this system, we investigated the correlation between line bisection test performance and the saccade task for 54 healthy adult volunteers. Participants followed a visual target that jumped 10 times, alternating between two fixed positions across the midline with a constant pace. In both the rightward and leftward directions, saccadic reaction time (RT) to the target jump decreased and reached a plateau from the first to the tenth jumps. Furthermore, we obtained the time required for reorienting in the contralateral hemisphere using the corrected value of the first RT. We found that longer corrected RTs in the rightward saccade were associated with greater deviation to the left in the line bisection task. This correlation was not observed for leftward saccades. Thus, corrected RTs in rightward saccades reflected the strength of individual hemispheric lateralisation. In conclusion, the rightward saccade task provides a suitable marker for lateralised visuospatial attention, and for investigating the development of lateralisation.
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Individual differences in human eye movements: An oculomotor signature? Vision Res 2017; 141:157-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bey K, Kloft L, Lennertz L, Grützmann R, Heinzel S, Kaufmann C, Klawohn J, Riesel A, Meyhöfer I, Kathmann N, Wagner M. Volitional saccade performance in a large sample of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and unaffected first-degree relatives. Psychophysiology 2017; 54:1284-1294. [PMID: 28481032 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) as well as their unaffected first-degree relatives show deficits in the volitional control of saccades, suggesting that volitional saccade performance may constitute an endophenotype of OCD. Here, we aimed to replicate and extend these findings in a large, independent sample. One hundred and fifteen patients with OCD, 103 healthy comparison subjects without a family history of OCD, and 31 unaffected first-degree relatives of OCD patients were examined using structured clinical interviews and performed a volitional saccade task as well as a prosaccade task. In contrast to previous reports, neither patients nor relatives showed impairments in the performance of volitional saccades compared to healthy controls. Notably, medicated patients did not differ from nonmedicated patients, and there was no effect of depressive comorbidity. Additional analyses investigating correlations between saccade performance and OCD symptom dimensions yielded no significant associations. In conclusion, the present results do not support the notion that volitional saccade execution constitutes an endophenotype of OCD. Possible explanations for inconsistencies with previous studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bey
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Lisa Kloft
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonhard Lennertz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rosa Grützmann
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Heinzel
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Kaufmann
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Klawohn
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Riesel
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Meyhöfer
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Norbert Kathmann
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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Asymmetry in visual information processing depends on the strength of eye dominance. Neuropsychologia 2017; 96:129-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kattoulas E, Smyrnis N, Stefanis NC, Avramopoulos D, Stefanis CN, Evdokimidis I. Predictive smooth eye pursuit in a population of young men: I. Effects of age, IQ, oculomotor and cognitive tasks. Exp Brain Res 2011; 215:207-18. [PMID: 21986670 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Smooth eye pursuit is believed to involve the integration of an extraretinal signal formed by an internal representation of the moving target and a retinal signal using the visual feedback to evaluate performance. A variation of the smooth eye pursuit paradigm (in which the moving target is occluded for a short period of time and subjects are asked to continue tracking) designed to isolate the predictive processes that drive the extraretinal signal was performed by 1,187 young men. The latency to the onset of change in pursuit speed, the time of decelerating eye-movement speed and the steady state residual gain were measured for each subject and correlated with measures of other oculomotor (closed-loop smooth eye pursuit, saccade, antisaccade, active fixation) and cognitive tasks (measuring sustained attention and working memory). Deceleration time increased with increasing age, while education, general IQ and cognitive variables had no effect on predictive pursuit performance. Predictive pursuit indices were correlated to those of closed-loop pursuit and antisaccade performance, but these correlations were very weak except for a positive correlation of residual gain to saccade frequency in the fixation task with distracters. This correlation suggested that the maintenance of active fixation is negatively correlated with the ability to maintain predictive pursuit speed. In conclusion, this study presents predictive pursuit performance in a large sample of apparently healthy individuals. Surprisingly, predictive pursuit was weakly if at all related to closed-loop pursuit or other oculomotor and cognitive tasks, supporting the usefulness of this phenotype in the study of frontal lobe integrity in normal and patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Kattoulas
- Cognition and Action Group, Neurology Department, Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Smyrnis N, Kattoulas E, Stefanis NC, Avramopoulos D, Stefanis CN, Evdokimidis I. Schizophrenia-related neuregulin-1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms lead to deficient smooth eye pursuit in a large sample of young men. Schizophr Bull 2011; 37:822-31. [PMID: 19965935 PMCID: PMC3122292 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbp150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) variations have been shown to modulate schizophrenia candidate endophenotypes related to brain structure and function. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of NRG1 on several oculomotor schizophrenia endophenotypes. The effects of 5 core single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the NRG1 gene to oculomotor parameters in a battery of oculomotor tasks (saccade, antisaccade, smooth eye pursuit, fixation) were investigated in a sample of 2243 young male military conscripts. Additive regression models, bootstrap and permutation techniques, were used as well as structural equation modeling and haplotype analysis. A deficit in global smooth eye pursuit performance measured using the root-mean-square error (RMSE) was related to the risk allele of SNP8NRG243177, and a deficit in global smooth eye pursuit performance measured using the saccade frequency was related with the risk allele of SNP8NRG433E1006. Structural equation modeling confirmed a global effect of NRG1 genotype on smooth eye pursuit performance using the RMSE, while the effect on saccade frequency was not confirmed. Haplotype analysis further confirmed the prediction from the structural equation modeling that a combination of alleles corresponding to the Icelandic high-risk haplotype was related to a deficit in global pursuit performance. NRG1 genotype variations were related to smooth eye pursuit variations both at the SNP level and at the haplotype level adding to the validation of this gene as a candidate gene for the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Smyrnis
- Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, 72 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens, Greece.
| | | | - Nicholas C. Stefanis
- University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece,Psychiatry Department
| | - Dimitrios Avramopoulos
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Ioannis Evdokimidis
- Neurology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Effects of Visual Environment Complexity on Saccade Performance in Humans with Different Functional Asymmetry Profiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 40:869-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-010-9342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Smyrnis N. Metric issues in the study of eye movements in psychiatry. Brain Cogn 2008; 68:341-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lazarev IE, Kirenskaya AV. The influence of eye dominance on saccade characteristics and slow presaccadic potentials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0362119708020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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